Calletaera Warren, 1895

Jiang, Nan, Xue, Dayong & Han, Hongxiang, 2014, A review of Luxiaria Walker and its allied genus Calletaera Warren (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, Zootaxa 3856 (1), pp. 73-99 : 80-81

Calletaera Warren, 1895

Calletaera Warren, 1895 , Novit. zool., 2: 132. Type species: Macaria ruptaria Walker, 1861 , by original designation. Bithiodes Warren, 1899 , Novit. zool., 6: 354 (nec Bithiodes Warren, 1894 ). Type species: Luxiaria obliquata Moore, 1888 . Syn. nov.

Generic characters. Antennae mostly bipectinate in male, sometimes filiform (e.g. C. subgravata ( Prout, 1932) , C. trigonoprocessus and C. postvittata ); filiform in female. Frons not protruding. Labial palpi with third segment distinct. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in both sexes, dilated and with hair-pencil in male. Apex of forewing often acute, sometimes slightly falcate (e.g. C. obliquata , C. obvia , C. acuticornuta , C. rotundicornuta and C. consimilaria ); outer margin of forewing often straight, sometimes slightly protruding outwards at posterior half (e.g. C. subexpressa and C. basipuncta Wileman, 1916 ) or at middle (e.g. C. foveata Holloway, 1994 ), that of hind wing often crenulate above CuA1 and smooth below CuA1, sometimes forming a small protrusion or angle at end of M1 (e.g. C. obliquata , C. obvia , C. acuticornuta and C. rotundicornuta ) or at M3 (e.g. C. postvittata , C. dentata , C. trigonoprocessus and C. jotaria (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)) . Wings with postmedial lines thin, often dot-like (except C. subexpressa , C. basipuncta , C. foveata , C. sabulosa Warren, 1895 and C. schistacea Swinhoe, 1900 ); dark bands often present outside postmedial lines, and both inside and outside submarginal lines; Forewing with R1 long stalked with R2 (e.g. C. obliquata , C. obvia , C. acuticornuta , C. rotundicornuta and C. consimilaria ) or anastomosing with R2 (e.g. C. subexpressa , C. dentata and C. trigonoprocessus ). Tuft of scales present on male sternite III. Male genitalia with uncus short, bearing a short apical process; gnathos with median process not developed; valva deeply bifurcate, forming a dorsal arm and a ventral arm; dorsal arm rod-like, rounded apically; ventral arm with a curved spine-like terminal part; coremata not developed; juxta short; saccus almost triangular, acute or rounded apically; aedeagus sometimes with a process posteriorly (e.g. C. subexpressa , C. trigonoprocessus and C. subgravata ); vesica with cornuti, the shape of cornuti variable among species. Female genitalia with papillae anales rounded terminally; lamella postvaginalis small, ductus bursae with an antrum, totally or partly sclerotized; corpus bursae with a signum; signum large, rounded or oval with many marginal spines; seventh sternite often sclerotized and concave posteriorly (except C. subexpressa ).

Diagnosis. The diagnostic characters are given under the previous genus Luxiaria .

Distribution. China, Southeast Asia.

Remarks. Warren (1894) originally designated Acidalia inexactata Walker, 1861 as the type species of Bithiodes , but subsequently, in 1899, having discovered that the specimens he had examined had been misidentified, and in fact belonged to Luxiaria obliquata Moore, 1888 , published a correction purporting to redesignate the type species of Bithiodes as Luxiaria obliquata . Formally this corrected type designation is not valid following the Code (1999). However, the name Bithiodes Warren, 1899 , is available following article 12.2.1 of the Code (1999), as a name, which is accompanied by an indication. Thus, there are two different but homonymic generic names: Bithiodes Warren, 1894 , with type species Acidalia inexactata Walker, 1861 , by original designation, and Bithiodes Warren, 1899 , with type species Luxiaria obliquata Moore, 1888 , by original designation. To avoid any doubt which might result from Warren's attempt to change the type species of Bithiodes Warren 1894 , following the article 70.3 of the Code (1999), we confirm the nominal type Acidalia inexactata Walker, 1861 , for the genus name Bithiodes Warren, 1894 . Because A. inexactata is currently regarded ( Parsons et al. 1999) as a synonym of Eutoea heteroneurata (Guenée, 1858) , we consider Bithiodes Warren, 1894 to be a junior subjective synonym of Eutoea Walker, 1860 , syn. nov.

In addition, since in this paper we have transferred L. obliquata to Calletaera , Bithiodes Warren, 1899 should be considered as a junior subjective synonym of Calletaera Warren, 1895 , syn. nov.

Holloway (1994) mentioned that the species of Calletaera have the hindwing distinctly angled at M3, and considered a thorn-like process at the apex of the aedeagus as a potentially definitive feature. However, we find the two characters are not definitive features and are variable among different species in Calletaera .