Clytia cf. hemisphaerica ( Linnaeus, 1767 )

Calder, Dale R., 2019, On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the southwest coast of Florida, USA, Zootaxa 4689 (1), pp. 1-141 : 46-48

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4689.1.1
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E4CE23A-FFE1-F171-FF03-64CBFC2F29B8
treatment provided by	Plazi (2019-10-25 12:55:46, last updated 2024-11-26 14:23:24)
scientific name	Clytia cf. hemisphaerica ( Linnaeus, 1767 )
status

Treatment

Clytia cf. hemisphaerica ( Linnaeus, 1767) View in CoL

Figs. 10 View FIGURE 10 f–h

Medusa hemisphaerica Linnaeus, 1767: 1098 View in CoL [medusa stage].

Clytia bicophora View in CoL .— Wallace, 1909: 37.

? Campanularia minuta View in CoL .— Wallace, 1909: 37.

? Campanularia View in CoL (edwardsii?).— Wallace, 1909: 37 [incorrect subsequent spelling].

Clytia edwardsi View in CoL .— Joyce, 1961: 50, pl. 9, fig. 2.

Clytia Johnstoni. View in CoL — Fraser, 1943: 88.— Joyce, 1961: 55, pl. 11, figs. 3, 4.— Shier, 1965: 36, pls. 18, 20.

Type locality. “Habitat in Oceano Belgico” ( Linnaeus 1767: 1098, as Medusa hemisphaerica ) .

Material examined. Sanibel Island, beach at Lighthouse Point, on a detached and stranded colony of Eudendrium carneum , 13 December 2017, two colonies or colony fragments, to 4 mm high, with gonothecae, coll. D. Calder, ROMIZ B4371.— Sanibel Island , beach at Lighthouse Point, 26°26’58”N, 82°01’04.5”W, on stranded Sargassum pteropleuron , 21 March 2018, 22° C, 34.5‰, several colonies, up to 3 mm high, with gonophores, coll. D. Calder, ROMIZ B4372 GoogleMaps .

Remarks. Trophosomes of Clytia hemisphaerica ( Linnaeus, 1767) , C. gracilis (M. Sars, 1850) , and C. elsaeoswaldae Stechow, 1914 are all much alike, and their geographic distributions overlap in the western North Atlantic. Identification of sterile colonies is therefore difficult. According to Cornelius (1995b), hydroids of C. hemisphaerica differ from those of C. gracilis in having (1) colonies that tend to be shorter and less frequently branched, (2) hydrothecae that are shallower and less delicate, (3) hydrothecal cusps that are upright rather than oblique when viewed laterally, (4) a hydrothecal diaphragm that is thicker, (5) hydranths with typically 24–26 tentacles rather than 18–20. Differences in nematocyst morphology also have also been noted in the two species ( Östman 1979 a, b, 1987, 1999; Östman et al. 1987; Lindner & Migotto 2001). Most notably, fertile colonies of C. hemisphaerica differ from those of C. gracilis and C. elsaeoswaldae in having gonothecae with walls that are spirally ribbed rather than being predominantly smooth (but see Cunha et al. 2017). Besides differences in gonothecal morphology, characters said to distinguish hydroids of C. hemisphaerica from those of C. elsaeoswaldae include (1) hydrothecal cusps that are rounded and usually upright rather than pointed and inclined to the right when viewed laterally, (2) gonothecae that commonly arise from both stolons and hydrothecal pedicels rather than predominantly or exclusively from the hydrorhiza ( Hincks 1868 [1869]; Cornelius 1982, 1995b; Lindner & Migotto 2011). In a multigene phylogenetic analysis by Lindner & Migotto (2011), C. elsaeoswaldae was found to be closely related to, but distinct from, a clade including C. hemisphaerica and two species of the C. gracilis morphotype.

At present, C. hemisphaerica ( Linnaeus, 1767) is widely taken to be a species with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution in coastal waters ( Cornelius 1995b). Commonly included among its synonyms in literature on hydroids reported from eastern North America are C. Johnstoni ( Alder 1856), C. bicophora L. Agassiz, 1862 , C. coronata ( Clarke, 1879) , C. grayi Nutting, 1901 , C. minuta ( Nutting, 1901) , and C. edwardsi ( Nutting, 1901) . The question whether C. hemisphaerica truly occurs from boreal waters of Atlantic Canada to the tropical Caribbean Sea in the western North Atlantic, as reported, has yet to be settled. While suspecting that cryptic species exist under the binomen, it was decided, based on current assumptions, to include records of the nominal species and its subjective synonyms across that entire latitudinal range in the Reported Distribution below. If the warm water hydroid population from lower latitudes and from pelagic Sargassum assigned here to C. hemisphaerica eventually proves to be a distinct species, the name C. coronata may need to be resurrected for it. Reports summarized below refer largely to the hydroid stage of this species, with only a few accounts of the medusa stage having been listed.

Clytia intermedia L. Agassiz, 1862 from New England, included as a synonym of C. hemisphaerica by Fraser (1944), appears from the original description and illustrations to have been based on a species of Campanularia Lamarck, 1816 or Orthopyxis L. Agassiz, 1862 . Rather than having a true diaphragm as in Clytia Lamouroux, 1812 , an annular perisarcal thickening was present at the base of the hydrotheca, and a subhydrothecal spherule was present. Records of C. intermedia have therefore been excluded from distribution records below. Likewise excluded are records of C. Johnstoni by Leloup (1937) from the Bahamas and the Sargasso Sea. From illustrations provided by Leloup, those specimens were likely referable to C. noliformis ( McCrady, 1859) rather than C. hemisphaerica .

