Dodona formosana Matsumura, 1919

Wu, Li-Wei, Lin, Wen-Jie & Hsu, Yu-Feng, 2018, A distinct species, Dodonaformosana, detected in the Dodonaeugenes species complex: clarification of the taxonomic status of the Punch butterfly in Taiwan, ZooKeys 736, pp. 59-77 : 65-69

Dodona formosana Matsumura, 1919 stat. rev.

Dodona eugenes var. formosana Matsumura, 1919: Thous. Ins. Jap. Vol. 3: 591, pl. 46, f. 4, 5 (Type locality: Shito and Tochosi, Taihoku Pref., North Formosa; Holotype in SEHU).

Dodona eugenes matsumurana Nomura, 1930: Zephrus 2(2): 157-159, pl. 8, f. 1 (Type locality: Oowaki, Chikuto, Shinchiku Pref.; Holotype in SEHU).

Balonca formosana Hirayama, 1939: Genshoku Chrôui Zufu: pl. 22, f. 1, 2 (Type locality: Urai, Taihoku pref., North Formosa).

Dodona eugenes esakii Shirôzu, 1952: Sieboldia 1(1): 23-24, pl. 8, f. 44, 45, 48, 49 (Type locality: Taikokei valley and Heiganzan, Taichû Pref.), syn. n.

Material examined.

Holotype (Fig. 5K). ♂ labelled ‘35.7.23’, 'Shito [in Chinese]' (Shito, Pinglin, Xinbei, TAIWAN), ‘972’, 'type Dodona eugenes var. formosana Matsumura’ (SEHU)

