Brassica oleracea

McQuate, Grant T., Liquido, Nicanor J. & Nakamichi, Kelly A. A., 2017, Annotated World Bibliography of Host Plants of the Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), Insecta Mundi 2017 (527), pp. 1-339 : 24-32

Brassica oleracea L. subsp. capitata (L.) Schübl. and G. Martens, see Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.

Brassica oleracea L. subsp. gongylodes (L.) Schübl. and G. Martens, see Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.

Brassica oleracea L. var. caulorapa DC. , see Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.

Brassica oleracea L. var. conica DC. , see Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.

Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.

Family: Brassicaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 7676

Common Names: cabbage turnip (English), cavolo rapa (Italian), chou rave (French), col rabano (Italian), col rábano (Spanish), colinabo (Spanish), colirrábano (Spanish), couve-rábano (Portuguese), knol khol ( India), kohlrabi (English), Kohlrabi (German), kol’rabi (transliterated Russian), pie lan (transcribed Chinese), stem turnip (English), turnip cabbage (English), turnip kale (English).

Cultivated: Only cultivated.

Field Infestation:

McBride and Tanada 1949:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes (listed both as Brassica caulorapa [DC.] Pasq. and as kohlrabi) was collected by Y. Tanada from a garden located on Beretania Street in Honolulu, Hawaii. Stems collected were firm and had several deep cracks extending from the bases of leaves part way down the sides of the enlarged portion. From 3 fully enlarged stems, 31 B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and 6 scavenger flies, Atherigona excisa (Thomson) , emerged. Authors listed Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes as a plant that was rarely injured.

Ranganath et al. 1999:

Andaman Island, India

In field trials, B. cucurbitae adults were found ovipositing in cracks developed on the stems of B. oleracea var. gongylodes (listed as Brassica caulorapa ), and in weaker surfaces of the stems. Damaged B. oleracea var. gongylodes stems were brought to the laboratory and placed over sand in a container to facilitate pupation and adult emergence of any infesting tephritid fruit flies. Adult B. cucurbitae flies were recovered.

Listing Only: Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Brassica caulorapa [DC] Pasq.); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Brassica culorapa ); Holbrook 1967 (spelled “gongyloides”; listed as “rarely infested”); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Brassica caulorapa ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Brassica caulorapa and as kohl rabi); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as kohlrabi); Severin et al. 1914 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as kohlrabi); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Brassica caulorapa ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Brassica oleracea Gongylodes group); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as a variety of Brassica oleracea ).

Synonyms: Brassica caulorapa (DC.) Pasq. , Brassica gongylodes (L.) Mill., Brassica oleracea L. var. caulorapa DC. , Brassica oleracea L. subsp. gongylodes (L.) Schübl. and G. Martens

Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck

Family: Brassicaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 105447

Common Names: asparagus broccoli (English), brécol (Spanish), brecolera (Spanish), broccoli (English), brócoli (Portuguese), brócoli (Spanish), brocoli asperge (French), Brokkoli (German), calabrese (English), Cape broccoli (English), cavolo broccolo (Italian), chou brocoli (French), heading broccoli (English), lu hua cai (transcribed Chinese), purple cauliflower (English), Spargelkohl (German), Sprossenbrokkoli (German), sprouting broccoli (English), winter broccoli (English).

Cultivated: Only cultivated.

Field Infestation:

McBride and Tanada 1949:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Brassica oleracea var. italica fruits (listed as both Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. and as broccoli) were reported to be infested by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) at two locations on the Island of Oahu: Koko Head and Waialua. Located at Koko Head, two farmers, who were familiar with identifying the melon fly, had reported melon fly infestation in their field and were thought of as authentic sources by the authors of this publication. Another source was a farmer from Waialua, Island of Oahu, who reported that the B. cucurbitae was infesting his broccoli. The authors listed broccoli as a doubtful host.

Listing Only: + Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed under common name “broccoli” and scientific name Brassica oleracea var. capitata ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as a variety of Brassica oleracea ).

Brassica oleracea L. var. rubra L., see Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.

Brassica spp.

Family: Brassicaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 300085

Common Names: wild mustard (English), wild turnip (English)

Listing Only: Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).

Brassica timoriana (DC.) F. Muell. , see Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.

Bryonia amplexicaulis Lam. , see Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi

Bryonia collosa Rottler , see Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo

Bryonia cordifolia L., see Cucumis maderaspatanus L.

Bryonia cucumeroides Ser. , see Trichosanthes pilosa Lour.

Bryonia laciniosa auct., see Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey

Bryonia palmata L., see Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey

Bryonia scabrella L., see Cucumis maderaspatanus L.

Bryonopsis laciniosa L. Naudin , see Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey

Bryonopsis Arn. , see Kedrostis Medik.