Thaumantias (?) elsaeoswaldae Stechow, 1914 (not Clytia elsaeoswaldae Stechow, 1914 ), mentioned below in the Reported Distribution records, is a species inquirenda assigned with doubts to the synonymy of C. hemisphaerica . No gonothecae were present in type material of the species, but it is clearly referable to Clytia Lamouroux, 1812 . As briefly discussed above under C. elsaeoswaldae Stechow, 1914 , T. elsaeoswaldae was founded as a different species and its current binomen ( C. elsaeoswaldae ) constitutes a secondary homonym.

The taxonomy and nomenclature of C. hemisphaerica has been discussed in greater detail elsewhere (Calder 1990 [1991a]; Cornelius 1995b). Medel & Vervoort (2000) provided an extensive bibliography and a review of worldwide distribution records. The identity of Clytia noliformis , unclear from the original description ( McCrady, 1859) but appearing similar to C. hemisphaerica , was conserved as a distinct species through designation of a neotype ( Lindner & Calder 2000; Opinion 1986, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2002).

Clytia hemisphaerica has recently become a model organism for the study of various biological processes ( Cook et al. 2016). Even a draft genome of the species has been assembled ( Leclere et al. 2019), with distinct transcriptome signatures in polyp, medusa, and planula larva stages.

Reported distribution. Gulf coast of Florida. Dry Tortugas ( Wallace 1909: 137, as Clytia bicophora ).—?Dry Tortugas ( Wallace 1909: 137, as Campanularia minuta ).—?Dry Tortugas ( Wallace 1909: 137, as Campanularia (edwardsii? )).—Dry Tortugas ( Fraser 1943: 88, as Clytia Johnstoni ).—Seahorse Key area, on Syringodium filiforme ; gonothecae ribbed ( Joyce 1961: 50, as Clytia edwardsi ).—Seahorse Key area, on floating grasses; gonothecae ribbed ( Joyce 1961: 55, as Clytia Johnstoni ).—Cape San Blas area; gonothecae ribbed ( Shier 1965: 36, as Clytia Johnstoni ).

