Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa

Porter-Utley, Kristen, 2014, A revision of Passiflora L. subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. supersection Cieca (Medik.) J. M. MacDougal & Feuillet (Passifloraceae), PhytoKeys 43, pp. 1-224 : 63-68

2a. Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa Figs 25 -26

Passiflora oliviformis Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 6. 1768. non Passiflora oliviformis Vell. [as " olivaeformis "], 1831. Type: Based on Passiflora suberosa L.

Passiflora angustifolia Sw., Prodr. [O.P. Swartz] 97. 1788. Type: Jamaica, O. P. Swartz s.n. (holotype: S, photograph seen [S-R-4073]; isotype: BM! [BM000563825]).

Passiflora hederifolia Lam., Encycl. 3(1): 38. 1789. Lectotype (designated here): Plumier, Desc. Pl. Amer. pl. 84. 1693.

Passiflora longifolia Lamarck, Encycl. 3(1): 40. 1789. Type: Hispaniola, N. Desportes s.n. (holotype: P-Juss [photograph seen] [P00307574]).

Passiflora peltata Cav., Decima diss. bot. 447 (pl. 274) 1790. Type: “Antilles”, J. D. Surian 203 (holotype: P [in herb. Surian] [P00307395]).

Passiflora hederacea Cav., Decima diss. bot.: 448. 1790. Type: "Isles de la Martinique & de S. Domingue," Plum. Desc. Pl. Amer. pl. 84. 1693.

Granadilla suberosa (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2(4): 480. 1791. Type: Based on Passiflora suberosa L.

Cieca heterophylla Moench, Suppl. Meth. 101. 1802. Type: Based on Passiflora angustifolia Sw.

Cieca suberosa (L.) Moench, Suppl. Meth. 102. 1802. Type: Based on Passiflora suberosa L.

Meioperis suberosa (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 103. 1838. Type: Based on Passiflora suberosa L.

Meioperis angustifolia (Sw.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 103. 1838. Type: Based on Passiflora angustifolia Sw.

Meioperis hederacea (Cav.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 103. 1838. Type: Based on Passiflora hederacea Cav.

Meioperis peltata (Cav.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 103. 1838. Type: Based on Passiflora peltata Cav.

Cieca angustifolia (Swartz) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Mon. 2: 143. 1846. Type: Based on Passiflora angustifolia Sw.

Cieca hederacea (Cav.) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Mon. 2: 141. 1846. Type: Based on Passiflora hederacea Cav.

Cieca peltata (Cav.) M. Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Mon. 2: 141. 1846. Type: Based on Passiflora peltata Cav.

Passiflora kohautiana C.Presl, Bot. Bemerk.: 72. 1844. Type: Martinique, F. Kohaut s.n. (holotype: PRC).

Passiflora suberosa var. hederacea (Cav.) Mast., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 630. 1871. Type: Based on Passiflora hederacea Cav.

Passiflora suberosa var. angustifolia (Sw.) Mast., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 630. 1871. Type: Based on Passiflora angustifolia Sw.

Passiflora calliaquatica Krause, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 32(20): 340. 1914. Type: St. Vincent and the Grenadines: St. Vincent, between Kingstown and Calliagua, 25 January 1890, H. Eggers 15718 (holotype: B! [B 10 0184893]).

Type.

"Habitat in Dominica, Antillis" [Dominica] (lectotype, designated by Wijnands 1983, pg. 171: LINN 1070.21 [microfiche seen]).

Description.

