Anthaxia, Bílý, 2019

Bílý, Svatopluk, 2019, Subgeneric classification of the genus Anthaxia Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Anthaxiini), Zootaxa 4568 (2), pp. 261-278 : 263-264

Key to the subgenera of Anthaxia

1 Subhumeral lobe small, weakly prominent or almost absent, lateral, elytral emargination shallow or almost missing ( Figs. 26– 29 ); elytra subparallel in anterior half or two thirds, arcuately tapering posteriorly in posterior half or third, exceptionally weakly caudiform ( Fig. 11 ); lateral sides of abdomen not visible from above ( Figs. 1–5, 11–13 )......................(2)

- Subhumeral lobe large, sometimes almost angulate, lateral, elytral emargination deep and wide ( Figs. 30–34, 37–39 ); elytra usually tapering posteriorly from humeri to apex; lateral sides of abdomen well-visible from above ( Figs. 6–10 , 14–16 )........................................................................................................(3)

2 Usually multicolorous or brightly coloured species ( Figs. 1, 3 ), only rarely unicolorously bronze, green or blue ( Figs. 2, 4, 5, 11 ); pronotum weakly convex usually with wide (sometimes very deep) lateroposterior depressions ( Fig. 1 ) only rarely almost regularly convex ( Figs. 4, 5 ); pronotum rarely simply ocellate ( Figs. 4, 5 ), usually with rather complicate sculpture consisting of transversely widened cells, longitudinal or transverse rugae or with concentric, fine wrinkles ( Figs. 1–3 , 40–42 ); sexual dichromatism often well-developed, only exceptionally absent; larval development in broad-leves plants, very rarely in Conifers; Palaearctic region, several species in Oriental region.......................................... Anthaxia s. str.

- Black, dark bronze ( Fig. 12 ), only exceptionally blue, blue-violet or green species ( Fig. 13 ) without pronotal or elytral pattern; pronotum more or less regularly convex, lateroposterior depressions usually small, shallow, only exceptionally deep; pronotal sculpture usually rougher consisting of coarse, polygonal cells (often longitudinally prolonged along lateral margins) with large central grains ( Fig. 43 ); pronotum very often with four small, rounded depressions at midlength ( Fig. 12 ); sexual dichromatism absent, sometimes expressed only by different colouration of frons; larval development in Conifers; Holoarctic region............................................................................... Melanthaxia Richter, 1949

3 Multicolorous species with typical elytral pattern ( Fig. 17 ); frons flat or very deeply depressed; pronotal sculpture rather complicated: long, transverse rugae on posterior half, often combined with small, fine, polygonal and concentric cells on anterior half and longitudinal rugae along lateral margins ( Fig. 50 ); anal sternite of female apically, deeply notched often with S-shaped lateral margins; antennae of male very long, always overlapping midlength of lateral, pronotal margins ( Fig. 17 ), very often reaching posterior pronotal angles when laid alongside; parameres often laterally enlarged or with lateral teeth or spines ( Fig. 74 ); south-eastern Asia................................................................ Merocratus Bílý, 1989

- Usually uni- or bicolorous, only rarely multicolorous species; frons flat, convex or weakly depressed; pronotum more or less regularly convex with weak lateroposterior depressions, sculpture homogeneous consisting of oval or polygonal cells with or without central grains sometimes with transverse rugae on disc ( Figs. 44–48 ) or with medial, longitudinal depression and transverse or oblique, medial and lateral rugae ( Figs. 52–54 ); anal sternite of female apically notched or simply rounded; antennae much shorter usually reaching midlength of lateral, pronotal margins when laid alongside, or shorter...........(4) 4 Frons convex or strongly convex ( Fig. 18 ); vertex very wide (2.5–3.5 times as wide as width of eye); eyes large, projecting beyond outline of head which is much wider than anterior pronotal margin; golden green to blue-green species usually with the typical, elytral and pronotal pattern ( Fig. 18 , 51 ), rarely entirely golden-green; south-eastern Asia.......................................................................................................... Thailandia Bílý, 1990

- Frons flat, weakly convex or slightly depressed, vertex much narrower (0.3–2.5 times as wide as width of eye—e.g. Figs. 6– 10 ); head as wide as anterior pronotal margin or narrower; eyes not or (rarely) very weakly projecting beyond outline of head; colouration varies from unicolorously black or bronze to bi- or tricolorous.......................................(5)

5 Pronotum with a shallow or deep, medial longitudinal depression; pronotal sculpture consisting of simple punctures and transverse rugae, often combined with polygonal cells with central grains ( Figs. 52–54 ); anal ventrite of female simply rounded; male meso- and metatibiae not modified; parameres always without lateral spines, median lobe without lateral serrations ( Fig. 76 ); sexual dichromatism usually very weak, exceptionally strong; usually robust species; southern Africa............................................................................................... Capanthaxia subgen. nov.