Bryonopsis laciniosa auct., see Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey

Cactus decumanus Willd. , see Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.

Cactus ficus-indica L., see Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.

Caesalpiniaceae R. Br. , nom. cons., see Fabaceae Lindl. , nom. cons.

Cajanus bicolor DC. , see Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth

Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth Family: Fabaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 8319

Common Names: ambrévade (French), arhar ( India), cachito (Spanish), Congo-pea (English), duvärt (Swedish), feijão-guandu (Portuguese), gandul (Spanish), guandú (Portuguese), guisante-de- Angola (Portuguese), ki-mame (Japanese Rōmaji), mu dou (transcribed Chinese), pigeon-pea (English), pisello del Tropico (Italian), pois d’Angole (French), red gram (English), Straucherbse (German), tuver ( India), yellow dhal (English).

Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics.

Origin: India

Interception Data:

USDA 1948b:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from pigeon pea ( C. cajan ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1946 and 30 June 1947 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

Listing Only: Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; Holbrook 1967 (listed as “rarely infested”); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a plant that is rarely injured); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Synonyms: Cajanus bicolor DC. , Cajanus flavus DC. , Cajanus indicus Spreng. , Cytisus cajan L.

Cajanus flavus DC. , see Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth

Cajanus indicus Spreng. , see Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth

Calocarpum mammosum auct., see Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore and Stearn

Calocarpum mammosum Pierre , see Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen

Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr. , see Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen

Calophyllum inophyllum L.

Family: Calophyllaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 8631

Common Names: Alexandrian-laurel (English), alexandrinischer Lorbeer (German), balltree (English), beach calophyllum (English), beach touriga (English), beautyleaf (English), Borneo-mahogany (English), Indian doomba oiltree (English), Indian-laurel (English), kamani (Hawaiian), laurelwood (English), palo de Santa María (Spanish), palo María (Spanish), punnaga ( India), satin touriga (English), tacamahac-tree (English), undi (Spanish).

Native: AFRICA – East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania; South Tropical Africa: Mozambique; Western Indian Ocean: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles; ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Hainan; Eastern Asia: Japan – Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Northern Territory, Queensland; PACIFIC – Northwestern Pacific: Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau South-Central Pacific: Cook Islands, French Polynesia – Marquesas Islands, Society Islands; Southwestern Pacific: Fiji; Samoa.

Naturalized: Naturalized elsewhere.

Cultivated: also cultivated.

Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Capparis citrifolia Lam. , see Capparis sepiaria L.

Capparis sepiaria L.

Family: Capparaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 310623

Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan; East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire; West Tropical Africa: Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal; South Tropical Africa: Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: South Africa – Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal; Western Cape, Swaziland; Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar; ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka; North Indian Ocean: India – Andaman and Nicobar; Maldives; Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand; Malesia: Indonesia – Celebes, Irian Jaya, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas; Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia.

Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, southern India

In 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 1 sample of C. sepiaria . Infestation rate data not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Capparis separia ); De Meyer et al. 2014; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015.

Capparis thorelii Gagnep. Family: Capparaceae Grin Nomen Number : 467636 Field Infestation: Allwood et al. 1999: Thailand, Malaysia, southern India In 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 1 sample of C. thorellii . Infestation rate data not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock. Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as Capparis thorellii ; listed as a wild host); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Capparis thornellii ); De Meyer et al. 2014; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015.

Capsicum annuum L.

Family: Solanaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 8904

Common Names: ají (Spanish), American bird pepper (English), bell pepper (English), bird pepper (English), capsicum pepper (English), Cayenne pepper (English), Cayennepfeffer (German), cherry pepper (English), chile (Spanish), chile pequin (Spanish), chili pepper (English), chilipiquin (Spanish), chiltepe (Spanish), chiltepin (Spanish), chiltepinpeppar (Swedish), cone pepper (English), Gemüsepaprika (German), gochu (transcribed Korean), green capsicum (English-Australia), green pepper (English), guindilla (Spanish), jalapeno (Spanish), la liao (transcribed Chinese), long pepper (English), paprika (English), pasilla (Spanish), peperone (Italian), peperone dolce (Italian), peperoncino (Italian), piment annuel (French), piment doux (French), pimentão (Portuguese), pimento pepper (English), pimiento (Spanish), piquin (Spanish), poblano (Spanish), poivre de Cayenne (French), poivre d’Espagne (French), poivron (French), poivron doux (French), red capsicum (English), red cone pepper (English), red pepper (English), serrano (Spanish), spanischer Pfeffer (German), spanskpeppar (Swedish), sweet pepper (English), tō- garashi (Japanese Rōmaji), turkey pepper (English).

Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Florida, Georgia, Louisiana; South-Central U.S.A.: United States – Texas; Southwestern U.S.A.: United States – Arizona; Northern Mexico: Mexico – Baja Sur, Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas; Southern Mexico: Mexico – Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Quintana Roc, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Anguilla, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines; Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Western South America: Colombia.

Naturalized: Naturalized elsewhere.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Liquido et al. 1994:

Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

From July 1990 to October 1992, 5,066 (26.40 kg) ripe “on shrub” C. annuum fruits were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from “on shrub” C. annuum fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.0032 larvae and pupae per fruit (0.61 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).

Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Capsicum annuum fruit(s), originating in Hawaii, at an airport (Honolulu) in Hawaii on two occasions: once in 1992 and once in 1995. Average recovery was 2.5 live larvae.

Lab Infestation:

Chawla 1966:

In captivity, female B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) laid eggs on cut fruits of fresh green chillies (listed as C. annum ). The eggs hatched out and the development of the larvae proceeded normally to adult emergence.

Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Capsicum annum ) ; Cantrell et al. 1999; + Harris and Lee 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as bell pepper); + Lall 1975 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as green pepper); + Margosian et al. 2009 (“possibly”; listed as bell pepper); Nishida and Bess 1957 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peppers); + Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as green pepper); Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Singh et al. 2004; Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA- APHIS 2000 ; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); Vargas et al. 2004; White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”) .

Synonyms: Capsicum cordiforme Mill.

Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Family: Solanaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 311784

Common Names: ají (Spanish), bell pepper (English), capsicum pepper (English), Cayenne pepper (English), Cayennepfeffer (German), cherry pepper (English), chile (Spanish), chili pepper (English), cone pepper (English), Gemüsepaprika (German), green capsicum (English-Australia), green pepper (English), guindilla (Spanish), jalapeno (Spanish), long pepper (English), paprika (English), pasilla (Spanish), peperone (Italian), peperone dolce (Italian), peperoncino (Italian), piment doux (French), pimentão (Portuguese), pimento pepper (English), pimiento (Spanish), poblano (Spanish), poivre de Cayenne (French), poivre d’Espagne (French), poivron doux (French), red cone pepper (English), red pepper (English), serrano (Spanish), spanischer Pfeffer (German), sweet pepper (English), tō- garashi (Japanese Rōmaji). Cultivated: Only cultivated. Field Infestation:

McBride and Tanada 1949:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was reared in 1946 by Y. Tanada from six varieties of bell pepper (Calwonder Early, Waialua, Large Early Neapolitan, Okamura M, Fordhook, and Manatu Wonder) which were growing on the farm of the University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. The infestation was rather severe, and many infested fruits dropped prematurely. The authors listed green pepper (listed as C. frutescens L. var. grossum [L.] Bailey) as an occasionally injured plant.

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 4,359 C. annuum var. annuum fruits (listed as C. annuum cv. acuminatum) were collected (23 collections overall) from three islands/island groups (Amami, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 1 fruit, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 0.0099%.

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 297,906 Capsicum annuum var. annuum fruits (listed as C. annuum cv. glossum) were collected (166 collections overall) from four islands/island groups (Amami, Miyako, Okinawa, and Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 106 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 0.43%.

Mwatawala et al. 2010:

Morogoro Region, Tanzania

One thousand seven hundred forty-four (1,744) immature C. annuum var. annuum fruits (listed as C. annuum L. cov. longum and also referred to as paprika) (22.246 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 5 of 147 collections (3.40%), with an overall infestation rate of 3.33 flies/kg fruit and 78.89 flies/kg infested fruit.

Nishida 1955:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Infested C. annuum var. annuum fruits (listed as Capsicum frutescens L. var. grossum

(L.) L. H. Bailey), with nearly full grown B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larvae, were collected at cultivated areas in two locations on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, between 1950 and 1951: Waianae and Waimanalo. Larvae were extracted from fruits and placed in small wax paper cups containing pumpkin pulp. The cups were placed on sand in jars in which a high humidity was maintained. Forty (40) and 45 B. cucurbitae larvae were recovered from the fruits at the two sites, respectively. Number of fruits and infestation rate data were not given. Interception Data:

USDA 1950:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from sweet bell pepper ( C. annuum var. annuum ; listed as C. frutescens grossum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1947 and

30 June 1948 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1952a:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from sweet bell red pepper ( C. annuum var. annuum ; listed as C. frutescens grossum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1949 and 30 June 1950 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1955:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from bell pepper ( C. annuum var. annuum ; listed as C. frutescens grossum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1958:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from bell pepper ( C. annuum var. annuum ; listed as C. frutescens grossum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1956 and 30 June 1957 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Host was recovered by state inspectors in California.

