Batillipes pennaki Marcus, 1946

Kaczmarek, Łukasz, Bartels, Paul J., Roszkowska, Milena & Nelson, Diane R., 2015, The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada, Zootaxa 4037 (1), pp. 1-189 : 27-33

22. Batillipes pennaki Marcus, 1946

Batillipes pennaki , sp. n. ( Marcus 1946)

Batillipes pennaki Marcus ( Renaud-Debyser 1959b, Grimaldi de Zio & Grimaldi 1964, Zio de 1964, D’Hondt 1970, Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo 1975b, Moore 1979)

Batillipes pennaki Marcus 1946 (D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1978, Grimaldi de Zio et al. 1979) B. pennaki, Marcus 1946 (Grimaldi de Zio et al. 1983b)

B. pennaki Marcus, 1946 (D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1987, Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo 1987) Batillipes pennaki Marcus (1946) ( Victor-Castro et al. 1999)

Batillipes pennaki (Zio de 1965, Grimaldi de Zio et al. 1980a,b, Jørgensen et al. 2010, Giere 1979) Terra typica : Atlantic Ocean ( Brazil, South America)

Adriatic Sea:

• 42°08′00′′N, 15°31′00′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, Caprara [Capraia] Island, Cala Sorrentino. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 42°07′20′′N, 15°29′45′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Cala Mataono, intertidal, medium sand, mainly siliceous. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 42°07′18′′N, 15°29′49′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Cala delle Arene, intertidal, fine-medium sand, mainly calcareous. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 42°00′30′′N, 14°19′28′′E [42°00′N, 15°00′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Campobasso Province, Termoli, intertidal, medium sand with 53% of siliceous fraction. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 41°57′20′′N, 15°03′23′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Campobasso Province, Campomarino. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 41°17′00′′N, 16°24′30′′E [41°27′N, 15°58′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Zapponeta, intertidal, medium-fine sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 41°19′30′′N, 16°16′42′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Barletta-Andria-Trani Province, Barletta, intertidal, heterogeneous sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 41°19′N, 19°27′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Albania, Durrës County, near Durres [Durrës], 10 cm depth, intertidal, fine sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 41°17′00′′N, 16°24′30′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Barletta-Andria-Trani Province, Trani, beach, intertidal, medium or diverse sand (max. 0.149–0.354 mm). Zio de (1964), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 41°02′30′′N, 17°08′00′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Bari Province, Cozze, intertidal, medium and fine sand (<0.05 mm). Zio de (1964), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 41°02′N, 17°08′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Bari Province, Cozze, little beach, 0–15 m from water edge, 3–40 cm depth (as far as water level), quite homogeneous, siliceous fine sand (0.28 mm). Grimaldi de Zio & Grimaldi (1964), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (1975a,b)

• 40°58′45′′N, 17°15′47′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Bari Province, Torre Incina, intertidal, on the shore line, coarse sand (0.841 mm). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b, 1983b)

• 40°57′30′′N, 17°17′30′′E [40°58′N, 17°16E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Bari Province, Cala Corvina [Cala Corvino], intertidal, medium sand, mainly calcareous. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°55′50′′N, 17°20′00′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Bari Province, Santo Stefano, intertidal, heterogeneous sand, mainly calcareous. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°54′36′′N, 17°20′35′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Bari Province, Capitolo Nord, intertidal, medium sand, mainly calcareous. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°54′30′′N, 17°20′37′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Bari Province, Capitolo, beach, intertidal, medium-fine and diverse sand (max. 0.149–0.354 mm). Zio de (1964), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°54′25′′N, 17°20′40′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Bari Province, Capitolo Sud, intertidal, medium coarse calcareous sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°53′15′′N, 17°23′30′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Torre Egnazia, intertidal, medium calcareous sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°51′20′′N, 17°25′12′′E [40°50′N, 17°28′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Torre Canne, intertidal, medium-fine sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°50′N, 17°28′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Torre Canne, Masseria Fiume Morello, beach, tidal zone to minimum level of low tide, salinity 15 to <30‰ depending on proximity to river or ocean, homogeneous sand (max. 0.354 mm). Zio de (1964, 1965), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1979)