Sparsely to densely pubescent with unicellular or multicellular curved trichomes only on leaf, petiole and stem (very rarely on stipule) 0.14-0.62 mm long, 0.02-0.03 mm wide, also minutely antrorsely appressed-puberulent on leaf, petiole, stem, and stipule (sepal glabrous) with unicellular, curved trichomes, 0.06-0.10 mm long, 0.02-0.03 mm wide. Laminas not peltate or slightly peltate (the distance from leaf base to point of petiole insertion 2.3-2.5 mm). Flowers borne in leaf axils or sometimes in indeterminate axillary or terminal inflorescences; inflorescences 2.0-4.0 cm long, associated reduced laminas 2.0-4.0 mm long, 1.5-3.0 mm wide. Pedicels 6.9-17.6 mm long, 0.4-0.7 mm wide, 2 per node; bract(s) absent or with one or two narrowly ovate-triangular bracts present at (0.23-)0.42-0.66 of the distance from the base toward the apex of the pedicel, 0.4-1.5(-2.3) mm long, 0.1-0.2 mm wide, acute. Flowers 21.3-49.1 mm in diameter with stipe 3.3-11.5 mm long; hypanthium 5.5-8.8 mm in diameter; sepals 7.6-20.5 mm long, 2.9-6.4 mm wide, abaxially and adaxially white; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer 3.7-8.1 mm long, linear, slightly spreading (ca. 110°), reddish purple (5RP 3/8-4/8) at base, greenish yellow (5GY 8/4-8/6) at middle and yellow (5Y 8/10) toward tips, ratio of outer coronal row to sepal length 0.34-0.74, the inner 10-30(-42), erect, reddish purple with greenish yellow tips; operculum 1.4-3.0 mm long, reddish purple, margin white; nectary 0.2-1.1 mm high, 0.7-1.8(-2.7) mm wide; limen recurved, greenish yellow with reddish purple tip, limen floor greenish yellow; androgynophore 5.0-12.6 mm long, 0.5-1.8 mm wide, greenish yellow; free portions of the staminal filaments 3.4-6.8 mm long, anthers with nearly white pollen; styles 3.2-7.7 mm long including stigmas. Berry 11.3-13.8 mm long, ovoid to ellipsoid. Seeds ca. 21-34.

Phenology.

Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.

Distribution.

Throughout the West Indies. Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands. Growing in shrubs, trees or trailing on the ground in secondary successional areas, along the edges of semideciduous to deciduous, dry to moist tropical forests, both inland and near the seashore, 0-1600 m.

Discussion.

In the Greater Antilles, Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is commonly found in and along the edges of moist forests, primarily at higher elevations. It is relatively common on all of the islands of the Greater Antilles, except for Jamaica, where it is very rare. In the Lesser Antilles, it does occur at high elevations but primarily occurs at lower elevations and is found in dry to moist forests.

The vegetative morphology of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is incredibly variable. Nevertheless, throughout most of its range the subspecies commonly has trilobed leaves at reproductive nodes; only ca. 10% of the specimens examined have leaves that are unlobed at all nodes. Approximately 20% of the specimens possess unlobed, bilobed and trilobed leaves on sheets of the same collection. The leaves of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are commonly lobed less than 50% of the distance from the outline of the leaf to the leaf base and the lateral lobes are ½ - ¾ the length of the central lobe. The leaves are frequently dark green on their adaxial surfaces and have cordate bases. The juvenile leaves of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are often peltate and frequently possess laminar nectaries; however, the leaves on older plants are only very rarely peltate and usually do not have nectaries. The vegetative parts of the plant also possess varying amounts of reddish purple pigmentation, and the stems and new growth are often entirely reddish purple. Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is relatively small in stature, rarely exceeding a length/height of five or six meters in the field. The flowers are more than 2.5 cm in diameter, with white sepals, coronal filaments that are dark reddish purple with yellow apices and whitish pollen. The fruits are usually ovoid and very dark purple.

In the Lesser Antilles, there are three morphological variants. One of these variants occurs in the Grenadines and has large leaves (over 10 cm wide) that are deeply trilobed (more than half the distance from the leaf outline to the leaf base) with long, commonly oblong lateral lobes that are at least three quarters the length of the lateral lobe. The leaves are often distinctly peltate and frequently possess four laminar nectaries (two on either side of the central leaf vein and one proximal to each lateral vein). Another variant occurs primarily in Dominica and Martinique and has deeply trilobed leaves with wider, ovate lateral lobes and deeply cordate bases. The leaves are not as large as the first variant (ca. 5-8 cm wide), but possess four laminar nectaries in the same positions as the entity in the Grenadines. The last variant occurs on several of the Windward Islands and has trilobed leaves with ca. 10 laminar nectaries. The nectaries are positioned near the leaf margin, creating crenations where they appear and are commonly positioned proximal to the lateral leaf veins, a very rare condition in the subspecies. All of these Lesser Antillean forms have the longest floral stipes and sepals in the subspecies. In the Dominican Republic and Cuba there is an additional variant that has unlobed leaves at all nodes. The leaves are exceptionally long for the subspecies (>10 cm), more coriaceous and possess petiolar nectaries that are wider and somewhat discoid, as opposed to the cupulate or capitate condition common in the subspecies.

Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is sympatric with three species in supersection Cieca : Passiflora pallida , Passiflora lancifolia , and Passiflora macfadyenii . It can be easily separated from Passiflora lancifolia and Passiflora macfadyenii using both vegetative and reproductive characters. The most obvious features are that the leaves of Passiflora macfadyenii and Passiflora lancifolia are very densely pubescent with long, unicellular curved trichomes, whereas Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa appears glabrous (i.e., primarily microscopically antrorsely appressed-puberulent). The flowers of Passiflora macfadyenii and Passiflora lancifolia are also tubular and possess bright red sepals. Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa has the cup-shaped flowers typical of the supersection and white sepals. However, Passiflora pallida and Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa can be difficult to separate without reproductive material. The leaves of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are darker green in color than those of Passiflora pallida and sometimes have laminar nectaries, these strictly absent in Passiflora pallida . They are also wide, i.e., (2.9-)5.0-12.0(-17.1) cm, in Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa , and although this overlaps with the (0.3-)6.0-7.0(-10.6) cm range in Passiflora pallida , the character can frequently be used to distinguish between them. In addition, the leaf bases of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are cordate (when they are not peltate), whereas those of Passiflora pallida are very rarely cordate and usually are acute to cuneate. The stems, leaves (especially at their margins), tendrils, and stipules are frequently reddish purple in Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa , and the vegetative parts of Passiflora pallida generally possess little, if any, reddish purple coloration. Passiflora pallida may be densely pubescent where it occurs in the Caribbean, but Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa appears glabrous. The flowers of Passiflora pallida are much smaller than those of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa . Passiflora pallida has sepals that are very rarely greater than 8 mm long, but the sepals of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are always longer than 8 mm. The hypanthium in Passiflora pallida is 2.2-4.2 mm wide, whereas that of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is 5.5-8.8 mm wide. Passiflora pallida has short staminal filaments (1.4-3.0 mm), and Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa has staminal filaments that are 3.4-6.8 mm long. The sepals of Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa are white, whereas those of Passiflora pallida are commonly greenish yellow; though Passiflora pallida may possess light colored sepals in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. The fruits of these taxa are also quite different; Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa usually has ovoid fruits and Passiflora pallida has globose or ellipsoid fruits. In the Greater Antilles, Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa is commonly found at higher elevations and in more mesic habitats than Passiflora pallida . In other areas in the world their habitats are less distinct, but the species can be distinguished morphologically.

Clifford Smith in the Dep. of Botany at the University of Hawaii reports that Passiflora suberosa subsp. suberosa , as recognized here, is a minor weed in Hawaii in subcanopy layers where it smothers shrubs, small trees and the ground layer. In some areas it can also smother the upper canopy layer. He has also found that the seeds are dispersed by alien frugivorous birds.

Selected specimens examined.

Antigua and Barbuda. Antigua, Weatherills, Box 1294 (MO).

Bahamas. Acklins and Crooked Islands: Crooked Island, road to Stopper Hill, Brace 4810 (NY). Bimini: near center of Cat Cay, Correll & Correll 45674 (GH, MO, NY). Cat Island: Gun Cay, Millspaugh 2318 (NY). Nichollstown and Berry Islands: along Santa Maria Drive, Great Harbour Cay, Correll & Correll 43707 (NY, TEX). San Salvador Island: near Museum, Sarant, Saums & Warekois 57 (FLAS).

Barbados. upper Rusher Gully, 800 ft, Blooding 128 (BM).

British Virgin Islands. Tortola, Harrigans, 300 m, D’Arcy 253 (MO); Tortola, Slaney Point, Fishlock 264 (NY).

Cuba. Camagüey, Sierra Cubitas, Shafer 442 (NY, US). Cienfuegos: Trinidad Mountains, Santa Clara, Hanabanilla Falls, Britton et al. 4857 (NY). Granma: Corojo, in "Pinarde Corojo", ad viam (prope Bayamo ad. austr.-orient. versus), Ekman 5045 (S). Guantánamo: vicinity of Baracoa, Pollard et al. 249 (MIN, NY, US). Holguín: Sierra de Nipe prope Río Piloto in fruticetis, Ekman 2696 (S). Pinar del Río: Limestone hills between Río Cayaguate and Sierra Guane, Shafer 10474 (US). Santiago de Cuba: Bayate in sylvis prope Río Jagua, Ekman 2025 (G, S). Villa Clara: San Blas-Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mountains, atop of Boma Ventana, Howard 6507 (GH).

Dominica. Saint David: Carib trail from Salybia to Hatton Garden (1 mi.), Hodge 3082 (GH, NY, US). Saint George: Deux Granges, 1000 ft., Nicolson 2095 (DUKE, US). Saint John: N of Prince Rupert Bay, W Cabri, 50-190 m, Smith 10323 (NY, US). Saint Joseph: Layou River Valley, Clarke Hall Estate, 400 ft, Ernst 1265 (US). Saint Peter: 3 km S of DuBlanc on the coastal road to Roseau, 75 m, Miller & Merello 8871 (MO).

Dominican Republic. Azua: cañada Miguel Martín between Sabana de Miguel Martín and Sabana de San Juan, 1500-1600 m, Mejia & Zanoni 8250 (JBSD). Baoruco: Montiada Nueva, forested hillslopes SE of Polo, 3500 ft., Howard & Howard 8509 (B, GH, NY, US); Río Baoruco from La Hortaliza (about 1.5 km up from mouth of Baoruco) to 2 km further upstream, 30-50 m, Zanoni & Mejia 16485 (JBSD, MO, NY). Dist. Nacional: vicinity of Ciudad Trujillo, 0-25 m, Allard 16370 (S, US). El Seibo: 0.5 km W of Sabana de Nisibón on hwy. to Miches, 15-20 m, Mejia et al. 10130 (MO, NY). Independencia: aprox. 10.5 km al “S” de Puerto Escondido en la carretera a la Caseta No. 1 & la Caseta No. 2 de Foresta & Aceitillar, no lejos de la Caseta No. 1., 1240 m, Zanoni et al. 34633 (JBSD). La Vega: Ruego la Devolución, Valle de Constanza, 1200 m, Jiménez 1541 (US). Peravia: Arroyo de Parra, between Cerro de Quemada and Loma del Rancho, upstream from habitations of El Tamarindo, 800 m, Mejia & Zanoni 8106 (NY). Puerto Plata: Puerto Plata, Abbott 1469 (US). Salcedo: Cordillera Septentrional, 16 km N de Tenares, siguiendo la carretera hacia Gaspar Hernández; en el lugar llamado Boca Arriba, 550-600 m, Garcia & Jiménez 4203 (JBSD). Samaná: Sección Las Galeras, Paraje Rincón, lugar denominado Laguna Salada, 10-20 m, Peguero & Veloz 94 (JBSD). San Cristóbal: Gualupita (6 km N of Medina) which is 27 km N of main plaza of San Cristóbal on road to Medina and Madrigal, 100 m, Mejia et al. 10379 (MO, NY). San Juan: Cordillera Central, Parque Nacional Ramírez, "La Lomita", una loma cerca de la caseta del Parque Nacional de El Valle de Tetero, 1550 m, Zanoni & Garcia 41471 (NY). San Pedro De Macorís: San Pedro de Macorís, Rose et al. 4164 (NY, US). Santiago: Base Cordillera Central, Parcela 4 (de U. Klotz) del Compartimiento 493 del Proyecto Forestal La Celestina (W de San José de Las Matas) próximo al campamento del proyecto & la carretera a Rubio, Klotz s.n., 1988-1990 (JBSD). Santiago Rodríguez: along Yaguajal River, 120 m, Liogier 13235 (NY). Unknown Province: Haina, Faris 121 (US).

FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENT. Guadeloupe: Basse Terre, Crete du Village, debut du chomin mesant aux 2 Mamelles, 700 m, Sastre et al. 2566 (MO). Martinique: Anses d’ Arlets, Marm (Gommier) Case-Pilote, Duss 873 (NY).

GRENADA. Saint John: Grand Anse, Broadway s.n., December 1904 (GH, NY). St. Mark: Tufton Hall estate, 200-1000 ft., Proctor 17151 (A, BM). St. Patrick: 0.5 mi. N of Tivoli, 100 ft., Proctor 16888 (A, BM, US).

HAITI. Artibonite: vicinity of Kalacroix, Dessalines, 700 m, Leonard 7952 (US). Grand’ Anse: Fonds Varettes, vicinity of Mission, 1000+ m, Leonard 3610 (BM, GH, PH, US). Nord: St. Raphael Road 4 mi. E of St. Michel de l’Atalaye, 350 m, Leonard 8521 (GH, US, NY). Nord - Ouest: vicinity of Jean Rabel, Leonard & Leonard 12713 (NY, US). Ouest: Morne Boutellier, SE of Port-au-Prince, 3000 ft., just outside of Petionville in Duplan region, Paul & Porter-Utley AP504 (FLAS). Sud: Massif de La Hotte, 13.6 km N de Camp Perrin en la carretera a Roseaux & Jérémie, "Tombeau Cheval", 720 m, Zanoni et al. 24320 (JBSD, MO). Sud - Est: Massif de la Selle, group Mornes des Commis-saires, Anse à Pitre, Banana, 200 m, Ekman 6908 (S).