Elsewhere in western North Atlantic. Canada: New Brunswick, Grand Manan (L. Agassiz 1862: 304–306, as Clytia (Trochopyxis) bicophoba [sic], and Clytia bicophora ).— USA: Massachusetts, Vineyard Sound (L. Agassiz 1862: 304–306, as Clytia (Trochopyxis) bicophoba [sic], and Clytia bicophora ).— USA: Maine, Eastport, hydroid & medusa (A. Agassiz 1865: 79, as Clytia bicophora ).— USA: Massachusetts, Massachusetts Bay + Vineyard Sound + Naushon + Beverly, hydroid + Nahant, medusa (A. Agassiz 1865: 79, as Clytia bicophora ).— Canada: New Brunswick, Grand Manan, medusa (A. Agassiz 1865: 79, as Clytia bicophora ).— Canada: Gulf of St. Lawrence, Orphan Bank ( Whiteaves 1874: 185, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Maine, Casco Bay, among the islands, 8–30 ftm (15–55 m) ( Verrill 1874a: 44, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Maine, Casco Bay, 8–34 ftm (15–62 m) ( Verrill 1874c: 364).— USA: Vineyard Sound and vicinity, bays and sounds, rocky shores + rocky bottoms + gravelly and shelly bottoms ( Verrill 1874d: 334, 408, 411, 424, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Connecticut, Long Island Sound + New Haven area and Thimble Islands, 2–6 ftm (4–11 m) and in tidepools ( Verrill 1874d: 725, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Rhode Island, Watch Hill, 3–5 ftm (5–9 m) + off Block Island, 29 ftm (53 m) ( Verrill 1874d: 725, 726, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Massachusetts, Buzzards Bay + Vineyard Sound, 1–14 ftm (2–26 m) ( Verrill 1874d: 726, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Maine, Casco Bay ( Verrill 1874d: 726, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Canada / USA: Bay of Fundy ( Verrill 1874d: 726, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Massachusetts, Georges Bank ( Verrill 1874d: 726, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Canada: Nova Scotia, LaHave Bank (actually Baccaro Bank), 42°56.5’N, 64°51.3’W, 45 ftm (82 m), gravelly and stony bottom ( Smith & Harger 1875: 13, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Massachusetts, Cashes Ledge, 27–73 ftm (49–134 m) ( Verrill 1875a: 414, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: New Hampshire, Jeffreys Ledge ( Verrill 1875a: 414, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Maine, Gulf of Maine, 43°11’N, 69°35’W, 32 ftm (59 m) ( Verrill 1875a: 414, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Mexico: 10 miles (16 km) N of Zoblos Island (= Isla Holbox) ( Clarke 1879: 242, as Clytia coronata ).— USA: Massachusetts, Provincetown, Long Point beach, inner shore, on stranded Fucus ( Rathbun 1880: 132, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Massachusetts, Woods Hole, on Mytilus ( Bumpus 1898: 857, as Clytia bicophora ).— USA: Massachusetts, Woods Hole region, shallow water, on shells, algae, and other hydroids including Ectopleura crocea on U.S. Fish Commission dock ( Nutting 1901: 343, as Clytia bicophora ).— USA: Massachusetts, S of Martha’s Vineyard, 40°46’30”N, 70°40’W, 31 ftm (57 m), on worm tubes of sand ( Nutting 1901: 343, as Clytia grayi ).— USA: Massachusetts, New Bedford, on Obelia stems from wharf piles ( Nutting 1901: 345, as Campanularia minuta ).— USA: Massachusetts, Woods Hole, on U.S. Fish Commission dock ( Nutting 1901: 346, as Campanularia edwardsi ).— USA: northeast coast, on Fucus , shells, other hydroids ( Hargitt 1901b: 381, as Clytia bicophora ).— USA: Massachusetts, on Sargassum ( Hargitt 1909: 373, as Clytia volubilis ).— USA: Louisiana, seasonally abundant on stranded gulfweed ( Cary & Spaulding 1909: 6, as Clytia cylindrica ).— USA: New England coast, in shallow tidepools, on seaweeds and other hydroids; gonothecae ribbed ( Mayer 1910b: 263, as Clytia volubilis ).— USA: Massachusetts, Woods Hole area, Fays Wharf + Penzance ( Fraser 1912a: 44, as Clytia edwardsi ).— USA: Massachusetts, Martha’s Vineyard, Vineyard Haven, bridge at entrance to Lagoon Pond, on stems of Eudendrium + Woods Hole, Fay’s Wharf, on a tubulariid ( Fraser 1912a: 44, as Clytia minuta ).— USA: Rhode Island, Newport, on eelgrass ( Fraser 1912a: 44, as Clytia minuta ).— USA: Massachusetts, Vineyard Sound ( Fraser 1912a: 44, as Clytia minuta ).— USA: North Carolina, Beaufort area, seaward side of Bogue Bank, on floating Sargassum ; gonothecae ribbed ( Fraser 1912b: 359, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Canada: New Brunswick, St. Andrews ( Stafford 1912b: 73, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Canada: Nova Scotia, Barrington Passage, shallow water + Canso, on mussel shells and Obelia commissuralis (= O. longissima ) under wharves and in harbour near low water ( Fraser 1913: 165, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Massachusetts, Woods Hole area, on Fucus , other hydroids, shells (Sumner et al. 2013: 568, as Clytia bicophora ).— USA: Massachusetts, Crab Ledge (Sumner et al. 2013: 568, as Clytia grayi ).—? Virgin Islands of the United States: St. Thomas, Charlotte Amalie, port, surface, on a bryozoan ( Stechow 1914: 122, as Thaumantias (?) elsae-oswaldae ).—? Bahamas: Great Bahama Bank, on seaweed ( Nutting 1915: 52, as Clytia coronata ).