• 40°46′20′′N, 17°39′30′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Torre Pozzelle, intertidal, on the shore line, 1 m away from the sea, medium sand (0.354 and 0.5 mm). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b, 1983b)

• 40°34′N, 18°02′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Lido Cerrano, beach, 1.5 m of the shoreline, 50 cm deep in sand, homogeneous medium sand (0.297 mm). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1978), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b)

• 40°33′50′′N, 18°02′15′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Lido Cerrano, intertidal, medium sand, mainly siliceous. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°22′54′′N, 18°18′30′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Cataldo, beach, intertidal, mediumfine homogeneous sand (0.149–0.595 mm). Zio de (1964), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°16′18′′N, 18°25′50′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre dell’Orso, intertidal, 1 m from the shore line and 50 cm deep, medium sand (0.25 mm). Zio de (1964), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b, 1983b)

• 40°16′N, 18°26′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre dell’Orso, beach, 1 m of the shoreline, 30 cm deep in sand, sand (0.250 mm). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1978)

• 40°15′12′′N, 18°26′30′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre S. Andrea [Sant’andrea], intertidal, medium-fine sand, mainly siliceous (60%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°13′42′′N, 18°27′40′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Frassanito, intertidal, medium-fine sand, mainly siliceous (61%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°12′18′′N, 18°27′28′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Alimini Lakes, intertidal, medium-fine sand with 57% of siliceous fraction. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

Alboran Sea:

• 35°53′N, 00°03′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Algeria, Mustaghanam Province, Les Sablettes beach, fine sand.

d’Hondt (1972 /3)

• 35°46′N, 00°48′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Algeria, Oran Province, Cap Falcon, beach, fine sand. d’Hondt (1972 /3)

• 35°45′N, 00°50′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Algeria, Oran Province, Bomo beach, fine sand. d’Hondt (1972 /3)

• 35°44′N, 00°44′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Algeria, Oran Province, near Ain El Turk, Saint Roch beach, coarse and shelly sand. d’Hondt (1972 /3)

• 35°41′N, 01°00′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Algeria, Oran Province, Cap Blanc, beach, fine sand. d’Hondt (1972 /3)

Andaman Sea:

• 09°00′N, 98°15′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO57] Thailand, Kho Khao Island, Phang-nga Province, upper 5 cm of beach sand. Zawierucha et al. (2013)

Arabian Sea:

• 28°02′N, 48°40′E; 0.46–1.07 m above ISLW (Indian Spring Low Water) / 0 m bsl: [FAO51] Saudi Arabia, Eastern Region, Persian Gulf, N of Safiniya, intertidal. Hansen & Kristensen (2006)

• 28°00′N, 48°46′E; 0.46–1.07 m ISLW (Indian Spring Low Water) / 0 m bsl: [FAO51] Saudi Arabia, Eastern Region, Persian Gulf, Safaniya, intertidal. Hansen & Kristensen (2006)

• 27°50′N, 48°54′E; 0.46–1.07 m above ISLW (Indian Spring Low Water) / 0 m bsl: [FAO51] Saudi Arabia, Eastern Region, Persian Gulf, Ras Al Tanajib, intertidal. Hansen & Kristensen (2006)

• 27°47′N, 48°53′E; 0.46–1.07 m above ISLW (Indian Spring Low Water) / 0 m bsl: [FAO51] Saudi Arabia, Eastern Region, Persian Gulf, Ras Al Tanajib, intertidal. Hansen & Kristensen (2006)

Atlantic Ocean:

• 55°37′N, 04°43′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] UK, Scotland, North Ayrshire County, Clyde Sea, Ardeer, intertidal. Morgan & Lampard (1986a)

• 55°36′N, 04°42′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] UK, Scotland, North Ayrshire County, Clyde Sea, Ardeer South, intertidal. Morgan & Lampard (1986a)

• 55°36′N, 04°41′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] UK, Scotland, North Ayrshire County, Clyde Sea, Irvine, intertidal. Morgan & Lampard (1986a)

