Galaxias oliros, Raadik, 2014

Raadik, Tarmo A., 2014, Fifteen from one: a revision of the Galaxias olidus Günther, 1866 complex (Teleostei, Galaxiidae) in south-eastern Australia recognises three previously described taxa and describes 12 new species, Zootaxa 3898 (1), pp. 1-198 : 111-124

Galaxias oliros , new species

Obscure Galaxias

Tables 4 to 9, 31 & 32; Figures 25 to 28

Galaxias olidus olidus Günther, 1866 — Frankenberg, 1969: 170 (partim).

Galaxias olidus (non G. olidus Günther, 1866 )— Zeitz, 1908: 297 (partim); Waite, 1921: 41 (partim); Waite, 1923; 62 (partim); Waite, 1924: 483 (partim); Hale, 1928: 25 (partim); Cadwallader, 1976: 18; Jackson, 1978; Cadwallader, 1979 (partim); Hume, 1979; Cadwallader et al., 1980: 257 (partim); McDowall & Frankenberg, 1981: 469 (partim); Cadwallader & Backhouse, 1983: 69 (partim); Jackson & Davies, 1983; Johnson et al. 1983: 51; Lloyd & Walker, 1986 (partim); Rich, 1986 (partim); Terzis, 1986 (partim); Morison & Anderson, 1987: 7 (partim); Langdon, 1989; Langdon, 1990; Hall & Harrington, 1991; Koehn et al. 1991: 9 (partim), 11, 13, 15, 39, 43; Morison & Anderson, 1991 (partim); O’Connor, 1993; McDowall & Fulton, 1996: 55 (partim); Waters, 1996; McDowall, 1997b: 218; 1999: 936; Arisuryanti, 2000; Waters et al. 2000a: 785, appendix 1; McDowall, 2001: 396 (partim); Raadik, 2001: bottom image p. 786, top image p. 788; Raadik et al. 2001: 103–104, 105 (partim), 108 (partim), 109–112, 114 (partim), 121 (partim), 127 (partim), 128; Koehn, 2002 (partim); Waters et al., 2002b: 51 (partim); Allen et al., 2003: 103, lower plate (partim); Bond & Lake, 2003: 611; McDowall, 2003b: 364 (partim); Bond, 2004; McMaster, 2004; Pollino et al., 2004 (partim); Bond & Lake, 2005; Lintermans, 2007: 44 (partim); McMaster and Bond, 2008: 178; Hammer et al., 2009: 93 (partim); Bond et al., 2010: 2003; McDowall & Burridge, 2011: 95 (partim); Dexter et al., 2013: 225.

Galaxias rostratus (non G. rostratus Klunzinger, 1872 )— Allen, 1989; 84 (plate 18).

Galaxias sp. 1 — Sowersby, 2007; Davies et al., 2008: 338; Humphries, 2009: 100; Gilligan et al., 2010: 7; Kuiter, 2013: 40; Lieschke et al. 2013a,b.

Galaxias sp. 4 — Kuiter, 2013: 51 (partim).

Galaxias sp. 10— Kuiter, 2013: 66.

Galaxias sp. 11— Kuiter, 2013: 68.

Conforms to the allozymically defined and morphologically diagnosed taxon ‘OR’ of Adams et al. (2014), and ‘oliros’ of Raadik (2011).

Material Examined.

Holotype. NMV A.30580- 2, 106.9 mm LCF (93.4 mm SL), female, Avoca River, Mount Lonarch Road, south-south-east of Mount Lonarch , Victoria, 37° 16' 47”S 143° 21' 40”E, J.P. O’Connor, M. Jones and L. Grgat, 14 April 1999.

Paratypes. VIC: AMS I.44927-001 (2), 69.6–77.3 mm LCF (59.3–67.2 mm SL), NMV A.30298-1 (9), 72.4–86.4 mm LCF (62.9–75.5 mm SL) and SAMA F.12105 (2), 74.9–78.3 mm LCF (64.5–68.8 mm SL), Springdallah Creek, at culvert on Graded Road, off Linton / Piggoreet Road , Happy Valley , south-east of Linton , Victoria, 37° 42' 22”S 143° 35' 53”E, T.A. Raadik, 27 August 2002 ; NMV A.30297-1 (3), 87.9–111,8 mm LCF (77.3–99.7 mm SL), Mason Creek, at bridge on Masons Road, Mafeking , Victoria, 37° 23' 21”S 142° 36' 03”E, T.A. Raadik, 22 May 2002 ; AMS I.44930-001 (2), 67.3–69.2 mm LCF (58.5–60.7 mm SL), NMV A.30283-1 (6), 64.8–78.0 mm LCF (56.7–68.1 mm SL) and SAMA F.12106 (2), 69.7–74.8 mm LCF (60.6–65.7 mm SL), Mosquito Creek, at bridge on Apsley / Langkoop Road , Langkoop , Victoria, 37° 06' 09”S 141° 02' 09”E, T.A. Raadik, 20 May 2002 ; AMS I.44928-001 (2), 60.1–63.2 mm LCF (51.8–55.7 mm SL) and NMV A.30406-1 (7), 58.8–90.9 mm LCF (51.0– 80.6 mm SL), Cudgewa Creek, at bridge on Murray Valley Highway, just west of Tintaldra , Victoria, 36° 02' 47”S 147° 54' 37”E, T.A. Raadik, 18 March 2002 ; NMV A.30580-1 (5), 92.2-108.1 mm LCF (81.3–94.7 mm SL), collected with holotype; AMS I.44929-001 (2), 81.2–102.9 mm LCF (79.8–99.5 mm SL), and NMV A.30366-1 (8), 69.9–105.9 mm LCF (68.4–103.5 mm SL), Spring Creek, at Parsons Lane, downstream of Fawcett , Victoria, 37° 07' 22”S 145° 41' 25”E, T.A. Raadik, 18 May 2001 ; AMS I.44925-001 (2), 84.5–90.1 mm LCF (73.1–78.7 mm SL), NMV A.30373-1 (11), 70.9–101.4 mm LCF (61.4–89.5 mm SL) and SAMA F.12103 (2), 79.7–81.6 mm LCF (68.7–71.3 mm SL), Myrtle Creek, at bridge on Bendigo / Sutton Grange Road , Sutton Grange , Victoria, 36° 59' 13”S 144° 21' 31”E, T.A. Raadik, 4 June 2002 ; AMS I.44926-001 (2), 80.0– 89.8 mm LCF (70.6–79.6 mm SL), NMV A.30345-1 (7), 83.3–97.4 mm LCF (73.5–86.5 mm SL) and SAMA F.12104 (2), 79.4–87.3 mm LCF (70.0– 77.6 mm SL), Hickman Creek, at water supply weir off McGee Road, 300 m from junction with Mill Track , Mount Cole State Forest , Victoria, 37° 13' 29”S 143° 14' 02”E, T.A. Raadik, 6 June 2002 . SA: AMS I.44924-001 (2), 97.0– 104.5 mm LCF (85.0– 93.1 mm SL), NMNZ P.045753 (1), 96.6 mm LCF (84.5 mm SL), NMV A.30395-1 (10), 86.7–117.8 mm LCF (76.2–102.7 mm SL) and SAMA F.12102 (2), 82.0– 109.8 mm LCF (72.3–96.9 mm SL), Mount Barker Creek, at bridge on Adelaide Road, Mount Barker , South Mount Lofty Ranges , South Australia, 35° 04' 11”S 138° 51' 28”E, T.A. Raadik and M. Hammer, 16 May 2002 .