— Canada: New Brunswick, from Grand Manan to the head of Passamaquoddy Bay ( Fraser 1918: 345, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Canada: Nova Scotia, Brier Island, 22 ftm (40 m) ( Fraser 1918: 345, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Canada: New Brunswick, St. Andrews Point ( Fraser 1918: 345, as Clytia edwardsi ).— Bermuda: unspecified location, on Sargassum ( Bennitt 1922: 246, as Campanularia raridentata ).— Bermuda: Cow Ground Flat, on Pennaria ( Bennitt 1922: 247, as Clytia bicophora ).— Bermuda: Agar’s Island, on Sargassum + off north shore, on floating Sargassum ( Bennitt 1922: 247, as Clytia cylindrica ).— Bermuda: unspecified location, one of commonest species on floating Sargassum ; gonothecae ribbed ( Bennitt 1922: 248, as Clytia Johnstoni ).—Sargasso Sea, on Sargassum ( Hentschel 1922: 4, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Massachusetts, Woods Hole region, on rocks and rockweed ( Allee 1923: 175, as Clytia grayi ).— USA: Massachusetts, Woods Hole region, on eelgrass, rocks and rockweed, pilings ( Allee 1923: 175, as Clytia bicophora ).— Canada: New Brunswick, Miramichi River estuary, inside Portage and Fox islands,> 15 m ( Fraser 1926: 210, as Clytia edwardsi ).— Canada: New Brunswick, Miramichi River estuary, outside Portage and Fox islands,> 15 m ( Fraser 1926: 210, as Clytia Johnstoni ).—?Sargasso Sea: 34°25’N, 40°05’W, on Sargassum ( Timmermann 1932: 298, as Clytia cylindrica ).—Klein Bonaire: west coast, 0.3 m, on algae (Leloup 1935: 19, as Clytia coronata ).— Bonaire: Kralendijk, Pasanggrahan, 0.2–0.3 m, on algae + De Hoop, 0.7 m, on algae + Plaja Oranje Pan, on stranded octocoral (Leloup 1935: 19, as Clytia coronata ).— Aruba: Rif Boekoetie, 0.2 m, on a brachyuran crab (Leloup 1935: 19, as Clytia coronata ).— USA: Maine, Mount Desert region, shore to 239 feet (73 m) ( Procter 1933: 120, as Clytia bicophora ).—Gulf Stream, on pelagic Sargassum + Sargasso Sea, on pelagic Sargassum (Burkenroad, in Parr 1939: 24, as Clytia bicophora ).—? USA: North Carolina, 100 miles (161 km) E of Cape Hatteras, on Sargassum ( Fraser 1943: 88, as Clytia cylindrica ).— USA: Maine, Casco Bay ( Fraser 1944: 136, as Clytia edwardsi ).— USA: Massachusetts, Gloucester Harbor, 7 ftm (13 m) ( Fraser 1944: 136, as Clytia edwardsi ).— USA: Massachusetts, Cape Cod, off Nasett Light (Nauset Light, Eastham, MA), 61.5 ftm (112 m) ( Fraser 1944: 136, as Clytia edwardsi ).— USA: Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay, near Fort Dumpling, 20 ftm (37 m) ( Fraser 1944: 136, as Clytia edwardsi ).— Canada: Newfoundland and Labrador, Labrador ( Fraser 1944: 140, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Maine, off Portsmouth, 43°11’N, 69°35’W, 32 ftm (59 m) ( Fraser 1944: 140, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Canada: Nova Scotia, continental slope S of Halifax, 42°44’N, 62°43’W, 620 ftm (1134 m) ( Fraser 1944: 140, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Massachusetts, off Gloucester, 42°30’15”N, 70°38’W, 45 ftm (82 m) + SE of Salem, 42°30’N, 70°45’W, 22 ftm (40 m) + off Cape Cod, 42°07’N, 69°59’W + Cape Cod Bay, 41°48’30”N, 70°12’W, 7 ftm (13 m) + off Chatham Light, 5.75 miles (9 km), 14 ftm (26 m) + Gloucester, on piles + Provincetown, Long Point, on floating Sargassum + Georges Bank, 45 ftm (72 m) + Between Nantucket and High Duck islands, 4 ftm (7 m) ( Fraser 1944: 140, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: New York, S of Fishers Island ( Fraser 1944: 140, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Rhode Island, Block Island, off North Light, 13 ftm (24 m) ( Fraser 1944: 140, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Connecticut, off Stonington ( Fraser 1944: 140, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Bahamas: Cay Sal Bank ( Fraser 1944: 140, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Venezuela: 3 miles (5 km) N of Isla de Coche, 19–33 ftm (35–60 m) + Isla Cubagua, shallow water, on algae ( Fraser 1947b: 6, as Clytia similis ).— USA: Maine, Boothbay Harbor ( Berrill 1950: 1, as Clytia Johnstoni ).—? USA: Texas, Buoy I-3 off Sabine Pass + Port Aransas, on driftwood, Sargassum , tar + Palacios ( Deevey 1950: 339, as Clytia coronata ).—? USA: Texas, Port Aransas, on Sargassum , tar + Palacios ( Deevey 1950: 341, as Clytia cylindrica ).— USA: Louisiana, Grand Isle area, open Gulf of Mexico, on Sargassum ( Behre 1950: 6, as Gonothyraea gracilis ).— USA: North Carolina and South Carolina, reefs on continental shelf (Pearse & Willams 1951: 136, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Massachusetts, Woods Hole area ( Brock & Strehler 1963: 23, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: Massachusetts, Woods Hole region ( Petersen 1964: 17, as Clytia edwardsi and C. Johnstoni).— USA: Virginia, Norfolk, Naval Station Norfolk, Pier 12, on test panels, 5 m (Calder & Brehm- er 1967: 153, as Clytia edwardsi ).— USA: Virginia, York River (Gloucester Point; Bell Rock) + James River (Hampton Roads Middle Ground; Norfolk, Naval Station Norfolk, Pier 12, on test panels, 5 m) + Chesapeake Bay (Willoughby Bank; Thimble Shoal; Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, Virginia Beach span) ( Calder 1971: 49, as Clytia edwardsi ).