• 55°35′N, 04°40′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] UK, Scotland, North Ayrshire County, Clyde Sea, Irvine, intertidal. Morgan & Lampard (1986a)

• 55°17′N, 04°50′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] UK, Scotland, South Ayrshire County, Clyde Sea, Turnberry Bay, intertidal. Morgan & Lampard (1986a)

• 54°48′N, 04°57′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] UK, Scotland, Dumfries and Galloway County, Clyde Sea, Sandhead, intertidal. Morgan & Lampard (1986a)

• 44°40′N, 01°14′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Aquitaine Region, Arcachon Bay, American beach, 45–75 cm deep in sand, sand (diameter 0.25–0.30 mm). Renaud-Debyser (1959b)

• 44°40′N, 01°14′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Aquitaine Region, Arcachon Bay, Bancot, 30 cm deep in sand, sand. Renaud-Debyser (1959b)

• 44°39′N, 01°08′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Undefined locality, France, Aquitaine Region, Arcachon Bay, W of Arcachon, sand. Renaud-Debyser (1959b)

• 44°38′N, 01°12′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Undefined locality, France, Aquitaine Region, Arcachon Bay, S of Arcachon, sand. Renaud-Debyser (1959b)

• 43°23′N, 08°21′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Spain, Coruña Province, Mera Harbour, heavily contaminated with oil, medium coarse sand. Giere (1979)

• 43°23′N, 08°20′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Spain, Coruña Province, Mera Village, heavily contaminated with oil, medium coarse sand. Giere (1979)

• 43°21′N, 08°21′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Spain, Coruña Province, Santa Cruz, heavily contaminated with oil, fine sand rich in organic matter. Giere (1979)

• 43°20′N, 08°31′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Spain, Coruña Province, Playa Barañan, moderately contaminated with oil, medium to coarse well oxidized sand. Giere (1979)

• 43°16′N, 08°58′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Spain, Coruña Province, Corme, not contaminated with oil, medium sand. Giere (1979)

• 41°31′41′′N, 70°40′41′′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO21] USA, Massachusetts State, Barnstable County, Buzzard’s Bay, the neck connecting Woods Hole and Penzance Point, Crane’s Beach, 14–80 cm deep in sand, sand. Marcus (1946), Pollock (1970a, b, 1975a)

• 40°34′N, 73°54′W; 0–0.05 m bsl: [FAO21] USA, New York State, Queens County, Rockaway Point, ca. 1 mile [1.5 km] W of Jacob Riis Park, the beach on the inlet side of Rockaway Point (to Jamaica Bay), sediments. Martinez (1975)

• 28°40′N, 80°38′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO31] USA, Florida State, Brevard County, Atlantic coast, Playalinda beach, sample from the vertical wall of the excavation from the beach surface to the depth of the water. McKirdy (1975)

• 7°49′S, 34°50′W to 34°52′W [07°49′S, 34°52′W]; 0 m bsl: [FAO41] Brazil, Pernambuco State, S shore of Itamaracá Island facing the Santa Cruz Channel, between the towns of Orange and Vila Velha, lower and upper medium-coast and in subtidal, coarse sand to mud. da Rocha et al. (2000, 2004)

• 7°49′S, 34°50′W to 34°52′W [07°49′S, 34°51′W]; 0 m bsl: [FAO41] Brazil, Pernambuco State, S shore of Itamaracá Island facing the Santa Cruz Channel, between the towns of Orange and Vila Velha, lower and upper medium-coast and in subtidal, coarse sand to mud. da Rocha et al. (2000, 2004)

• 7°49′S, 34°50′W to 34°52′W [07°49′S, 34°50′W]; 0 m bsl: [FAO41] Brazil, Pernambuco State, S shore of Itamaracá Island facing the Santa Cruz Channel, between the towns of Orange and Vila Velha, lower and upper medium-coast and in subtidal, coarse sand to mud. da Rocha et al. (2000, 2004)