- Pronotum without medial longitudinal depression, more or less convex, only with lateroposterior depressions; pronotal sculpture usually consisting of oval or polygonal cells which can be transversely enlarged and sometimes combined with fine, longitudinal rugae along lateral margins ( Figs. 44–49 ); anal ventrite of female very often apically notched; male meso- and metatibiae usually modified (curved with inner serrations or spines—Fig. 8–10); parameres in some species with lateral teeth or spines, median lobe very often with lateral serrations ( Figs. 62–73 )...........................................(6)

6 Generally larger and stouter (5.5–16.0 mm) species with typical colouration: green with silky lustre, pronotum usually with two black, longitudinal stripes ( Fig. 6 ), elytra of female sometimes green-violet or violet and pronotum often with orange lateral sides ( Fig. 7 ); vertex very narrow (0.3–0.6 times as wide as width of eye); frons flat or weakly depressed; pronotum weakly convex, laterally flattened, sculpture consisting of rather rough, polygonal cells with central grains, cells often transversely enlarged on disc ( Fig. 44 ); male antennomeres widened and terminal antennomeres often bicolorous ( Fig. 6 ); elytra flattened, with well-developed lateral groove, sculpture very dense, homogeneous; male metafemora more or less swollen, rarely simple, male meso- and metatibiae often with inner serrations or teeth ( Fig. 6 ); aedeagus slender, spindle-shaped, parameres without lateral spines, median lobe without lateral serrations ( Fig. 60 ); mostly western Palaearctic, one species in China, two in Ethiopia............................................................... Cratomerus Solier, 1833

- Generally smaller, tiny (2.5–11.0 mm) species; vertex flat or weakly convex, usually wider (0.5–2.5 times as wide as width of eye); male antennae unicolorous, only rarely weakly or strongly enlarged; pronotum moderately to strongly convex, with weak or moderately deep lateroposterior depressions; pronotal sculpture finer consisting of simple, rounded or polygonal cells with or without central grains, often with fine, transverse or lateral longitudinal rugae ( Figs. 45–49 ); male metafemora simple, male metatibiae very often with finely to strongly serrate inner margin ( Figs. 8–10 ); elytra more convex, with weak lateral groove, sculpture usually much less dense, less homogeneous; aedeagus of various shapes ( Figs. 61–73 ): elongate, spindle-shaped, short and robust, parameres often with lateral spines or narrowed at apical half, median lobe very often laterally serrate; anal ventrite of female nearly always apically notched...........................................................(7)

7 Frons usually weakly convex, rarely flat, vertex generally narrower (0.5–1.5 times as wide as width of eye); antennae of male very often enlarged ( Figs. 15–16 ); pronotum very convex, lateroposterior depressions very weak or almost absent, anterior third of lateral margins strongly rounded, pronotum looks somewhat “inflated” at anterior half ( Figs. 14–16 ); posterior angles rectangular or acute, more or less prolonged, sometimes inserted in small notch in humeral callosity ( Fig. 25 ); pronotal sculpture usually homogeneous consisting of fine, rounded, polygonal or weakly widened cells, rarely also with fine longitudinal rugae along lateral margins ( Figs. 48 ) or entire pronotal disc with very fine, simple punctation ( Fig. 49 ); elytra rather flattened, strongly narrowing from humeri to apex, lateral portions of all abdominal sternites usually clearly visible from above ( Figs. 14–16 ); anal ventrite of female always notched apically; aedeagus slender, spindle-shaped ( Fig. 61–63 ); from Thailand to the Middle East, southern Europe, Sahel, Eastern and South Africa............................. Richteraxia subgen. nov.

- Frons flat, weakly depressed or rarely finely convex, vertex generally wider (0.5–2.5 times as wide as width of eye); antennae of male not enlarged; pronotum less convex or flattened, latroposterior depressions shallow to deep and wide, anterior third of lateral margins weakly or very weakly rounded ( Figs. 8–10 ); posterior pronotal angles rectangular or obtuse-angled; sculpture usually consisting of rounded or polygonal cells which are often transversely widened and combined with fine, transverse rugae or fine, lateral, longitudinal wrinkles ( Fig. 46 ), sometimes pronotal sculpture also homogeneous consisting only of rounded cells ( Fig. 45 ) or simple punctures ( Fig. 47 ); elytra usually regularly convex, moderately tapering posteriorly or almost subcylindrical, usually only last 3 (4) abdominal ventrites well-visible from above ( Figs. 9–10 ); anal ventrite of female usually apically notched or emarginate, rarely rounded; aedeagus of various shape ( Figs. 64–73 ): tubuliform, spindle-shaped, widened or subcylindrical, often dorsoventrally bent; parameres often with lateral spines, median lobe often with serrate lateral margins; entire distribution area of the genus Anthaxia except for northern parts of Asia and Europe.................................................................................................... Haplanthaxia Reitter, 1911