Non-type material. NSW: NMV A.30440-4 (3), 50.0– 59.9 mm LCF (44.0– 51.8 mm SL), Murray River, off track at Clarke Lagoon Reserve, downstream of Tintaldra, 36° 01' 30”S 147° 54' 50”E, TAR, 18 March 2002. SA: NMV A.30308-1 (15), 72.1–92.3 mm LCF (62.4–80.5 mm SL), Angas River, Searle Road, Macclesfield, 35° 10' 20”S 138° 50' 06”E, TAR and MH, 17 May 2002; NMV A.30404-1 (5), 89.3–109.6 mm LCF (78.4–96.1 mm SL), Bremer River, Harrogate, 34° 57' 01”S 139° 00' 48”E, TAR and MH, 16 May 2002; NMV A.30306-1 (6), 73.9–81.3 mm LCF (65.5–71.2 mm SL), Marne River, Jutland Road, 34° 40' 05”S 139° 09' 49”E, TAR and MH, 16 May 2002. VIC: NMV A.30401-1 (5), 74.3–120.2 mm LCF (64.8–106.0 mm SL), Kuruc-A-Ruc Creek, Dereel- Mount Mercer Road, 37° 48' 01”S 143° 47' 23”E, JPO, 31 March 1999; NMV A.30275-1 (6), 50.8–61.4 mm LCF (43.8–52.8 mm SL), Kuruc-A-Ruc Creek, Ferrers Road, SW of Dereel, 37° 50' 09”S 143° 48' 01”E, TAR, 25 July 2002; NMV A.30274-1 (3), 47.5–56.8 mm LCF (41.6–49.4 mm SL), Smythes Creek, Whites Road, Smythesdale, 37° 38' 06”S 143° 41' 23”E, JPO, 15 March 1999; NMV A.30298-2 (1), 61.2 mm LCF (52.8 mm SL), Springdallah Creek, collected with NMV A.30298-1; NMV A.30292-1 (4), 59.6–64.9 mm LCF (52.0– 57.1 mm SL), Fiery Creek, Beaufort/Elmhurst Road (Raglan Church Road), Raglan, 37° 21' 53”S 143° 20' 31”E, TAR, 29 August 1995; NMV A.30290-1 (7), 65.7–74.7 mm LCF (64.9–73.7 mm SL), Fiery Creek, Yalla-Y-Pooka Road, S of Buangor, 37° 28' 51”S 143° 05' 60”E, TAR, 7 June 2002; NMV A.30278-1 (9), 61.5–88.4 mm LCF (53.8–78.8 mm SL), Mason Creek, Watgania/Maroona Road, 37° 25' 36”S 142° 38' 29”E, TAR, 16 August 1995; NMV A.30294-1 (2), 94.7–106.8 mm LCF (83.1–94.4 mm SL), Mason Creek, Moyston/Dunkeld Road, 37° 24' 43”S 142° 38' 03”E, TAR, 16 August 1995; NMV A.30293-1 (4), 57.3–87.6 mm LCF (50.5–77.0 mm SL), Middle Creek, Fern Tree Waterfalls Road, 37° 18' 56”S 143° 14' 28”E, TAR, 4 March 1999; NMV A.30286-1 (8), 58.2–91.8 mm LCF (50.3–80.2 mm SL), Mustons Creek, Hamilton/Chatsworth Road, Woodhouse, 37° 47' 30”S 142° 24' 31”E, TAR, 24 July 2002; NMV A.30285-1 (10), 53.4–87.4 mm LCF (46.3–77.2 mm SL), Trawalla Creek, end of unnamed track off Chute/Waterloo Road, upstream of Waterloo, 37° 21' 32”S 143° 24' 59”E, TAR, 29 August 1995; NMV A.30288-1 (6), 86.9–117.4 mm LCF (76.4–103.6 mm SL), Trawalla Creek, end of track, just off Trawalla Creek Track, 37° 19' 35”S 143° 22' 13”E, TAR, 14 April 1999; NMV A.30277-1 (3), 61.3–68.1 mm LCF (53.3–60.0 mm SL), Breakaway Creek, Boundary Road, 38° 00' 47”S 141° 46' 29”E, TAR, 11 September 2001; NMV A.30309-1 (6), 62.5–80.6 mm LCF (53.6–70.6 mm SL), Fitzroy River, T & W Road, Cobboboonee State Forest, 38° 04' 33”S 141° 25' 44”E, JPC, 11 May 1999; NMV A.30289-1 (6), 69.5–92.9 mm LCF (61.7–81.8 mm SL), Fitzroy River, same loc. as NMV A.30309-1, TAR, 21 May 2002; NMV A.30271-1 (5), 63.4–83.7 mm LCF (55.1–73.3 mm SL), Branch Creek, Bullawin Road, Grampians National Park, 37° 25' 09”S 142° 15' 386”E, TAR, 13 May 1999; NMV A.30284-1 (4), 95.2–103.8 mm LCF (84.5–92.6 mm SL), Cawker Creek, Glenelg Highway, west of Casterton, 37° 38' 38”S 141° 15' 27”E, TAR, 21 May 2002; NMV A.30270-1 (2), 64.9–72.2 mm LCF (56.8–64.4 mm SL), Glenelg River, off Harrow/Casterton Road, Harrow, upstream of Glenferrie Road, 37° 10' 15”S 141° 35' 25”E, TAR, 25 May 1999; NMV A.30273-1 (5), 44.1–55.8 mm LCF (38.4–48.2 mm SL), Kangaroo Creek, Morven Road, NE of Hotspur, 37° 52' 55”S 141° 40' 13”E, TAR, 1 May 1999; NMV A.30280-1 (3), 55.4–99.9 mm LCF (48.4–88.1 mm SL), Palmers Creek, Portland/Casterton Road, Merino, 37° 43' 19”S 141° 32' 49”E, TAR, 21 May 2002; NMV (un reg.) (14), 51.4–94.6 mm LCF (44.7–83.5 mm SL), Rose Creek, Philip Island Track, Grampians National Park, 37° 09' 07”S 142° 22' 57”E, TAR, 20 May 2002; NMV A.30310-1 (6), 71.1–100.4 mm LCF (62.1–89.4 mm SL), Wannon River, Victoria Valley Road, near Dunkeld, 37° 37' 51”S 142° 20' 10”E, TAR, 3 May 1996; NMV A.30279-1 (4), 92.8–110.6 mm LCF (82.2–97.3 mm SL), Wannon River, North Boundary Road, NE of Dunkeld, 37° 36' 02”S 142° 22' 42”E, TAR, 22 May 2002; NMV A.30304-1 (1), 59.8–62.7 mm LCF (52.7–55.2 mm SL), Mosquito Creek, N branch, Poolaijelo/Edenhope Road, 37° 08' 01”S 142° 09' 33”E, TAR, 21 April 1994; NMV A.30282-1 (1), 77.6 mm LCF (68.2 mm SL), Mosquito Creek, Apsley/Langkoop Road, Langkoop, 37° 06' 10”S 142° 02' 10”E, TAR, 10 September 2001; NMV A.30283-3 (1), 56.1 mm LCF (48.7 mm SL), Mosquito Creek, collected with NMV A.30283-1; NMV A.30393-2 (6), 52.0– 67.7 mm LCF (45.1–58.8 mm SL), Corryong Creek, Briggs Gap Road, NW of Corryong, 36° 10' 28”S 147° 51' 54”E, TAR, 18 March 2002; NMV A.30420-2 (3), 65.3–74.0 mm LCF (56.7–64.0 