• 08°13′34′′S, 34°55′33′′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO41] Brazil, Pernambuco State, 20 km S of Recife, municipalities of Cabo and Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Paiva sandbank, mouth of the estuary of rivers Jaboatão/Pirapama, midtide level, 0–5 cm deep in sand, medium to fine sand. Victor-Castro et al. (1999)

• 08°13′35′′S, 34°55′33′′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO41] Brazil, Pernambuco State, 20 km S of Recife, municipalities of Cabo and Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Paiva sandbank, mouth of the estuary of rivers Jaboatão/Pirapama, midtide level, 0–5 cm deep in sand, medium to fine sand. Victor-Castro et al. (1999)

• 22°59′S, 43°12′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO41] Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Ipanema, Ipanema beach, sand and sea-water sample. Marcus (1946)

• 24°00′S, 46°15′W; 0 m bsl: Type Locality: [FAO41] Brazil, São Paulo State, near Santos, Guaruj, Guaruj beach, sand sample Marcus (1946)

Balearic Sea:

• 41°14′15′′N, 08°59′42′′E [41°14′N, 09°10′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia, Olbia-Tempio Province, Santa Reparata, intertidal, coarse sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 41°07′N, 01°16′E; 0–1.5 m bsl: [FAO37] Spain, Tarragona Province, Tarragona (cala Romana), sandy beach, salinity (34–38‰), 0–30 cm deep in sand, subangular sand (mean diameter 0.235–0.365 mm). Villora- Moreno & Grimaldi de Zio (1993)

• 41°00′33′′N, 09°32′08′′E [41°00′N, 09°33′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia, Olbia-Tempio Province, Baia di Marinella, intertidal, coarse sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°55′20′′N, 08°07′50′′E [40°56′N, 08°14′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia, Sassari Province, Stintino, intertidal, coarse sand, mostly siliceous. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°49′N, 08°30′E; 0 and 5 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia, Sassari Province, Gulf of Asinara, medium and medium fine sand. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2007)

• 40°20′N, 08°22′E; 0 bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia, Sassari or Oristano Province, Gulf of Alghero, medium sand. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2007)

Caribbean Sea:

• 16°12.5′N, 61°29.4′W / 16°13′N, 61°29′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO31] Guadeloupe Islands, Grande-Terre Island, Le Gosier, beach, intertidal, fine sand (mean diameter 0.225 mm). Renaud-Mornant & Gourbault (1981, 1984)

Celtic Sea:

• 48°44′N, 03°59′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Brittany Region, Roscoff, Vil Cove beach in front of the Lacaze- Duthiers Laboratory (opposite the restaurant Taste Breton), few cm depth, wet clean sediments. d’Hondt (1970)

• 48°44′N, 03°56′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Brittany Region, Roscoff, N of l'Ile Verte [Verte Island], Le Loup?. Swedmark (1955) reported in d’Hondt (1970)

• 48°43′39′′N, 03°59′19′′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Brittany Region, Roscoff, in front of the Marine Biological Station, intertidal zone, sand. Schulze & Schmidt-Rhaesa (2011), Schulze et al. (2014)

• 48°43′28.00′′N, 03°59′31.80′′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Brittany Region, Roscoff, tidal zone. Jørgensen & Møbjerg (2014)

• 48°43′N, 04°00′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Brittany Region, Roscoff, Roc'h kroum beach, few cm depth, wet clean sediments. d’Hondt (1970)

• 48°41′N, 03°55′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Brittany Region, W coast of Callot Island, few cm depth, wet clean sediments. d’Hondt (1970)

• 48°34′N, 04°42′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Brittany Region, “Kerros” Portsall, few cm depth, wet clean sediments. d’Hondt (1970)

East China Sea:

• 34°43′N, 127°59′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO61] South Korea, South Gyeongsang Province, Sangju-ri, intertidal sand beach, sand or shell gravel. Rho et al. (1999)

Indian Ocean:

• 17°43′N, 83°20′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO57] India, Andhra Pradesh, Bay of Bengal, Waltair coast, beach, mid-water level, medium sand. Rao & Ganapati (1968)

