Quadrus (Trifa), Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin, 2023

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Genomics-based taxonomic rearrangement of Achlyodini and Carcharodini (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae), Insecta Mundi 2023 (16), pp. 1-33 : 7

Trifa Grishin , new subgenus

http://zoobank.org/ 80AA9B97-38A1-4668-9A65-1B2D621F6DEA

Type species. Tagiades jacobus Plötz, 1884 .

Definition. The newly expanded genus Quadrus Lindsey, 1925 (type species Papilio cerialis Stoll, 1782 ) can be divided into eight clades at the subgenus level in the tree ( Fig. 1 ). In addition to the nominotypical subgenus, two of these clades correspond to traditional subgenera, previously treated as genera: Ouleus Lindsey, 1925 (type species Achlyodes fridericus Geyer, 1832 ) and Zera Evans, 1953 (type species Achlyodes zera Butler, 1870 ), and five clades represent new subgenera. One of these new subgenera forms a clade sister to the rest and is stronger differentiated from them genetically. It keys to E.39.1 (in part, as a synonym of cerealis [sic], a synonymy probably based on a misidentification) or E. 13.2 in Evans (1953) and is distinguished from its relatives by the following characters: dorsal hindwing with dark-brown base and two bands (postdiscal and submarginal), ventral hindwing mostly blue except submarginal brown area, forewing with one or two dash-like (not collected into a “C”) hyaline spots in discal cell; valva with a process from mid-costa, not from the ampulla area; harpe longer than valva, with strongly convex distal margin, narrowing to a point. In DNA, a combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: aly3312.4.6:C55A, aly84.97.14:C160T, aly84.97.14:G171T, aly276558.35.2:T64A, aly276558.35.2:C65G.

Etymology. The name is a feminine noun in the nominative singular, inspired by the three dark bands on dorsal hindwings of these species: Tri -fa [scia].

Species included. Pythonides ineptus Draudt, 1922 , Quadrus francesius Freeman, 1969 , and Tagiades jacobus Plötz, 1884 .

Parent taxon. Genus Quadrus Lindsey, 1925 .

Figures

Figure 1. The nuclear genome-based phylogeny of Achlyodini (continued in Fig. 3). Only the segment of the tree corresponding to the subtribe Pythonidina is shown. The bottom segment of the tree (subtribe Achlyodinia) is replaced with four dots and is shown in Fig. 3. The tree is constructed from protein-coding regions in autosomes. The tree is rooted with Carcharodus alceae (NVG-18087F02, GenBank barcode OR665734), not displayed. Statistical support values are shown by nodes. For each specimen, its name adopted in this work is given first, and a previously used name is listed in square brackets (if different), supplemented with the DNA sample number, type status (HT holotype, LT lectotype, ST syntype, T type, PT paratype, and PLT paralectotype), general locality and collection year (“old” means collection year known, but likely before 1950, mostly around the turn of 20th century). See Table S1 in the Supplemental file (Zhang et al. 2023d) for additional data about these specimens. Synonyms are given in parentheses preceded by “=”. The type status refers to this synonym if the synonym name is provided. Names of genera (larger font, more prominent tree branches, on the left) and subgenera (smaller font, less prominent tree branches, on the right) are shown by the clades corresponding to these taxa. New genus-group names are highlighted in yellow. Branches leading to the type species (or their closest sequenced relatives) of valid genus-group names are marked with large black dots and refer to the subgenus (in parenthesis) given in the corresponding name, or the genus if the subgenus is not specified. The same notations are used in Fig. 3–6. Names of taxa that before this work were placed in genera Pythonides (red), Gindanes (cyan), Quadrus (green), Ouleus (blue), and Zera (purple) are shown in color to illustrate rampant violations of monophyly in these taxa, corrected here.