mm SL), Corryong Creek, same loc. as NMV A.30393-2, TAR, 11 September 2002; NMV A.30396-1 (2), 68.7–69.4 mm LCF (59.6– 59.6 mm SL), Corryong Creek, end of Thomas Lane, NE of Corryong, 36° 10' 10”S 147° 53' 47”E, TAR, 1 April 2008; NMV A.29968-1 (1), 114.8 mm LCF (102.9 mm SL), Cudgewa Creek, junction with Reedy Creek, off Lucyvale Road, 36° 16' 49”S 147° 37' 20”E, D.J. Harrington, 1 May 1993; NMV A.30406-3 (4), 57.3–58.9 mm LCF (50.0– 51.1 mm SL), Cudgewa Creek, collected with NMV A.30406-1; NMV A.29957-1 (4), 65.0– 104.3 mm LCF (56.2–92.3 mm SL), Cudgewa Creek, Murray Valley Highway, W of Tintaldra, 36° 02' 48”S 147° 37' 20”E, TAR, 11 September 2002; NMV A.30392-1 (2), 53.1–57.8 mm LCF (44.9–49.3 mm SL), Mitta Mitta River, 4 km downstream from Lake Banimboola, upstream from Mitta Mitta, 36° 30' 48”S 147° 26' 11”E, TAR and J. Lyon, 2 April 2008; NMV A.30474-2 (2), 57.3–58.6 mm LCF (50.0– 50.3 mm SL), Nariel Creek, Stacey Bridge on Benambra/Corryong Road, 36° 26' 35”S 147° 49' 45”E, A.F. Baxter and S. Vallis, 7 March 1978; NMV A.30287-1 (13), 60.2–97.4 mm LCF (58.6–87.1 mm SL), Spring Creek, off Spring Creek Road, 0.9 km downstream from first bridge upstream of Yabba Road, east of Tallangatta, 36° 15' 01”S 147° 17' 16”E, TAR, 19 March 2002; NMV A.30408-1 (6), 69.6–100.7 mm LCF (68.7–99.3 mm SL), Gap Creek, Kiewa Valley Highway, Kergunyah, 36° 19' 45”S 147° 01' 36”E, TAR, 25 June 2002; NMV A.30402-1 (1), 84.4 mm LCF (73.5 mm SL), Gap Flat Creek, Gap Flat Road, E of Allans Flat, 36° 17' 47”S 147° 15' 47”E, TAR, 25 June 2002; NMV A.30400-1 (2), 64.8–65.2 mm LCF (55.5–55.6 mm SL), Glen Creek (Swamp Crk), Kiewa Valley Highway, NW of Dederang, 36° 27' 12”S 147° 59' 57”E, TAR, 25 June 2002; NMV A.30299-1 (1), 70.8 mm LCF (62.5 mm SL), Kiewa River, downstream of Boyd Road, Gundowring, 36° 25' 32”S 147° 02' 47”E, B. Zampatti, 12 April 2000; NMV A.30413-1 (1), 96.5 mm LCF (84.4 mm SL), Kiewa River, Mongans Bridge, downstream of Coral Bank, 36° 35' 05”S 147° 05' 34”E, D. O’Mahoney, 9 October 2002; NMV A.30412-1 (2), 74.4– 74.4 mm LCF (64.6–64.9 mm SL), Yackandandah Creek, Osbornes Flat Road, Allans Flat, 36° 16' 10”S 146° 54' 23”E, TAR, 25 June 2002; NMV A.30792-1 (9), 81.7–125.4 mm LCF (80.7–123.4 mm SL), Happy Valley Creek, tributary, Happy Valley Road, E of Rosewhite, 36° 35' 13”S 146° 54' 36”E, TAR, 25 June 2002; NMV A.30469-2 (1), 65.9 mm LCF (57.4 mm SL), King River, old bridge, Cheshunt, 36° 47' 54”S 146° 25' 34”E, TAR, 17 May 2001; NMV A.?? (8), 53.4–106.5 mm LCF (46.4–94.0 mm SL), King River, anabranch, King Valley Road, Cheshunt, 36° 47' 55”S 146° 25' 35”E, TAR, 17 May 2001; NMV A.30305-1 (9), 65.9–89.6 mm LCF (64.8–87.7 mm SL), Meadow Creek, off Meadow Creek Road, Meadow Creek, 36° 34' 50”S 146° 26' 45”E, TAR, 26 June 2002; NMV A.30295-1 (8), 84.1–102.8 mm LCF (64.8–87.7 mm SL), Black Springs, dam on spring just upstream of Nightjar Track, Warby Ranges State Park, 36° 19' 53”S 146° 10' 58”E, TAR, 27 June 2002; NMV A.30457-3 (1), 59.6 mm LCF (51.3 mm SL), Acheron River, Glendale Lane, between Taggerty and Buxton, 37° 21' 10”S 145° 42' 25”E, TAR, 22 May 2001; NMV A.30365-1 (5), 82.1–98.2 mm LCF (71.8–95.7 mm SL), Branjee Creek, Pranjip Road, 36° 42' 56”S 145° 23' 11”E, TAR, 13 August 2002; NMV A.30361-1 (10), 69.2–88.2 mm LCF (68.0–87.0 mm SL), Branjee Creek, Drysdale Road, N of Longwood, 36° 45' 09”S 145° 26' 04”E, TAR, 22 September 2004; NMV A.30370-1 (1), 74.9 mm LCF (65.7 mm SL), Creightons Creek, tributary, Creightons Creek Road, S of Creightons Creek, Strathbogie Ranges, 36° 53' 41”S 145° 31' 43”E, TAR, 14 August 2002; NMV A.30364-1 (1), 77.8 mm LCF (67.8 mm SL), Honeysuckle Creek, off Crocus Street, Violet Town, 36° 38' 08”S 145° 43' 32”E, TAR, 28 June 2002; NMV A.30303-1 (11), 51.2–88.1 mm LCF (44.0– 77.2 mm SL), Kurkurac Creek, tributary, Forbes/Moranding Road, W of Kilmore, 37° 13' 47”S 144° 53' 15”E, TAR, 12 August 2002; NMV A.30648-2 (1), 64.8 mm LCF (56.3 mm SL), Little River, reserve upstream of bridge on Maroondah Highway, Taggerty, 37° 19' 26”S 145° 42' 48”E, TAR, 18 December 2001; NMV A.30415-1 (19), 56.4–105.8 mm LCF (48.9–93.1 mm SL), Muddy Creek (Pranjip Creek), downstream from syphon on Goulburn Main Channel, E of Murchison, 36° 37' 15”S 145° 18' 25”E, TAR, 13 August 2002; NMV A.30362-1 (6), 66.3–94.3 mm LCF (64.9–92.7 mm SL), Pranjip Creek, James Road, S of Longwood, 36° 51' 37”S 145° 24' 29”E, TAR, 28 June 2002; NMV A.30468-1 (15), 40.1–84.8 mm LCF (33.9–74.2 mm SL), Seven Creeks, below fishway at Euroa, 36° 450' 07”S 145° 34' 26”E, TAR, 9 December 2002; NMV A.30366-2 (5), 60.5–82.6 mm LCF (59.7–80.7 mm SL), Spring Creek, collected with NMV A.30366-1; NMV