Figures

FIGURES 25–39. Anthaxia, subhumeral lobe (not in scale). 25—Anthaxia (Richteraxia) amplithorax Kerremans, white arrow indicates “lock" in humeral callosity; 26—A. (Anthaxia) salicis salicis (Fabricius); 27—A. (A.) fulgurans (Schrank); 28—A. (A.) plicata plicata Kiesenwetter; 29—A. (A.) stepanovi Richter, holotype; 30—A. (Cratomerus) hungarica hungarica (Scopoli); 31—A. (Haplanthaxia) cichorii (Olivier); 32—A. (H.) caseyi Obenberger; 33—A. (H.) dispar Kerremans; 34—A. (Richteraxia) angustipennis (Klug); 35—A. (Melanthaxia) quadripunctata (Linnaeus); 36—A. (M.) kochi Obenberger; 37—A. (Merocratus) insulaecola Obenberger; 38—A. (Thailandia.) rondoni Baudon; 39—A. (Capanthzaxia..) hilaris Gory.

FIGURES 1–12. Anthaxia, dorsal aspect. 1—Anthaxia (Anthaxia) fulgurans (Schrank), male, 4.5 mm; 2—A. (A.) plicata plicata Kiesenwetter, female, 5.1 mm; 3—A. (A.) salicis salicis (Fabricius), male, 4.1 mm; 4—A. (A.) malachitica Abeille, male, 2.1 mm; 5—A. (A.) stepanovi Richter, holotype, 3.0 mm; 6—A. (Cratomerus) hungarica hungarica (Scopoli), male, 12.0 mm; 7—the same, female, 13.5 mm; 8—A. (Haplanthaxia) dispar Kerremans, male, 7.5 mm; 9—A. (H.) cichorii (Olivier), male, 5.1 mm; 10—A. (H.) kneuckeri zabranskyi Bílý, male, 5.1 mm; 11—A. (A.) cashmirensis Obenberger, male, 8.5 mm; 12—A. (Melanthaxia) godeti Gory & Laporte, male, 4.7 mm.

FIGURES 13–24. Anthaxia, dorsal aspect. 13—Anthaxia (Melanthaxia) kochi Obenberger, male, 6.5 mm; 14- A. (Richteraxia) angustipennis (Klug), male, 6.1 mm; 15—A. (R.) congolana Kerremans, male, 11.0 mm; 16—A. (R.) marginifera metallescens Bílý, male, 9.1 mm; 17—A. (Merocratus) miranda Deyrolle, female, 8.0 mm; 18—A. (Thailandica.) rondoni Baudon, 5.5 mm; 19—A. (Capanthaxia) capensis Kerremans, lectotype, 3.9 mm; 20—the same, male, blue form, 4.5 mm; 21—A. (Cap.) hilaris Gory, female, 4.8 mm; 22—A. (Cap.) aterrima Kerremans, male, 7.1 mm; 23—A. (Cap.) sulcicollis Obenberger, male, 4.0 mm; 24—the same, female, 5.8 mm.

FIGURES 40–54. Anthaxia, pronotal sculpture (not in scale). 40—Anthaxia (Anthaxia) fulgurans (Schrank); 41—A. (A.) salicis salicis (Fabricius); 42—A. (A.) manca (Fabricius); 43—A. (Melanthaxia) nigrojubata nigrojubata Roubal; 44—A. (Cratomerus) hungarica hungarica (Scopoli); 45—A. (Haplanthaxia) cichorii (Olivier); 46—A. (H.) kneuckeri zabranskyi Bílý; 47—A. (H.) pumila (Klug); 48—A. (Richteraxia) angustipennis (Klug); 49—A. (R.) marginifera metallescens Bílý; 50— A. (Merocratus) tamdaoensis Bílý; 51—A. (Thailandia) rondoni Baudon; 52—A. (Capanthaxia) capensis Kerremans; 53—A. (Cap.) aterrima Kerremans; 54—A. (Cap.) sulcicollis Obenberger.

FIGURES 55–76. Anthaxia, aedeagi (not in scale). 55—Anthaxia (Anthaxia) candens (Panzer); 56—A. (A.) kmoniceki Bílý; 57—A. (Melanthaxia) nigrojubata incognita Bílý; 58—A. (M.) helvetica Stierlin; 59—A. (M.) obesa Abeille; 60—A. (Cratomerus) hungarica hungarica (Scopoli); 61—A. (Richteraxia) angustipennis (Klug); 62—A. (R.) crassa Obenberger; 63—A. (R.) imperatrix Obenberger; 64—A. (Haplanthaxia) elaeagni Richter; 65—A. (H.) nigroaenea Bílý; 66—A. (H.) pseudocongregata Descarpentries; 67—A. (H.) kneuckeri zabranskyi Bílý; 68—A. (H.) deimos Bílý; 69—A. (H.) dispar Kerremans; 70—A. (H.) loebli Bílý; 71—A. (H.) thailandica Bílý; 72—A. (H.) occulta Bílý; 73—A. (H.) duodevicesima Bílý; 74—A. (Merocratus) longipilis Bílý; 75—A. (Thailandica) rondoni; 76—A. (Capanthaxia) capensis Kerremans.