Additional material. 1 ♂ labelled '2013. IX.24 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Erge Shiding Xinbei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. W. Huang, C. J. Peng, Y. T. Chen’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. VII.03 (Collect.)', '2014.IX.20 (Eclosion)', 'Mt. Erge Shiding Xinbei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia Dn066'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. V.17 (Collect.)', '2014.VII.09 (Eclosion)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. K. W. Hsiao, Y. M. Hsu’, 'genitalia Dn034', ‘14E37’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014.VII.07 (Eclosion)', '2014. V.17 (Collect.)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. K. W. Hsiao, Y. M. Hsu’, ‘14E37’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. V.17 (Collect.)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. K. W. Hsiao, Y. M. Hsu’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. V.17 (Collect.)', '2014.VII.09 (Eclosion)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. K. W. Hsiao, Y. M. Hsu’, 'genitalia lot. Dn038', ‘14E37’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. V.17 (Collect.)', '2014.VII.09 (Eclosion)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. K. W. Hsiao, Y. M. Hsu’, 'genitalia lot. Dn039', ‘14E37’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. V.17 (Collect.)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. K. W. Hsiao, Y. M. Hsu’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. V.17 (Collect.)', '2014.VII.09 (Eclosion)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. K. W. Hsiao, Y. M. Hsu’, 'genitalia lot. Dn033', ‘14E37’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. V.24 (Collect.)', '2014.VII.15 (Eclosion)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. P. Hseuh’, ‘14E50’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. V.24 (Collect.)', '2014.VII.15 (Eclosion)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. P. Hseuh’, ‘14E50’; 1 ♀ labelled '2014.VII.09 (Eclosion)', '2014. V.24 (Collect.)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. P. Hseuh’, ‘14E50’; 1 ♀ labelled '2014. V.24 (Collect.)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. P. Hseuh’, ‘14E48’; 1 ♀ labelled '2014. V.24 (Collect.)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. P. Hseuh’, ‘14E48’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. V.24 (Collect.)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. P. Hseuh’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. VIII.03 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Erge Shiding Xinbei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn023'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. VIII.03 (Collect.)', '2014.IX.25 (Eclosion)', 'Mt. Erge Shiding Xinbei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn024'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. VIII.03 (Collect.)', '2014.IX.21 (Eclosion)', 'Mt. Erge Shiding Xinbei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn025'; 1 ♂ labelled '2015. VI.27 (Collect.)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn067'; 1 ♂ labelled '2015. VI.27 (Collect.)', '2015.VIII.17 (Eclosion)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn064'; 1 ♂ labelled '2015. VIII.04 (Collect.)', '2015.IX.20 (Eclosion)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn065'; 1 ♂ labelled '2015. VIII.04 (Collect.)', '2015.IX.24 (Eclosion)', 'Daluntou Neihu Taipei’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn082'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014.VIII.30 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Neinaotsui Jianshi Xinchu’, 'leg. L. H. Wang, J. Y. Liang’, 'genitalia lot. Dn032', ‘14H41-1-MA03’; 1 ♂ labelled '2014.VIII.30 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Neinaotsui Jianshi Xinchu’, 'leg. L. H. Wang, J. Y. Liang’, 'genitalia lot. Dn070', ‘14H41-2-MS01’; 1 ♂ labelled '2013.VII.27 (Eclosion)', '2013.VI.20 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’; 1 ♀ labelled '2013.VIII.02 (Eclosion)', '2013.VI.22 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’; 1 ♂ labelled '2013.VIII.10 (Eclosion)', '2013.VI.25 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn027'; 1 ♂ labelled '2013.IX.29 (Eclosion)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn010'; 1 ♂ labelled '2013. XI.08 (Eclosion)', '2013.XI.29 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn026'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014.III.16 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn028'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. IV.01 (Eclosion)', '2014.III.16 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn028'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. X.07 (Eclosion)', '2014.XI.20 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. C. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn083'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. IV.02 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. J. Chang, Y. H. Lin, M. F. Chou’, 'genitalia lot. Dn059'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. IV.02 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. J. Chang, Y. H. Lin, M. F. Chou’, 'genitalia lot. Dn084'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014.IX.28 (Collect.)', '2014. VIII.25 (Eclosion)', 'Songmao Forest Road Hoping’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. W. Huang, Y. M. Hsu, Y. H. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn085'; 1 ♂ labelled '2014. XI.11 (Eclosion)', '2014.X.07 (Collect.)', 'Mt. Malun Hoping Taichung’, 'leg. W. J. Lin, C. C. Lin’, 'genitalia lot. Dn068'; 1 ♂ labelled '2015.VII.05 (Collect.)', 'Taiwan No. 8 Highway 119.5K Xiulin Hualien’, 'leg. L. Huang’, 'genitalia lot. Dn062', 'DNA lot. Rd030'.

Redescription of adults.

Male (Fig. 1A, B; 5A, C; Suppl. material 5). Head: Frons hairy, dark brown with a white band, edge with white laterally and ventrally. Chaetosemata forming a pair of transverse patches behind antennae. Eye semi-oval, sparsely hairy. Labial plapus porrect, white with distal tip dark brown, third segment extremely short. Thorax: Brown dorsally, white ventrally. Legs basically white, with tibia and tarsus clothed with yellow and brown scales; foretarsus with all tarsomeres fused. Length of forewing 2.871-3.569 mm (3.265 ± 0.172mm; n = 49). Forewing: Ground color of upper side brown. Fringe brown, but white in cell CuA2 and 1A+2A. Central symmetry system with proximal band forming an orange band; distal band discrete, displaced in cell M3 and CuA1. Apical spots white, submarginal spots orange, reduced occasionally. Ground color of underside brick red. Central symmetry system with proximal band and distal band similar to upper side but spots white to light yellow, discal spot slim. Submarginal spots white to light yellow, forming a discrete line, displaced in cell M1, M2, and M3. Parafocal element white, displaced and occasionally reduced in cell M1 and the following cell. Hindwing: Ground color of upper side brown, besides discal band, elements of central symmetry system bent inwards in cell CuA2. Fringe white checkered with brown. Central symmetry system with proximal band forming an orange band, occasionally faint; distal band orange, displaced in cell M1, M2 and M3, discal band slim, reduced occasionally. Submarginal spots white in cell M1 and M2, orange and displaced in cell M3 and the following cells. Parafocal element nearly parallel to submarginal spots, extended to tornus. Tail-like projection of cell Cu2 black, with fringe white forward but white mixed with brown behind. Lobe-like projection of cell 1A+2A black, with fringe brown mixed with white. Ground color of underside brick red, arrangement of central symmetry system similar to upper side but elements in cell 1A+2A and 3A more visible. Central symmetry system with proximal band slightly silver; distal band slightly silver, displaced in cell M1, M2 and M3, discal band light yellow, faint occasionally. Submarginal spots and paraforcal band white, border ocelli black in cell M1 and M2, black mixed with white in cell CuA2 and 1A+2A, elements in cell M1 and M2 forming two “eyespots”. Genitalia: With 9th and 10th segments fused, forming a complete ring; tegumen triangular in lateral view; vinculum evenly narrow; saccus reduced; uncus hook-like and down-curved posteriorly; branchia slender, swollen basally, bent medially; valva broader dorsally, a projection present at distal end of dorsal margin, sparse setae along margin; phallobase gradually tapering caudally; phallus up-curved; carina penis elongate and wavy laterally; cornuti present in the form of sclerotized band bearing minute spicules; juxta “X” -shaped, anterior branch broader, dorsal posterior branch evenly wide, ventral posterior branch with a bifurcate tip.