A.30129-2 (1), 79.5 mm LCF (68.8 mm SL), Watch Box Crk, Euroa/Mansfield Rd, E of Gooram, Strathbogie Ranges, 36° 54' 28”S 145° 38' 16”E, TAR, 13 August 2002; NMV A.30435-2 (1), 66.9 mm LCF (57.5X mm SL), Yea River, Melba Highway, Devlins Bridge, 37° 22' 58”S 145° 28' 26”E; NMV A.30388-1 (1), 73.1 mm LCF (63.7 mm SL), Axe Creek, Patons Road, W of Eppalock, 36° 50' 27”S 144° 22' 33”E, TAR, 30 September 1999; NMV A.30418-1 (5), 62.6–84.6 mm LCF (53.8–73.7 mm SL), Emu Creek, Bendigo/Sutton Grange Road, S of Sedgwick, 36° 54' 40”S 144° 19' 01”E, TAR, 4 June 2002; NMV A.30302-1 (6), 66.8–84.6 mm LCF (58.0– 73.9 mm SL), Jews Harp Creek, tributary, Kyneton/Baynton Road, NE of Pastoria East, 37° 11' 09”S 144° 36' 12”E, TAR, 27 July 2001; NMV A.30381-1 (2), 36.0– 51.3 mm LCF (31.8–45.1 mm SL), McIvor Creek, on Warrwitue Forest Road, upstream of Heathcote, 36° 57' 03”S 144° 44' 31”E, TAR, 17 November 2000; NMV A.30374-1 (6), 81.3–108.6 mm LCF (78.3–95.8 mm SL), McIvor Creek, Northern Highway, 2 km NW of Tooborac, 37° 01' 43”S 144° 44' 31”E, TAR, 12 August 2002; NMV A.30391-1 (2), 92.7–105.7 mm LCF (81.8–92.8 mm SL), Myrtle Creek, Carnochans Back Road, 36° 57' 19”S 144° 22' 43”E, TAR, 30 September 1999; NMV A.30407-1 (4), 84.3–97.3 mm LCF (73.8–84.4 mm SL), Pipers Creek, old bridge on track off Pipers Creek Road, Pipers Creek, 37° 15' 04”S 144° 32' 22”E, TAR, 16 September 1999; NMV A.30336-1 (5), 87.7–113.2 mm LCF (76.1–99.6 mm SL), Beckworth Creek, Pickfords Road, 37° 17' 14”S 143° 43' 34”E, JPC, 3 March 1999; NMV A.30342-1 (9), Beckworth Creek, same loc. as NMV A.30336-1, TAR, 5 June 2002; NMV A.30399-1 (15), 42.3–92.5 mm LCF (36.8–81.8 mm SL), Birchs Creek, end Nicholson's Road, E of Clunes, 37° 18' 00”S 143° 52' 06”E, TAR, 15 December 2004; NMV A.30411-1 (8), 82.4–101.3 mm LCF (71.8–88.7 mm SL), Bullarook Creek, Midland Highway, Newlyn North, 37° 24' 1”S 143° 59' 38”E, TAR, 3 June 2002; NMV A.30419-1 (5), 76.6–96.1 mm LCF (75.2–94.6 mm SL), Bullock Creek, off Calder Alternative Highway, Lockwood South, 36° 50' 24”S 144° 09' 17”E, TAR, 4 June 2002; NMV A.30360-1 (10), 84.2–110.5 mm LCF (72.4–96.0 mm SL), Creswick Creek, Clunes/Creswick Road, Clunes, 37° 17' 46”S 143° 47' 23”E, TAR, 5 June 2002; NMV A.30403-1 (10), 73.5–98.2 mm LCF (63.9–85.5 mm SL), Stony Creek, Old Ballarat Road, NE of Evansford, 37° 13 59”S 143° 40' 55”E, TAR, 5 June 2002; NMV A.30398-1 (10), 58.8–109.1 mm LCF (51.1–96.5 mm SL), Tullaroop Creek, Six Mile Bridge, on Mount Cameron/Glengower Road, Glengower, 37° 13' 38”S 143° 50' 05”E, TAR, 13 December 2004; NMV A.30353-1 (5), 85.5–106.9 mm LCF (74.2–93.9 mm SL), Amphitheatre Creek, Mills Road, W of Amphitheatre, 37° 11' 40”S 143° 21' 51”E, TAR, 6 June 2002; NMV A.30351-1 (2), 98.3–99.8 mm LCF (85.7–87.8 mm SL), Avoca River, off Back Mount Lonarch Road, Mount Lonarch, 37° 14' 59”S 143° 22' 47”E, TAR, 5 June 2002; NMV A.30346-1 (19), 54.1–100.6 mm LCF (46.7–89.0 mm SL), Middle Creek, tributary, Warrenmang/Glenlofty Road, at Warrenmang, 37° 01' 56”S 143° 19' 06”E, TAR, 10 March 2000; NMV A.30354-1 (4), 67.6–86.2 mm LCF (59.2–76.3 mm SL), Middle Creek, Hardys Lane, Warrenmang, 37° 02' 06”S 143° 17' 21”E, TAR, 6 June 2002; NMV A.30337-1 (2), 86.4–86.6 mm LCF (75.3–75.9 mm SL), Mountain Creek, off Stawell/Avoca Road, Moonambell, 36° 59' 13”S 143° 18' 02”E, TAR, 5 June 2002; NMV A.30385-1 (1), 84.5 mm LCF (74.7 mm SL), Glenpatrick Creek, Kearns Road, upstream from Elmhurst, 37° 09' 35”S 143° 16' 58”E, TAR, 11 February 2000; NMV A.30382-1 (1), 69.9 mm LCF (61.0 mm SL), Goulton Creek, Mount Zero Road, Grampians National Park, 36° 55' 17”S 142° 25' 47”E, T. Doeg, 16 November 1994; NMV A.30359-1 (6), 66.0– 106.2 mm LCF (64.7–104.82 mm SL), Mackenzie River, Grampians Road, Wartook, 37° 02' 02”S 142° 20' 25”E, TAR, 20 May 2002; NMV A.30349-1 (2), 109.8–110.6 mm LCF (97.8–98.0 mm SL), Mount William Creek, Howards Bridge, Ledcourt, 36° 58' 07”S 142° 30' 25”E, TAR, 19 May 2002; NMV A.30390-1 (3), 49.3–65.7 mm LCF (42,3– 57.1 mm SL), Reservoir Creek, track off Mafeking Road, downstream of diversion weir, Grampians National Park, 37° 20' 48”S 142° 37' 19”E, TAR, 16 August 1995; NMV A.30358-1 (2), 78.4–90.1 mm LCF (68.6–84.5 mm SL), Reservoir Creek, Mount William Picnic Ground Road, Grampians National Park, 37° 20' 26”S 142° 40' 15”E, TAR, 16 August 1995; NMV A.30307-1 (7), 69.6–99.6 mm LCF (60.4–87.7 mm SL), Troopers Creek, off Roses Gap Road, 3.0 km upstream from Halls Gap/Mount Zero Road, Grampians National Park, 36° 58' 36”S 142° 26' 06”E, TAR, 19 May 2002; NMV A.30339-1 (12), 61.2–94.5 mm LCF (53.2–83.3 mm SL), Troopers Creek, same loc. as NMV A.30307-1, TAR, 28 November 2002.