—? USA: Virginia, Pamunkey River + James River (Hampton Roads Middle Ground; Deep Water Shoal; Hog Island), on the hydroids “ Garveia sp.” ( Calyptospadix cerulea ) and Sertularia argentea ( Calder 1971: 50) .— USA: Massachusetts, Woods Hole area, studies on bioluminescence ( Morin & Cooke 1971b: 718, as Clytia edwardsi ; Morin & Hastings 1971: 307, as Clytia edwardsi ).— USA: Texas, Galveston Island near San Luis Pass, on Sargassum ; gonothecae ribbed ( Defenbaugh & Hopkins 1973: 78, as Clytia Johnstoni ).—Sargasso Sea + Gulf Stream, several stations between Florida and New Jersey, on Sargassum natans I, S. natans IX, S. fluitans III, S. fluitans X, S. ramifolium , S. filipendula , S. polyceratium , S. pteropleuron , S. hystrix , Sargassum sp.; frequent; gonothecae ribbed ( Rackley 1974: 28).— USA: North Carolina, Pamlico River estuary ( Dean & Bellis 1975: 5).— USA: Massachusetts, Cape Cod Bay, 8–10 m; gonothecae ribbed ( Calder 1975: 300).— USA: Massachusetts, Nonamesset Island, Sheep Pen Harbor, 41°31’N, 70°40’40”W, on slate settling panels ( Osman 1977: 48, as Clytia Johnstoni and C. edwardsi ).— USA: Gulf of Maine, 25–33 m ( Kuzirian 1979: 242, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— Belize: Carrie Bow Cay, on algae, Thalassia , mangrove roots, Sargassum , hydroids, and dead corals and gorgonians; gonothecae ribbed ( Spracklin 1982: 246, as Clytia hemisphaerica ).—Sargasso Sea: Hydrostation “S” off Bermuda, 31 °45’N, 64°10’W, on pelagic Sargassum ( Butler et al. 1983: 230, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: South Carolina, middle (32–36 m) continental shelf + Georgia, inner (17–22 m) and outer (59–67 m) continental shelf ( Wenner et al. 1984: 39, as Clytia Johnstoni ).— USA: New York, off Fire Island, 3 km S of Altair Lighthouse, on artificial reef, 20 m ( Woodhead & Jacobson 1985: 366).— USA: New Jersey, Delaware Bay, on oyster grounds ( Ismail 1985: 385, as Clytia edwardsi ).—? USA: South Carolina, North Inlet area, Town Creek and tributaries ( Fox & Ruppert 1985: 61, as Clytia coronata ).—? USA: South Carolina, North Inlet area, Baruch Plantation, oyster landing + Murrells Inlet, jetties + Folly River + Breach Inlet, jetties + Isle of Palms, marina, floating docks + Beaufort area, pilings and seawalls + Hunting Island, seawall and rubble ( Fox & Ruppert 1985: 76, 92, 162, 167, 177, 219, 226).— USA: Virginia, James River, Wreck Shoal, oyster bed, 3–4 m ( Rheinhardt & Mann 1990: 20).— Bermuda: Flatts Inlet, near bridge, 2 m, on Eudendrium sp. + Whalebone Bay, on pelagic Sargassum + Whalebone Bay, 1–3 m, on benthic algae and Thalassia + Harrington Sound, in shaft connecting to Flatts Inlet, 1 m, on rock + Harrington Sound, Stream Passage Cave, 6 m from entrance, 1 m, on rock (Calder 1990 [1991a]: 58).— Belize: Twin Cays, common ( Calder 1991b: 223).— Belize: Twin Cays, on Rhizophora , Thalassia , benthic algae, sponges, other hydroids, mollusc shells, wooden test panels ( Calder 1991c: 2068).— Canada: Quebec, Gulf of St. Lawrence, north shore, on navigation buoys ( Ardisson & Bourget 1992: 22).— Belize: South Water Cay, South Water Cut, ca. 4 m, on Thalassia ( Kaehler & Hughes 1992: 331) .— Bermuda: various locations, on Sargassum natans and S. fluitans ; gonothecae ribbed ( Calder 1995: 540).— Bermuda: Argus (=Plantagenet) + Challenger Bank ( Calder 2000: 1133).— Canada: Nova Scotia, Bay of Fundy ( Henry & Kenchington 2004: 127).— Canada: New Brunswick, Passamaquoddy Bay, Sherrod’s Beach ( Henry & Kenchington 2004: 131).— Canada: New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, Northumberland Strait ( Calder 2004a: 559).— USA: Maine, Cobscook Bay ( Trott 2004: 272).— Panama: Bocas del Toro area, Cayo Solarte Sud, 09°18’45.3”N, 82°12’46.6”W, 2–3 m + Bocas del Toro area, near Laguna Bocatorito, 2–4 m ( Calder & Kirkendale 2005: 486).— Cuba: Miramar, playa, 12 m ( Varela et al. 2005: 178).—? Cuba: Golfo de Batabanó, wreck of La Patana, 83°13’41.5”N, 21°40’59.5”W, 9–11 m (Castellanos et al. 2011: 14).—French Lesser Antilles: Martinique, Le Diamant, 14.442310, -61.039697, on Thyroscyphus marginatus ( Galea 2013: 11) .— USA: Connecticut, Westport ( Cunha et al. 2017: 120).— USA: Massachusetts, Salem + Bourne ( Cunha et al. 2017: 120).— USA: Rhode Island, Point Judith ( Cunha et al. 2017: 120).— Belize: Carrie Bow Cay + Twin Cays, Fisheries dock + Twin Cays, Cuda Cut ( Cunha et al. 2017: 120).— Canada: Nova Scotia, Petit Passage, S of East Ferry, extreme low tide ( Calder 2017: 79).— Canada: New Brunswick, Deer Island, Richardson, 44°59’42”N, 66°56’47”W, on Ascophyllum nodosum on pontoon slip of public wharf, <1 m ( Calder 2017: 80).—?Caribbean Sea ( Wedler 2017b: 90, figs. 81, 82A, B).— Mexico: Alacranes Reef, on Sargassum sp., Thalassia , shipwreck ( Mendoza-Becerril et al. 2018b: 131).— Cuba: Havana, coral reef system west of the city (Castellanos et al. 2018: Supplementary Table S2).— Panama: Bocas del Toro area, Crawl Cay + near Bocatorito Bay ( Miglietta et al. 2018b: 108).