JAMAICA. See specimen listed under cultivated material.

NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Saba: Windwardside, 500 m, Arnoldo 3387 (U). St. Eustatius: Volcánic cone "The Quill", 2-2.2 km E of Oranjestad, 200 m, Iltis 30271 (WIS).

PUERTO RICO. Barceloneta: Bo. Garrochales, Rt. 22, km 57 (near jct Rt 140)., 50 m, Axelrod et al. 8382 (MO). Bayamón: Cabra Island, San Juan, Otero 108 (MO). Carolina: in NW urban Carolina, at Campo Rico Final and Fudalgo Díaz, Taylor 7835 (NY). Culebra: Culebra, Island of Culebra, Britton & Wheller 80 (NY). Fajardo: Cabezas de San Juan Natural Reserve, along road that borders the lagoon, on the W side of the lagoon, near the reception house, sea level, Ortiz-Zuazaga et al. 5 (US). Humacao: Cayo Santiago, Caribbean Primate Research Center, Big Key, side, 30 m, Axelrod et al. 4158 (NY). Juana Díaz: Mpio. Juana Díaz, shore S of road 1 about 2 mi. E of road 149 W of Santa Isabel, SE of Juana Díaz, Stimson 4031 (DUKE). Luiza: near Rd. 187 at Pinonez, Houghton et al. 1234 (NY). Maricao: Maricao Forest Reserve, 20 mi. E of Mayagüez, 800 m, Gentry & Zardini 50449 (MO). Maunabo: Punta de la Tuna, Urban 5114 (BM, GH, NY). Moca: Bo. Rocha, Rt 112, km 13.0, 250-300 m, Axelrod & Nir 8331 (MO). NAGUABO: junction of Rt. 31 & 3, Evans 78 (A). Ponce: west on the Adjuntas road 10 mi. from Ponce, Heller s. n (NY). Rincón: Prope Rincón, Urban 5668 (BM, GH). Río Grande: along Puerto Rico Rt. 185, on the W slopes of the Luquillo Mountains, Pfeifer & class 2704 (CONN). Vega Alta: Bosque Estatal de Guajataca, Qiebradillos, Kay 204 (MO). Vieques: vicinity of Isabel Segunda, Shafer 2506 (CAS, NY). Yauco: Bo. Río Prieto, W slope of Monte Membrillo, along road above Hacienda Asunción, 850 m, Axelrod & Axelrod 8546 (CICY).

SAINT LUCIA. Gros-Islet: Bois D’ orange near mouth of the river, 5 ft., Slane & Boatman 251 (A). Soufrière: Colombette ( Soufrière-Canaries Road), 1200 ft., Box 1881 (BM). Vieux Fort: on the trail to the lighthouse from Vieux Fort, Howard 11435 (A).

SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES. Grenadines: Carriacou, Grenada territory, Howard 10859 (B, BM, GH, NY). Saint Vincent: cove on NW peninsula, Bequia, Howard 11266 (GH).

UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS. Saint Croix: Eliras Retreat, Eggers 437 (C). Saint John. Dirt road to Bordeaux Mountain, about 0.5 km from Center Line Road, Acevedo 3133 (US). Saint Thomas: Fortuna Quarter, road 30, 140 m, Acevedo et al. 5196 (US).

UNITED KINGDOM OVERSEAS TERRITORY. Montserrat: St. Peter, slopes of the Centre Hills, above Salem, 500-1000 ft., Proctor 18884 (GH).

UNITED STATES. Hawaii: Honolulu Co.: O’ahu, on Hau’ula mountain rage, walking off the foot trail at the end of the jeep trail, around the ridge, 360 ft., Herat & Wirawan 167 (B).

CULTIVATED MATERIAL. United States: Missouri, cultivated at the Missouri Botanical Garden and in J. M. MacDougal’s outdoor home garden 1987-1990 from seeds collected 26 Jan. 1987 in Jamaica, Portland Parish, MacDougal 3026 (FLAS, MO); Florida, cultivated at the University of Florida from material collected by T. Zimmerman in St. Croix, Porter-Utley P-4 (FLAS); Florida, cultivated at the University of Florida from material collected by C.Feuillet (Feuillet 281), Porter-Utley P-63 (FLAS).