Additional non-type material examined (not measured): see Appendix 5

Diagnosis. Galaxias oliros sp. nov. differs from all other species within the Galaxias olidus complex by a combination of the following characters: trunk usually laterally compressed posteriorly from about above the pelvic fin base; caudal fin emarginate to weakly forked; usually 12 segmented rays in anal fin (range 9–14), and always more than in the dorsal fin, which usually has about 9 segmented rays; length of anal fin base long (9.8–14.1 % SL) and that of dorsal fin short (7.4–10.8 % SL) and anal fin long (14.3–19.7 % SL); distinctive body pattern, particularly on sides, and gill cover often with a large turquoise or gold patch and belly often distinctly silvery or white; caudal peduncle somewhat shallow (6.5–9.0 % SL); pelvic fins moderately large, about 91 % of length of pectoral fins; lateral profile of head slightly to moderately wedge-shaped and snout rounded; inter-orbital wide (36.0–46.4 % HL) and eye moderately large (16.4–23.9 % HL); nostrils of moderate length, usually not visible from ventral view; anterior tip of upper lip level with about 0.6 ED above ventral margin of eye; raised lamellae usually absent from ventral surface of rays of paired fins, very occasionally present but weakly developed; anal fin origin usually under 0.47 distance posteriorly along dorsal fin base, often much less; usually a single, short (1.2 % SL) pyloric caecum though often absent; gill rakers variable, of moderate length to long and stout to thin; and, distinct black bars along lateral line usually absent, though occasionally some individuals with darker midlateral dark brownish blotches between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases, or a single, to a series of, very narrow and short faint brown to greyish dark brown mid-lateral bars anteriorly behind the pectoral fin base.

Description. As for the genus and members of the Galaxias olidus complex, except as indicated below, based on 89 specimens, 51.0– 102.7 mm SL, and 485 additional, non-type specimens for meristics. See Tables 4 to 9 for frequencies of meristic values and Table 31 for a summary of meristic variation. Segmented dorsal fin rays 9 (8–10), of these 7 (6–8) branched and 2 (1–2) unbranched; segmented anal fin rays 12 (10–13), of these 10 (8–11) branched and 2 (1–3) unbranched; caudal fin rays 16; segmented pectoral fin rays 14 (13–15*), of these 12 (10–13*) branched and 2 (2–3) unbranched; pelvic fin rays 7, of these 6 branched and one unbranched; gill raker total count (lower limb and upper limb) 14 (12–15), lower arch with 10 (9–11) and 4 (3–5) on upper, variation on first gill arch 7+3 (1), 8+3 (7), 8+4 (6), 9+2 (4), 9+3 (86), 9+4 (74), 9+5 (8), 9+6 (2), 10+2 (2), 10+3 (89), 10+4 (199*), 10+5 (31), 10+6 (2),10+7 (1), 11+3 (6), 11+4 (32), 11+5 (17), 11+6 (2), 12+4 (3), 13+4 (1); vertebrae 53* (52–55); usually one [0*] pyloric caecae on stomach, or caecae less often absent.

See Table 32 for comparative value ranges of morphometric characters. Body moderately deep and long, laterally compressed posteriorly from about above the pelvic fin base, dorsal midline generally not flattened, body depth through pectoral base 1.1 (0.8–1.3) that through vent, trunk with dorsal profile evenly arched from nape to origin of dorsal fin, somewhat depressed on head forward of nape, ventral profile of trunk and head follows dorsal profile, though less arched, belly deepened and laterally expanded in maturing individuals, particularly so in fish approaching spawning. Body tapering back to a moderately shallow, 13.1 (11.1–15.4) in SL, caudal peduncle of moderate length, 7.5 (6.5–9.3) in SL, strongly laterally compressed, the peduncle depth 1.6–1.8 in its length; accessory lateral line present. Head of moderate length, 4.7 (4.4–5.4) in SL, and slightly shorter than, 0.9 (0.8–1.1) PelAn distance, of moderate depth and width, 2.3 (2.0–2.6) and 1.6 (1.5–1.8) in HL respectively, distinctly wider than deep (depth 1.4 in HW) and can appear weakly to moderately laterally compressed in some individuals, with sides almost parallel from dorsal view, lateral profile slightly to moderately wedge-shaped, dorsal profile straight and inclined anteriorly; eyes moderately large, 5.1 (4.2–6.1) in HL, situated moderately high on head, distinctly below dorsal head profile, interorbital generally flat to slightly convex, wide, 2.4 (2.1–2.8) in HL and 2.1 (1.9–2.2) times ED; cheeks not expanded below eyes, eye profiles visible laterally from ventral view except in some larger individuals; post-orbital head length of moderate length, 1.9 (1.7–2.1) in HL; snout of moderate length, 3.5 (3.0–3.8) in HL and 1.5 (1.4–1.6) times ED, lateral profile usually rounded; nostrils of moderate length, usually extending to anterior edge of upper lip and usually not visible anterolaterally from ventral view; mouth generally terminal, moderately long, 2.7 (2.4–3.2) in HL, posterior extent usually reaching to under anterior 0.3–0.5 of eyes and 0.55 (0.32–0.76) ED below ventral margin of eye, anterior tip of upper lip level with about 0.6 ED above ventral margin of eye, gape moderate, 2.8 (1.8–3.7) in HL, usually narrower than length of upper jaw and 1.7–2.0 in HW. Jaws subequal, lower slightly shorter. Pyloric caecae short, usually 1.2 % SL (0.1–3.3 %); gill rakers variable, from moderate length to relatively long and stout to thin, usually sharply pointed though occasionally rounded.

Median fins moderately fleshy at bases, paired fins much less so, with slight thickening extending distally over 1/3–1/2 of fin area, with thickening extending slightly farther distally between fin rays, anal fin base long, 8.4 (7.1–10.2) in SL, dorsal fin base short, 11.2 (9.2–13.5) in SL and 0.7 (0.6–0.9) of LAB, dorsal base sometimes extending anteriorly as a low fleshy ridge not underlain by procurrent rays, fins rounded, dorsal fin of moderate length and anal fin long, 5.9 (5.1–7.0) in SL and 1.1–1.2 times length of dorsal fin, middle rays longest, anal fin origin usually under 0.47 (0.19–0.73) distance posteriorly along dorsal fin base. Pelvic fins moderately large, 8.6 (7.5–10.3) in SL, 0.9 (0.8–1.1) of pectoral fin length, usually inserted just posterior to mid-point of standard length and about 0.5 distance to anal fin base; pectoral fin of moderate length and rounded to paddle-shaped, 7.9 (6.6–10.2) in SL, extending about 0.4 distance to pelvic fin base, low on body with dorsal end of fin base usually level with, or very slightly higher than, posterior extent of mouth, lamina of pectoral and pelvic fins oriented anterio-ventrally to ventrally and ventrally respectively, raised lamellae usually absent from ventral surface of rays. Caudal fin moderately long, 7.0 (5.8–9.3) in SL, emarginate to weakly forked, usually longer than caudal peduncle (1.0– 1.2 in LCP), vertical width of expanded rays usually equal to or slightly greater than body depth through pectoral fin base, though much greater in individuals <60 mm SL, flanges moderately high, long and moderately well-developed along caudal peduncle, usually almost reaching anteriorly past the distal end of adpressed anal fin to anal fin base as a low ridge.

Size. Recorded to 133 mm LCF and 33 g; commonly to 75–90 mm LCF.

Colour in life. Body predominantly olive to grey-brown on back and sides, extending over head and snout, becoming cream to white or silvery below lateral line, belly usually silvery. Overlain by small to moderate sized dark brown to grey brown, irregular shaped blotches, flecks and patches, many coalescing to form irregularly shaped vertical bands; blotches and patches more densely distributed over dorsal surface of trunk and on to nape, absent from head and snout. Trunk pattern extending down sides usually as moderately widely spaced bands, reaching to just below lateral line, extending from behind pelvic fin base to the caudal fin. Body pattern sometimes very faint. Distinct, small to medium sized, thin to very thin, intermittently or closely-spaced series of black to dark brown bars (sometimes faded) occasionally present along anterior portion of lateral line posterior to end of operculum; bars often located within coalescing lighter blotches or banding where it crossed the lateral line. Bars often extend to caudal peduncle as faded brown blotches, frequently located within vertical bands, though often faded and indistinct or absent.

Mid-dorsal surface of trunk sometimes with a moderately thick row of coppery or gold spots extending from nape to dorsal fin base; top of head and snout sometimes with diffuse scattering of small gold flecks; and trunk often with broad diffuse band of golden to coppery spots or flecks usually extending from near base of pectoral fin onto caudal peduncle. Gill cover translucent, with a large turquoise, silvery or golden patch; iris silver or silvery gold. Fins usually translucent light grey to olive. Gravid females with fine black to dark grey stippling along ventro-lateral surface of trunk between the pectoral fin base and vent. See below for more detailed comments on body pattern.

Occasionally, snout and anterior portion of head, including the nape, noticeably an almost transparent pale lime-green (also found sporadically in Galaxias olidus and Galaxias ornatus ), although the reason is unknown.

Colour of preserved material. Base colour of head and body pale cream to tan, with overlying light dusky shading of fine brown-black stippling, particularly on dorsal and dorso-lateral surfaces. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of trunk with distinctive bold pattern of very closely spaced, irregular shaped, dark brown spots and blotches, smaller on dorsal surface and coalescing to form distinct, larger, elongate, vertical patches or bars on sides, ranging from the pectoral fin base posteriorly to the caudal fin. Lateral patches and bars centred on lateral line, largest usually located in anterior to mid-trunk region, most distinctive with darker brown regions on midline contrasting with intervening lighter base colour areas. Lateral trunk pattern extends below lateral line, fading before reaching ventro-lateral region merging with overlying shading light shading. Dorsal trunk pattern extends onto nape; interorbital, snout, lateral regions of head and upper and lower jaws with dark brown to grey-brown shading. Sparse stippling of fine brown spots extending onto ventral region of head, and along ventro-posterior margin of gill cover. Brown to black stippling inside gill cover, and black spotting at base of, and along gill filaments, also on gill rakers.

Eye grey to black, pupil translucent pale orange yellow. Teeth translucent yellow to pale orange–yellow, tips orange to orange–red; gill rakers cream to pale yellow. Fins pale creamy yellow, becoming translucent at about half way along fin length, fleshy bases of dorsal, anal and pectoral fins with fine brown stippling, also just extending onto base of caudal fin. Fin rays opaque to translucent, external edges of rays highlighted with fine brown spots forming thin lines, first few rays generally darker; dorsal, anal and caudal fins rays often stippled with fine brown spots along centre of first third to one half of fin ray.

Etymology. The specific name oliros is derived from a combination of the first three letters of the species names of Galaxias olidus and Galaxias rostratus . It was first used as a field code for what appeared to be a distinct morphological form intermediate between, and sharing morphological characteristics with, both taxa, particularly juvenile to young adult stages. Suggested vernacular name as the ‘Obscure Galaxias’, in reference to it being a relatively widespread and common species which has remained in obscurity until now, and to its relatively indistinct or subtle morphological features which separate it from the morphologically similar sister taxon G. olidus . The two species can be found in sympatry and occasionally produce putative hybrid offspring, which can further add to confusion.

Genetics. Allozyme and mtDNA analysis of this species can be found in Adams et al. (2014; taxon code OR). Diagnostic allozyme loci (2–12) between this taxon and the other species in the Galaxias olidus complex are provided in Table 12.

Distribution. See Fig. 27 . Widespread in the Murray River system and tributaries, and also found south of the GDR in western VIC; occupy an extensive elevational range from 0–600 m asl. Specifically, found in the Murray River from the Upper Murray Basin in southern NSW and northern VIC westward, including all VIC tributaries and the endorheic Wimmera River system, in several tributaries of the Lower Murray draining the eastern Mount Lofty Ranges (SA), and in coastal Victoria in the endorheic Corangamite Basin, and westward from, and including the Hopkins River basin to Mosquito Creek in the Bool Lagoon drainage in SA. Found very close to the coast in the Merri River and Darlot/Fitzroy River systems in coastal western VIC, and appears to be absent from the Murray River main channel downstream from about Barmah to Mannum. Known from a single catchment in the SA Gulf Drainage Division (Hindmarsh River) ( Hammer et al. 2012).

Sympatry. Only species in the Galaxias olidus complex found within its range south of the GDR in coastal western Victoria (Corangamite Basin to Glenelg River system) and south-east portion of South Australia. Also only species in the complex known from north of the Great Dividing Range in north-west Victoria (Avoca to Wimmera basins), but may overlap with G. olidus in the very upper reaches of the Campaspe and Loddon River system. Also found with Galaxias arcanus sp. nov. and G. olidus in north-eastern VIC and south-eastern NSW (Upper Murray basin to Goulburn River system) and with G. olidus in the eastern portion (Murray River catchment) of the Adelaide Hills in South Australia (broad sympatry in different catchments). Recorded with Galaxias brevipinnis , Galaxias maculatus and Galaxias truttaceus , Galaxiella pusilla and Neochanna cleaveri in some coastal catchments, and with G. brevipinnis , G. maculatus , Galaxias rostratus and G. truttaceus in north-east Victoria and the Murray River; also with G. maculatus and historically with G. rostratus in the lower Murray River in South Australia.