References

Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown, Boston, 380 pp.

Agassiz, A. (1865) Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College. No. II. North American Acalephae. Sever & Francis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 234 pp.

Alder, J. (1856) A notice of some new genera and species of British hydroid zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 18, 353 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935608697652

Allee, W. C. (1923) Studies in marine ecology: I. The distribution of common littoral invertebrates of the Woods Hole region. Biological Bulletin, 167, 167 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1536774

Ardisson, P. - E. & Bourget, E. (1992) Large-scale ecological patterns: discontinuous distribution of marine benthic epifauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 83, 15 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 083015

Behre, E. H. (1950) Annotated list of the fauna of the Grand Isle region 1928 - 1946. Occasional Papers of the Marine Laboratory, Louisiana State University, 6, 1 - 66.

Bennitt, R. (1922) Additions to the hydroid fauna of the Bermudas. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 57, 241 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20025913

Berrill, N. J. (1950) Growth and form in calyptoblastic hydroids. II. Polymorphism within the Campanularidae. Journal of Morphology, 87, 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1050870102

Brock, M. A. & Strehler, B. L. (1963) Studies on the comparative physiology of aging. IV. Age and mortality of some marine Cnidaria in the laboratory. Journal of Gerontology, 18, 23 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / geronj / 18.1.23

Bumpus, H. C. (1898) The breeding of animals at Woods Holl during the months of June, July and August. Science, 8, 850 - 858. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 8.207.850

Butler, J. N., Morris, B. F., Cadwallader, J. & Stoner, A. W. (1983) Studies of Sargassum and the Sargassum community. Bermuda Biological Station Special Publication, 22, 1 - 306.

Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special papers in Marine Science, 1, 125 pp.

Calder, D. R. (1975) Biotic Census of Cape Cod Bay: hydroids. Biological Bulletin, 149, 287 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540528

Calder, D. R. (1991 b) Abundance and distribution of hydroids in a mangrove ecosystem at Twin Cays, Belize, Central America. Hydrobiologia, 216 / 217, 221 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00026466

Calder, D. R. (1991 c) Associations between hydroid species assemblages and substrate types in the mangal at Twin Cays, Belize. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 2067 - 2074. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 91 - 288

Calder, D. R. (1995) Hydroid assemblages on holopelagic Sargassum from the Sargasso Sea at Bermuda. Bulletin of Marine Science, 56, 537 - 546.

Calder, D. R. (2000) Assemblages of hydroids (Cnidaria) from three seamounts near Bermuda in the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research, Part I, 47, 1125 - 1139. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0967 - 0637 (99) 00093 - X

Calder, D. R. (2004 a) Subtidal hydroids (Cnidaria) of Northumberland Strait, Atlantic Canada, with observations on their life cycles and distributions. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 117, 555 - 564. https: // doi. org / 10.22621 / cfn. v 117 i 4.824

Calder, D. R. & Kirkendale, L. (2005) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from shallow-water environments along the Caribbean Coast of Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 476 - 491.

Calder, D. R. (2017) Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region. Zootaxa, 4256 (1), 1 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4256.1.1

Cary, L. R. & Spaulding, H. M. (1909) Further contributions to the marine fauna of the Louisiana coast. Gulf Biologic Station Bulletin, 12, 1 - 21.

Clarke, S. F. (1879) Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream and Gulf of Mexico by Alexan- der Agassiz, 1877 - 78. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 5, 239 - 252.

Cook, C. E., Chenevert, J., Larsson, T. A., Arendt, D., Houliston, E. & Lenart, P. (2016) Old knowledge and new technologies allow rapid development of model organisms. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 27, 882 - 887. https: // doi. org / 10.1091 / mbc. E 15 - 10 - 0682

Cornelius, P. F. S. (1982) Hydroids and medusae of the family Campanulariidae recorded from the eastern North Atlantic, with a world synopsis of genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 42, 37 - 148.

Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995 b) North-west European thecate hydroids and their medusae. Part 2. Sertulariidae to Campanulariidae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 50, 386 pp.

Cunha, A. F., Collins, A. G. & Marques, A. C. (2017) Phylogenetic relationships of Proboscoida Broch, 1910 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): are traditional morphological diagnostic characters relevant for the delimitation of lineages at the species, genus, and family levels? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 106, 118 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.09.012

Dean, T. A. & Bellis, V. J. (1975) Seasonal and spatial distribution of epifauna in the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 91, 1 - 12.

Deevey, E. S. Jr. (1950) Hydroids from Louisiana and Texas, with remarks on the Pleistocene biogeography of the western Gulf of Mexico. Ecology, 31, 334 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931490

Defenbaugh, R. E. & Hopkins, S. H. (1973) The occurrence and distribution of the hydroids of the Galveston Bay, Texas, area. TAMU-SG- 73 - 210. Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 202 pp.

Fox, R. S. & Ruppert, E. E. (1985) Shallow-water marine benthic macroinvertebrates of South Carolina. Species identification, community composition and symbiotic associations. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 329 pp.

Fraser, C. M. (1912 a) Notes on New England hydroids. Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of Iowa, 6 (3), 39 - 48.

Fraser, C. M. (1912 b) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 339 - 387.

Fraser, C. M. (1913) Hydroids from Nova Scotia. Victoria Memorial Museum Bulletin, 1, 157 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 104952

Fraser, C. M. (1918) Hydroids of eastern Canada. Contributions to Canadian Biology, 1917 - 1918, 329 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / f 17 - 017

Fraser, C. M. (1926) Hydroids of the Miramichi estuary collected in 1918. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, Section 5, 20, 209 - 214.

Fraser, C. M. (1943) Distribution records of some hydroids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, with description of new genera and new species. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 22, 75 - 98.

Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp.

Fraser, C. M. (1947 b) Hydroids of the 1939 Allan Hancock Caribbean Sea Expedition. Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition, 4, 1 - 24.