USDA 1964:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from bell pepper ( C. annuum var. annuum ; listed as C. annuum var. grossum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at stores in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1962 and 30 June 1963 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from chili pepper ( C. annuum var. annuum ; listed as Capsicum annuum var. longum ) which originated in air baggage from Thailand (1 interception in consumption host) and intercepted in Hawaii between 1 July 1962 and 30 June 1963 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

Listing Only: De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as Capsicum annuum cov . longum; also listed as paprika); De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ; listed as Capsicum annuum L. var. longum DC ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Capsicum frutescens L. var. grossum (L.) L. H. Bailey; listed as “rarely infested”); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Capsicum frutescens grossum ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Capsicum annuum var. annuum Group: grossum ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Capsicum annuum var. annuum Group: longum); USDA-APHIS- PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Capsicum frutescens var. grossum and C. frutescens var. longum ; insufficient data to justify regulation).

Synonyms: Capsicum annuum L. var. acuminatum Fingerh. , Capsicum annuum L. var. cerasiforme (Mill.) Irish , Capsicum annuum L. var. conoides (Mill.) Irish , Capsicum annuum L. var. fasciculatum (Sturtev.) Irish , Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum (L.) Sendtn., Capsicum annuum L. var. longum Sendtn. , Capsicum cerasiforme Mill. , Capsicum conoides Mill. , Capsicum frutescens L. var. cerasiforme (Mill.) L. H. Bailey , Capsicum frutescens L. var. conoides (Mill.) L. H. Bailey , Capsicum frutescens L. var. fasciculatum (Sturtev.) L. H. Bailey , Capsicum frutescens L. var. grossum (L.) L. H. Bailey, Capsicum frutescens L. var. longum (Sendtn.) L. H. Bailey , Capsicum grossum L., Capsicum petenense Standl.

Capsicum annuum L. var. acuminatum Fingerh. , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum annuum L. var. cerasiforme (Mill.) Irish , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum annuum L. var. conoides (Mill.) Irish , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum annuum L. var. fasciculatum (Sturtev.) Irish , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum (L.) Sendtn., see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum annuum L. var. longum Sendtn. , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum assamicum Purkayastha and L. Singh , see Capsicum frutescens L.

Capsicum cerasiforme Mill. , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum cordiforme Mill. , see Capsicum annuum L.

Capsicum conoides Mill. , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum frutescens L.

Family: Solanaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 8913

Common Names: ají (Spanish), bird pepper (English), capsicum (English), chile (Spanish), Chillies (German), fan jiang (transcribed Chinese), guindilla (Spanish), hot pepper (English), kidachi-tō- garashi (Japanese Rōmaji), pimenta-malagueta (Portuguese), poivre rouge (French), red chili (English), spur pepper (English), Tabasco pepper (English), tabascopeppar (Swedish).

Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Southern Mexico: Mexico – Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Central America: Central America; Northern South America: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela; Brazil: Brazil; Western South America: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

Cultivated: AFRICA – Africa; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India; PACIFIC – South- Central Pacific: French Polynesia; widely cultivated in neotropics.

Field Infestation:

Liquido et al. 1994:

Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

From July 1990 to October 1992, 2,180 (0.38 kg) ripe tree or ground C. frutescens fruits were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested C. frutescens fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.00046 larvae and pupae per fruit (2.63 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).

Vayssières et al. 2007:

Benin, Burkina Faso and Mali, West Africa

Tephritid fruit fly-infested Capsicum frutescens fruits were collected from untreated orchards in West Africa. Fruits were placed on mesh supports over sand. Tephritid fruit fly pupae, recovered through weekly sieving of the sand, were transferred to small hatching boxes lined with wet blotting paper and held for adult emergence. The average B. cucurbitae infestation level in C. frutescens fruits in West Africa fell in the range of 1– 25 pupae /kg fruit.

Interception Data:

USDA 1948a:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from pepper ( C. frutescens ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in Washington (3 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1945 and 30 June 1946 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1948b:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from pepper ( C. frutescens ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in California and Washington (15 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1946 and 30 June 1947 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1953:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from pepper ( C. frutescens ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in Texas (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1951 and 30 June 1952 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1954:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from pepper ( C. frutescens ) which originated from Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1955:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from pepper ( C. frutescens ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (2 interceptions in nonentry hosts) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Capsicum frutescens and as both chilli and green pepper); Singh et al. 2004; Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).

Synonyms: Capsicum assamicum Purkayastha and L. Singh , Capsicum minimum Blanco

Capsicum frutescens L. var. cerasiforme (Mill.) L. H. Bailey , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum frutescens L. var. conoides (Mill.) L. H. Bailey , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum