Kalloconus trochulus (Reeve, 1844)

Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R. & Zardoya, Rafael, 2020, Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation, European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663), pp. 1-89 : 57-59

Kalloconus trochulus (Reeve, 1844)

Fig. 9 F–H

Conus trochulus Reeve, 1844 : pl. 45, sp. 246.

Conus atlanticoselvagem Afonso & Tenorio, 2004: 34 , figs 2–5.

Africonus cazalisoi Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018a: 14 . syn. nov.

Kalloconus stanchinensis Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2019b: 16 . syn. nov.

Conus trochulus – Monteiro et al. 2004: 76, pl. 59.

Conus atlanticoselvagem – Monteiro et al. 2004: 26, pl. 63.

Conus pseudonivifer (not C. pseudonivifer Monteiro, Tenorio & Poppe, 2004 ) – Monteiro et al. 2004: pl. 60, figs 1–3, 8, pl. 61, figs 1–4, pl. 62, figs 1– 5, 7.

Material examined

Lectotype (here designated)

CABO VERDE • 26 mm; Boa Vista Island, Baía do Ervatão ; 16º12ʹ3ʺ N, 22º54ʹ43ʺ W; NHMUK 196179/1 ( Fig. 9F ).

Paralectotypes (here designated)

CABO VERDE • 2 specs; same collection data as for lectotype; NHMUK 196179/2-3 .

Three syntypes in NHMUK. We hereby designate as lectotype the specimen of dimensions 26 × 16 mm in the type series ( NHMUK 196179/1), which is the one figured in Reeve (1844: pl. 45, sp. 246) ( Fig. 9F ). The other two specimens in the same lot are designated as paralectotypes ( NHMUK 196179/2-3). Type locality not known. Hereby designated as Baía do Ervatão, northwest coast of Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.

Other material

CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Baía do Ervatão ; 16º12ʹ3ʺ N, 22º54ʹ43ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF491561 ; MNCN 15.05/80411 • 1 spec., 38 mm, holotype of C. atlanticoselvagem ; Baixo João Valente ; 15º44ʹ27ʺ N, 23º5ʹ26ʺ W; ATLANTICO SELVAGEM exped.; MNCN 15.05/46580 ( Fig. 9G ) • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF491606 ; MNCN DNA/7036 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Ponta do Pau Seco ; 15º15ʹ26ʺ N, 23º13ʹ16ʺ W; 29 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF491519 ; MNCN 15.05/78635 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Lage Branca ; 15º18ʹ32ʺ N, 23º8ʹ17ʺ W; 31 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF491526 ; MNCN 15.05/78719 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Porto Cais (north); 15º19ʹ45ʺ N, 23º10ʹ57ʺ W; 1 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF491532 ; MNCN 15.05/78779 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Estancinha, Ponta do Sol ; 16º13ʹ12ʺ N, 22º55ʹ9ʺ W; 2 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY864969 ; MNCN 15.05/80418 • 1 spec., 31.4 mm; same collection data as for preceding; MNCN 15.05/88794 ( Fig. 9H ) • 1 spec., 18 mm, holotype of Africonus cazalisoi ; Boa Vista Island, near the area of Morro de Areia ; MMM • 1 spec., 28.1 mm, holotype of Kalloconus stanchinensis ; Boa Vista Island, Ponta do Sol, Rife do Stanchinha ; MMM .

Geographical distribution

Boa Vista and Maio Islands, Cabo Verde Archipelago. Also present in Santiago Island, where it is very scarce.

Conservation status in IUCN Red List

Near threatened. Status revision required.

Remarks

Patternless- as well as patterned-shell forms of K. trochulus exist. The latter are widely distributed throughout the islands of Boa Vista, Maio, Santiago and offshore banks, and each of the existing populations has its own distinctive pattern. The name atlanticoselvagem was introduced for the offshore population inhabiting João Valente Bank in between the islands of Boa Vista and Maio ( Fig. 9G ). However, an analysis of the mitochondrial genome of patternless and patterned individuals from different populations recovered all of them within a compact clade, with the exception of two patterned individuals from Praia Canto, Boa Vista Island, which were recovered in a sister clade. These individuals are assigned to the taxon K. pseudonivifer (see above). Apart from this, the phylogenetic data suggest that all the other populations studied, both patterned and patternless, are members of one single, variable species that bears the name K. trochulus as the most senior. The hereby-designated lectotype of K. trochulus corresponds to the patternless form, particularly abundant in the northwest coast of Boa Vista Island. The recently described Africonus cazalisoi Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018 was incorrectly assigned to the genus Africonus . It is a representative of the population of sparsely patterned K. trochulus from Morro de Areia, southwest of Boa Vista Island, which was thoroughly studied in Cunha et al. (2008), and hence another synonym for this species. The same applies to K. stanchinensis , which is just the patterned form of K. trochulus from Estancinha to Ponta do Sol area, northwest of Boa Vista Island ( Fig. 9H ). Representative individuals from the Santiago Island populations are figured in Rolán (2005).

Figures

Fig. 9. A. Kalloconus pulcher ([Lightfoot], 1786), 136 mm (MJT). B. Conus siamensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792, lectotype, 102 mm (MHNG-MOLL-52702). C. Kalloconus marimaris Tenorio, Abalde & Zardoya, 2018, holotype, 38.6 mm (MNCN 15.05/79664). D. Kalloconus marimaris, paratype, 36.6 mm (MNCN 15.05/79689). E. Conus pseudonivifer Monteiro, Tenorio & Poppe, 2004, holotype, 47.4 mm (MNCN 15.05/46627). F. Conus trochulus Reeve, 1844, lectotype, 26 mm (NHMUK 196179/1). G. Conus atlanticoselvagem Afonso & Tenorio, 2004 (= trochulus), holotype, 38.0 mm (MNCN 15.05/46580). H. Kalloconus trochulus f. stanchinensis Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2019, 31.4 mm (MNCN 15.05/88794). I. Kalloconus venulatus (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792), 52.4 mm (MNCN 15.05/80419). J. Kalloconus venulatus f. josefiadeiroi Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2019, 33.2 mm (MNCN 15.05/79907). Scale bars = 10 mm.