Galea, H. R. (2013) New additions to the shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the French Lesser Antilles: Martinique. Zootaxa, 3686 (1), 1 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3686.1.1

Hargitt, C. W. (1901 b) Synopses of North-American invertebrates. XIV. The hydromedusae - Part II. American Naturalist, 35, 379 - 395. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 277923

Hargitt, C. W. (1909) New and little known hydroids of Woods Hole. Biological Bulletin, 17, 369 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1535941

Henry, L. - A. & Kenchington, E. (2004) Differences between epilithic and epizoic hydroid assemblages from commercial scallop grounds in the Bay of Fundy, northwest Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 266, 123 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 266123

Hentschel, E. (1922) Uber den Bewuchs auf den treibenden Tangen der Sargassosee. (Ergebnisse von der Ausreise der Deutschland 1911). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatsinstitut und Zoologischen Museum in Hamburg, 38, 1 - 26.

Hincks, T. (1868 [1869]) A history of the British hydroid zoophytes. John van Voorst, London, 338 pp. [Dating of this two-volume work follows Williams (2018), who presented evidence that it was published in March 1869 and not 1868 as per the title-pages] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1322

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002) Opinion 1986 (Case 3166). Campanularia noliformis McCrady, 1859 (currently Clytia noliformis; Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): specific name conserved by the designation of a neotype. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 59, 52.

Ismail, N. S. (1985) The effects of hydraulic dredging to control oyster drills on benthic macrofauna of oyster grounds in Delaware Bay, New Jersey. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 70, 379 - 395. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19850700308

Joyce, E. A. Jr. (1961) The Hydroida of the Seahorse Key area. M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 116 pp.

Kaehler, S. & Hughes, R. G. (1992) The distributions and growth patterns of three epiphytic hydroids on the Caribbean seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Bulletin of Marine Science, 51, 329 - 336.

Kuzirian, A. M. (1979) Taxonomy and biology of four New England coryphellid nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 45, 239 - 261.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome 2. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp.

Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1812) Extrait d'un memoire sur la classification des polypiers coralligenes non entierement pierreux. Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societe Philomatique de Paris, 3, 181 - 188.

Leclere, L., Horin, C., Chevalier, S., Lapebie, P., Dru, P., Peron, S., Jager, M., Condamine, T., Pottin, K., Romano, S., Steger, J., Sinigaglia, C., Barreau, C., Artigas, G. Q., Ruggiero, A., Fourrage, C., Kraus, J. E. M., Poulain, J., Aury, J. - M., Wincker, P., Queinnec, E., Technau, U., Manuel, M., Momose, T., Houliston, E. & Copley, R. R. (2019) The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle. Nature Ecology and Evolution, [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1101 / 369959

Leloup, E. (1937) Resultats scientifiques des croisieres du navire-ecole belge Mercator. VI. Hydroidea, Siphonophora, Ceriantharia. I. - Hydropolypes. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Serie 2, 9, 91 - 121.

Lindner, A. & Calder, D. R. (2000) Campanularia noliformis McCrady, 1859 (currently Clytia noliformis; Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): proposed conservation of the specific name by the designation of a neotype. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 57, 140 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20708

Lindner, A. & Migotto, A. E. (2001) Merotrichous isorhiza, a nematocyst new to the Campanulariidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), and its relevance for the classification of cnidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114, 825 - 832.

Lindner, A., Govindarajan, A. F. & Migotto, A. E. (2011) Cryptic species, life cycles, and the phylogeny of Clytia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae). Zootaxa, 2980, 23 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2980.1.2

Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Pars II. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 785 pp. [pp. 533 - 1317] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 156765

Mayer, A. G. (1910 b) Medusae of the world. Volume II. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, 231 - 498 pp.

McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221.

Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CAN- CAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 330, 1 - 68.

Mendoza-Becerril, M. A., Simoes, N. & Genzano, G. (2018 b) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Alacranes Reef, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science, 94, 125 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.5343 / bms. 2017.1072

Miglietta, M. P., Piraino, S., Pruski, S., Alpizar Gonzalez, M., Castellanos-Iglesias, S., Jeronimo-Aguilar, S., Lawley, J. W., Maggioni, D., Martell, L., Matsumoto, Y., Moncada, A., Nagale, P., Phongphattarawat, S., Sheridan, C., Soto Angel, J. J., Sukhoputova, A. & Collin, R. (2018 b) An integrative identification guide to the Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Bocas del Toro, Panama. Neotropical Biodiversity, 4, 102 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 23766808.2018.1488656

Morin, J. G. & Cooke, I. M. (1971 b) Behavioural physiology of the colonial hydroid Obelia. II. Stimulus-initiated electrical activity and bioluminescence. Journal of Experimental Biology, 54, 707 - 721.

Morin, J. G. & Hastings, J. W. (1971) Biochemistry of the bioluminescence of colonial hydroids and other coelenterates. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 77, 305 - 312. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jcp. 1040770304

Nutting, C. C. (1901) The hydroids of the Woods Hole region. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 19, 325 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 30524

Nutting, C. C. (1915) American hydroids. Part III. The Campanularidae and the Bonneviellidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (3), 1 - 126.

Osman, R. W. (1977) The establishment and development of a marine epifaunal community. Ecological Monographs, 47, 37 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1942223

Ostman, C. (1979 a) Two types of nematocysts in Campanulariidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 5 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1979. tb 00614. x

Ostman, C., Piraino, S. & Roca, I. (1987) Nematocyst comparisons between some Mediterranean and Scandinavian campanulariids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the systematics, ecology, and evolution of hydroids and hydromedusae. Clarenden Press, Oxford, pp. 299 - 310.

Ostman, C. (1999) Nematocysts and their value as taxonomic parameters within the Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa). A review based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoosystematica Rossica, 1 (Supplement), 17 - 28.