• 04°15′N, 72°49′E; 37 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of the Maldives, Ari Nord Atoll, coarse sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

• 03°57′N, 73°25′E; 9 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of the Maldives, Male Sud Atoll, coarse sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

• 03°29′N, 72°47′E; 15 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of the Maldives, Ari Sud Atoll, coarse sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

• 04°20′S, 55°46′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of Seychelles, Praslin Island. Jørgensen et al. (2010)

• 04°21′S, 55°51′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of Seychelles, La Digue Island, Anse Banane, medium fine sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

• 04°21′S, 55°49′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of Seychelles, La Digue Island, Anse La Réunion, fine sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

• 04°22′S, 55°51′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of Seychelles, La Digue Island, Anse Cocos, medium sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

• 04°22′S, 55°50′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of Seychelles, La Digue Island, Anse La Source Jean [Anse Source d’Argent], medium sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

Ionian Sea:

• 40°24′30′′N, 17°13′28′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Tarento Province, Lido Bruno, intertidal, medium coarse sand with high calcareous percentage (97%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°23′07′′N, 17°18′29′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Tarento Province, Lido Gandoli, intertidal, heterogenous sand with high calcareous content. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°22′25′′N, 17°18′18′′E [40°21′N, 17°22′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Tarento Province, Marina di Pulsano, intertidal, medium coarse sand with high calcareous percentage (96%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°17′45′′N, 17°33′38′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Tarento Province, Campo Marino. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 40°16′10′′N, 17°53′08′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Porto Cesareo, intertidal, on the shore line, medium-fine sand (max 0.354 mm). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b, 1983b)

• 40 ° 12.94′N, 17°5.07′E [40°13′N, 17°55′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40°03′00′′N, 18°00′00′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, near Gallipoli, Lido Conchiglie, intertidal, on the shore line, medium sand (max 0.354 mm), mainly calcareous (97%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b, 1983b)

• 40°02′50′′N, 17°59′30′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, near Gallipoli, Baia Verde, intertidal, medium sand, mainly calcareous. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°02′N, 18°01′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, near Gallipoli, Baia Verde, beach, 1 m of the coast line, 50 cm deep in sand, sand (0.354 mm). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1978)

• 39°57′N, 18°24′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Porto Tricase, beach, 1 m of the coast line, 35 cm deep in sand, coarse sand (0.841 mm). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1978)

• 39°55′50′′N, 18°23′15′′E [39°56′N, 18°24′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Porto Tricase, intertidal, 1 m from the shoreline and 30 cm deep, coarse calcareous sand (max 0.841 mm). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b, 1983b)

• 39°52′00′′N, 16°42′30′′E; 20–200 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Cosenza Province, High Ionian Sea offshore, Calabrian Coast, Amendolara Shoal, coralligenous sand, coralligenous sand mixed with debris, coarse medium or fine coralligenous sand (few samples). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1987), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (1987), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

Irish Sea:

• 54°05′N, 04°46′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Isle of Man, Port Erin, intertidal, quartz sand. Moore (1979)

• 54°05′N, 04°37′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Isle of Man, Derbyhaven, intertidal, quartz sand. Moore (1979)

Mediterranean Sea:

• 39°06′00′′N, 08°22′55′′E [39°07′N, 08°22′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Carbonia-Iglesias Province, Sant’Antioco Island, Calasetta, intertidal, medium sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 39°06′58′′N, 08°15′36′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Carbonia-Iglesias Province, San Pietro Island, La Caletta, intertidal, medium sand. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 36°20′25′′N, 09°50′27′′E [37°20′N, 09°50′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Tunisia, Bizerte Governorate, near Bizerte. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980a)

• 37°11′00′′N, 10°12′00′′E [37°11′N, 10°13′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Tunisia, Bizerte Governorate, near Raf Raf. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980a)

• 37°02′45′′N, 11°05′00′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Tunisia, Nabeul Governorate, near Eastern Hawaria. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980a)

• 36°55′00′′N, 10°19′30′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Tunisia, Tunis Governorate, Gulf of Tunis, near Gammarth. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980a)