Female (Fig. 5B, D; Suppl. material 5). Head: Structure and color pattern similar to that of male. Thorax: Structure and color pattern similar to that of male, but foretarsus without tarsomeres fused. Length of forewing 2.994-3.843 mm (3.404 ± 0.178 mm; n = 43). Wing: Configuration similar to that of male, but ground color slightly brighter than that of male. Markings much more prominent than those of male. Termen more rounded than that of male. Genitalia: Papillae anales sparsely setose, sclerotized, forming a pair of rounded triangles. Posterior end of ductus bursae forming a sclerotized tube. Ductus bursae membranous anteriorly, with ductus seminalis joining dorsally and immediately cephalic to sclerotized tube. Corpus bursae ovoid, signa double, forming small invaginated, oval projections.

Diagnosis.

Wing pattern of Dodona formosana is similar to D. eugenes and D. maculosa Leech 1890, in sharing small markings and narrow stripes (Fig. 5), but can be distinguished by following characters: (1) The silver stripes on the underside of the hindwing is more prominent in D. eugenes (Fig. 5E, F); the spots on the wing upper side is orange in D. formosana (Fig. 5 A–D), but light orange or yellow is presented in D. eugenes (Fig. 5E, F). (2) The yellow spots posterior to cell M on the underside of the forewing are brighter in D. formosana (Fig. 5 A–D), the proximal band on the upper side of the hindwing is less prominent in D. formosana (Fig. 5 A–D).

Male genitalia of D. formosana is quite different from that of D. eugenes and D. maculosa , especially in the following characters (Fig. 1 A–D, F): (1) the valva is narrower and longer in D. formosana , its long axis is nearly two times as long as short axis; (2) the costal process is L-shaped in D. formosana , whereas it is triangular in D. eugenes and D. maculosa ; (3) the juxta of D. formosana and D. eugenes are nearly divided in the middle (Fig. 1 A–D), whereas they are strongly fused in D. maculosa (Fig. 1F); besides, the branches of juxta are slenderer in D. formosana (Figs 1 A–B) than D. eugenes (Fig. 1 C–D); (4) the phallus is longer and slenderer in D. formosana ; (5) the tip of carina penis is longer and down-curved in D. maculosa (Fig. 1F), and bifurcated in D. eugenes (Fig. 1 C–D).

Bionomics.

Eggs are laid singly, or a few in a small cluster on the leaf or branch, also in debris near hostplant. Larval hostplants are M. seguinii and M. africana . The 1st and 2nd instar larvae devour young leaves or scratch the mesophyll of old leaves. Final instar larva pupates on the underside of leaf (Suppl. material 6).

Distribution.

This species is endemic in Taiwan.