Parr, A. E. (1939) Quantitative observations on the pelagic Sargassum vegetation of the western North Atlantic. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 6 (7), 1 - 94.

Petersen, K. W. (1964) The sessile Hydrozoa. In: Smith, R. I. (Ed.), Keys to marine invertebrates of the Woods Hole region, Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Contribution Number 11, pp. 8 - 20.

Procter, W. (1933) Biological survey of the Mount Desert region. Part V. Marine fauna. Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, 402 pp.

Rackley, D. H. (1974) Hydroids of the pelagic Sargassum community of the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. M. A. Thesis, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, 94 pp.

Rathbun, R. (1880) The littoral marine fauna of Provincetown, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 3, 116 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.128.116

Rheinhardt, R. D. & Mann, R. (1990) Temporal changes in epibenthic fouling community structure on a natural oyster bed in Virginia. Biofouling, 2, 13 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927019009378126

Sars, M. (1850) Beretning om en i Sommeren 1849 foretagen zoologisk Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 6, 121 - 211.

Shier, C. F. (1965) A taxonomic and ecological study of shallow water hydroids of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. M. S. Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 128 pp.

Smith, S. I. & Harger, O. (1875) Report on the dredgings in the region of St. George's Banks, in 1872. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, 3, 1 - 57.

Spracklin, B. W. (1982) Hydroidea (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. In: Rutzler, K. & Macintyre, I. G. (Eds.), The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. I. Structure and communities. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12, pp. 239 - 251.

Stafford, J. (1912 b) On the fauna of the Atlantic coast of Canada. Fourth report. Contributions to Canadian Biology, 1906 - 1910, 69 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / f 06 - 006 b

Stechow, E. (1914) Zur Kenntnis neuer oder seltener Hydroidpolypen, meist Campanulariden, aus Amerika und Norwegen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 45, 120 - 136.

Thomas, M. B., Edwards, N. C. & Norris, T. A. (1987) Gastrulation in Halocordyle disticha (Hydrozoa, Athecata). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 12, 91 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01688170.1987.10510305

Timmermann, G. (1932) Biogeographische Untersuchungen uber die Lebensgemeinschaft des treibenden Golfkrautes. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 25, 288 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00446711

Trott, T. J. (2004) Cobscook Bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. Northeastern Naturalist, 11 (Special Issue 2), 261 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.1656 / 1092 - 6194 (2004) 11 [261: CBIAHC] 2.0. CO; 2

Varela, C., Ortiz, M. & Lalana, R. (2005) Nuevas consignaciones de hidrozoos marinos y confirmacion de la presencia de Aglaophenia latecarinata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), para aguas cubanas. Revista de Investigacion Marina, 26, 177 - 179.

Verrill, A. E. (1874 a) Brief contributions to zoology from the Museum of Yale College. No. XXVI. Results of dredging expeditions on the coast of New England. No. 4. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 3, 7, 38 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 7.38.131

Verrill, A. E. (1874 c) Explorations of Casco Bay, by the United States Fish Commission in 1873. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Portland Meeting, August 1873, 340 - 395.

Verrill, A. E. (1874 d) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1871 - 1872, 295 - 747. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652

Verrill, A. E. (1875 a) Brief contributions to zoology from the Museum of Yale College. No. XXXII. - Results of dredging expeditions off the New England coast in 1874. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 3, 9, 411 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 9.54.411

Wallace, W. S. (1909) A collection of hydroids made at the Tortugas, during May, June, and July, 1908. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book, 7, 136 - 138.

Wedler, E. (2017 b) Hidroides del Mar Caribe con enfasis en la region de Santa Marta, Colombia. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras-INVEMAR. Serie de Publicaciones Generales del INVEMAR # 94, Santa Marta, Colombia, 200 pp.

Wenner, E. L., Hinde, P., Knott, D. M. & Van Dolah, R. F. (1984) A temporal and spatial study of invertebrate communities associated with hard-bottom habitats in the South Atlantic Bight. United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 18, 1 - 104.

Whiteaves, J. F. (1874) Report on further deep-sea dredging operations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with notes on the present condition of the marine fisheries and oyster beds of part of that region. Appendix U. Sixth Annual Report of the Department of Marine and Fisheries, for the Year Ended the 30 th June 1873. I. B. Taylor, Ottawa, pp. 178 - 204. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50697

Woodhead, P. M. J. & Jacobson, M. E. (1985) Epifaunal settlement, the process of community development and succession over two years on an artificial reef in the New York Bight. Bulletin of Marine Science, 37, 364 - 376.

Figures

FIGURE 10. a, Campanularia colombiana: hydrotheca, pedicel and stolon, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4356. Scale equals 0.1 mm. b, Campanularia colombiana: gonotheca and stolon, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4356. Scale equals 0.1 mm. c, Clytia elsaeoswaldae: hydrotheca and part of pedicel, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4369. Scale equals 0.1 mm. d, Clytia elsaeoswaldae: gonotheca, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4369. Scale equals 0.1 mm. e, Clytia elsaeoswaldae: pedicel and hydrotheca, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4369. Scale equals 0.2 mm. f, Clytia hemisphaerica: part of colony with hydrothecae and gonothecae, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4371. Scale equals 0.2 mm. g, Clytia hemisphaerica: hydrotheca and part of pedicel, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4372. Scale equals 0.1 mm. h, Clytia hemisphaerica: gonotheca, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4372. Scale equals 0.1 mm.