Habitat. Generally found at low to moderate elevations (lowland to foothill reaches) in a diversity of stream types, ranging from slower-flowing, clear to turbid, medium to larger rivers (4–20 m average width), gently or moderately fast flowing smaller creeks (0.5–4.0 m average width), and also in anabranches, billabongs and some wetlands, including disconnected pools in drying water courses. Recorded from shallow riffle areas along the edge of pools as juveniles, to deeper (0.1–> 1.2 m average depth), more open water habitats in pools as adults, though often also in glides. Usually found amongst dense aquatic vegetation and timber debris, though also occasionally found in the open in midwater or just under the surface.

General Biology. Confined to freshwater and considered not to undertake diadromous migrations. Usually recorded at densities up to 0.7–1.6 fish/m 2, though can be very abundant in swamps, billabongs and isolated pools (up to 8.0 fish/m 2). Collected with a diverse range of fish and decapod crustacea, though commonly with Galaxias olidus , Galaxias arcanus sp. nov., River Blackfish ( Gadopsis marmoratus ), Southern Pygmy Perch ( Nannoperca australis ), Australian Smelt ( Retropinna spp. ), Flatheaded Gudgeon ( Philypnodon grandiceps ), Common Freshwater Shrimp and Common Yabby. Appear to have high physico-chemical tolerance as recorded from isolated pools with high water turbidity or salinity levels (e.g. Wimmera and Glenelg river systems), or stagnant, refuge pools with high loads of dissolved organic carbon from leachates from Eucalyptus leaves (e.g. Marne River (this study) and upper Avoca River system, also see McMaster & Bond (2008)).

Spawning period usually extends from about late May to early July, though can extend into August, with adults ripe and close to spawning in early May and with the body cavity full of fat deposits, and gonads in an early stage of development, by September. The smallest fish recorded in mid-May was 34.9 mm LCF (possibly from a late spawning) with the smallest fish recorded in early November measuring 23.7 mm LCF. The smallest female that could be confidently sexed was 51.3 mm LCF. Fecundity is relatively high within the species complex, with a 105.6 mm LCF ripe female recorded with 2057, relatively small (mean of 1.1 mm, range 0..9– 1.4 mm diameter), roughly circular and orange, unshed mature ova in mid-May (NMV A.11683). A relatively good swimmer, and considered more pelagic and mobile than most other members in the Galaxias olidus complex, often seen swimming in small schools, though larger individuals more solitary. Possibly also undertakes defined upstream movements as juveniles (<50 mm LCF) as large numbers of juveniles were recorded moving upstream through the fishway on Seven Creeks (Euroa) during late December 2000 and early December 2002 (Raadik, unpubl. data).

Found to be infected with the parasitic copepod Lernaea cyprinoides (see Bond 2004), and can be lightly to heavily infected with small grey to black cysts, possibly trematode metacercariae, embedded in the skin of the head or trunk, or in fins. A small number of fish recorded with a short, thin, white worm, coiled and pointed at both ends, from amongst fat deposits around the stomach in the body cavity, others with small ulcers on the body. Also recorded with deformities of fins (dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic), deformities of the jaws and posterior margin of the gill cover, and some with curvature of the spine.

Variation. Has the second widest range in variation of morphological characters in the Galaxias olidus complex. Consequently close or adjacent populations can sometimes look superficially different or resemble Galaxias olidus , particularly at higher elevations and also in catchments of the coastal southwest of VIC. In particular, the morphology of the head and size of the pectoral fins can vary, with some individuals or populations possessing smaller pectoral fins than usual or heads which appear more similar to those of G. olidus (e.g. smaller, less laterally compressed, etc.). In these fish, other diagnostic characters are usually still distinct, such as the relatively larger size of the eye and mouth, lateral compression of the body, and in particular, the disparity in the length of the bases of the dorsal and anal fins. Putative hybridisation with G. olidus can also cause difficulties in the identification of some individuals (see below).

Remarks. A hardy species, able to survive relatively well during drought in lowland to foothill areas. Has a remarkably broad tolerance of salinity, being recorded from clear, fresh (<0.1 g /L salinity) and flowing water in the Upper Murray catchment, and also from an isolated, turbid and still pool in Dwyer Creek in the Grampians (south-western VIC) with a salinity of 13.4 g /L. Galaxias oliros is also the main species, previously known as G. olidus s.l., which can persist in the presence of alien trout, possibly partly as the areas it occupies are warm and therefore marginal for salmonid survival, and habitat and niche overlap may not be as strong as it is between trout and other members in the G. olidus complex.

Potentially hybridise with Galaxias . olidus , with putative hybrid fish identified from a small number of systems (Ovens River basin: Musk Creek near Whitfield; Broken River basin: Broken River north of Mansfield; Goulburn River basin: Hayfield Creek (Brankeet Creek system) and Trawool Creek near Granite). Suspected putative hybrids often morphologically intermediate, usually with a larger, silvery eye, long gill rakers and sometimes with larger fins or longer caudal peduncle. Occasionally quite similar to Galaxias olidus , with only very subtle differences in characteristics. Putative hybrid morphology requires detailed study.

Galaxias oliros sp. nov., incorrectly referenced as Galaxias olidus (s.l.), has been used in previous genetic ( Waters 1996, Waters et al. 2000a, 2002a) and morphological studies ( Johnson et al. 1983, McDowall 1997b, 1999, 2001, 2003a, and McDowall & Burridge 2011), with Waters et al. (2000a) proposing a close relationship with the Tasmanian G. parvus . The identity of the species of Galaxias in Mack (1918) could not be established, but may possibly be referable to Galaxias oliros sp. nov.

Figures

FIGURE 25. A–B: Galaxias oliros sp. nov. holotype, NMV A.30580-2, 106.9 mm LCF, female, Avoca River, Mount Lonarch Road, south-south-west of Mount Lonarch, Victoria; A) line drawing (R. Plant), B) image of preserved specimen (note: tail curved to left in horizontal plane) (T.A. Raadik); C) G. oliros sp. nov., Corryong Creek, north-east Victoria, 1 April 2008, ~ 90 mm LCF (T.A. Raadik); D) Avoca River, at type locality of G. oliros sp. nov., 14 April 1999 (J.P. O’Connor). Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 27. Distribution of Galaxias oliros sp. nov. in south-eastern Australia (river basins shown—refer to Fig.1).