• 36°50′00′′N, 11°07′00′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Tunisia, Nabeul Governorate, near Kelibia. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980a)

• 36°23′30′′N, 10°36′30′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Tunisia, Nabeul Governorate, Gulf of Hammamet, near Hammamet. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980a)

North Sea:

• 54°11′16′′N, 07°52′36′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Germany, Schleswig-Holstein State, Helgoland Island, high tide line, sand. Schulze et al. (2014)

• 50°53′N, 01°40′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] France, Nord-Pas-de-Calais Region, English Channel, 23 km N of Boulogne, Wissant, beach with white sand, salinity 33–35‰, intertidal, interstitial, sediment and sand. Renaud-Debyser & Salvat (1963)

Sargasso Sea:

• 32°15′N, 64°49′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO31] Bermuda, Bermuda Island, Horseshoe Bay, beach, fine sand. Renaud- Mornant (1970b)

Sea of Japan:

• 37°03′N, 129°25′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO61] South Korea, North Gyeongsang Province, Chukpyon, intertidal sand beach, sand or shell gravel. Rho et al. (1999)

Tyrrhenian Sea:

• 40°20′30′′N, 09°40′15′′E; 21–80 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia Island, Nuoro Province, Orosei Gulf, sand in Posidonia seagrass meadow and coralligenous detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°37′N, 15°03′E [38°38′N, 15°04′E]; 1–4 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Panarea Island, Baia del Porto, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°28′N, 14°53′E [38°29′N, 14°54′E]; 1.5–5 and 90 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Lipari Island, Pietra del Bagno, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°02′18′′N, 14°01′03′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sicily, Palermo Province, Cafal (Costa Verde), intertidal, medium coarse sand, mainly siliceous (94%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

Yellow Sea:

• 37°32′N, 126°20′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO61] South Korea, Incheon Metropolitan City, Youngyudo [Jangbong-do] Island, intertidal sand beach, sand or shell gravel. Rho et al. (1999)

• 37°16′N, 126°06′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO61] South Korea, Incheon Metropolitan City, Tokchokdo [Yeongheung-do] Island, Sopo-ri, intertidal sand beach, sand or shell gravel. Rho et al. (1999)

• 36°48′N, 126°09′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO61] South Korea, South Chungcheong Province, Manripo, intertidal sand beach, sand or shell gravel. Rho et al. (1999)

• 36°00′N, 126°41′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO61] South Korea, South Chungcheong Province, Chunjangdea, intertidal sand beach, sand or shell gravel. Rho et al. (1999)

• 35°40′N, 126°31′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO61] South Korea, North Jeolla Province, Kyokpo, intertidal sand beach, sand or shell gravel. Rho et al. (1999)

• 35°06′N, 126°05′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO61] South Korea, South Jeolla Province, Imjado [Imja-do] Island, intertidal sand beach, sand or shell gravel. Rho et al. (1999)

Record numbers (Sea/Ocean classification): Adriatic Sea: 29, Alboran Sea: 5, Andaman Sea: 1, Arabian Sea: 4, Atlantic Ocean: 25, Balearic Sea: 6, Caribbean Sea: 1, Celtic Sea: 7, East China Sea: 1, Indian Ocean: 9, Ionian Sea: 12, Irish Sea: 2, Mediterranean Sea: 8, North Sea: 2, Sargasso Sea: 1, Sea of Japan: 1, Tyrrhenian Sea: 4, Yellow Sea: 6; total: 124.

Record numbers (FAO classification): FAO21: 2, FAO27: 26, FAO31: 3, FAO37: 64, FAO41: 7, FAO51: 12, FAO57: 2, FAO61: 8; total: 124.

Remarks: This is a common and widely distributed species, but mainly in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. d’Hondt (1970) suggested that some records of B. mirus , especially in the neighbourhood of Roscoff ( France), should be classified as B. pennaki . In general, this is an intertidal and interstitial species reported to occur 0–80 cm deep in different types of sand substrate, but it has also been reported from the subtidal zone in the Mediterranean basin and Indian Ocean.