Kali colubrina, Melo, Marcelo R. S., 2008

Melo, Marcelo R. S., 2008, The genus Kali Lloyd (Chiasmodontidae: Teleostei) with description of new two species, and the revalidation of K. kerberti Weber, Zootaxa 1747, pp. 1-33 : 24-28

Kali colubrina , new species

( Figs. 1 F, 9, 10; Tables 2 , 9 and 10 )

Kali sp. Uyeno et al. 1983: 402 [brief diagnosis, record from off Suriname].

Holotype. MNRJ 31663, 123.0 mm, off Brazil, Subtropical South Atlantic, 19°50’ S, 39°10’ W, 1342–1444 m, 29–VI–2000, R/V Thalassa .

Paratypes. Atlantic, Straits of Florida: UF 158087, 1, 129.0 mm, Bahamas, 23°46’ S, 76°58’ W, 1307– 1317 m, Robins et al. col.; UF 149943, 1, 151.7 mm, 23°55’ N, 75°26’ W, 2184–2193 m, 11– II –1974, Robins et al. col.; UF 149944, 1, 95.8 mm, 23°44’ N, 76°49’ W, 1328–1337, 1–XI–1974, Staiger et al. col.; UF 148740, 1, 100.0 mm, 24° 28’ N, 77°20’ W, 1426–1502 m, 28– II –1976, Staiger et al. col.; UF 148742, 1, 105.3 mm, 23°52’ N, 77°18’ W, 1387–1390 m, 4– II –1974, Robins et al. col. Gulf of Mexico: USNM 186202, 1, 84.8 mm, 27°48’ N, 88°45’ W, 1554– 2011 m, 30–VII–1959, R/V Oregon. Subtropical South Atlantic: MNRJ 26704, 1, 104.9 mm (male), 21°26’ S, 39°49’ W, 1594–1614 m, R/V Thalassa ; MNRJ 26705, 19, 92.3–140.3 mm, 13°19’ S, 38°19’ W, 1726–1929 m, 20–VI–2000, R/V Thalassa ; MNRJ 26707, 2, 125.4– 155.4 mm, 19°45’S, 39°03’ W, 1183–1318 m, 29–VI–2000, R/V Thalassa ; MNRJ 26708, 3, 98.2–112.9 mm, 14°36’ S, 38°49’ W, 1055–1173 m, 10–VI–2000, R/V Thalassa ; MNRJ 26709, 2, 96.3–115.0 mm, 20°08’ S, 38°38’ W, 1614–1680 m, 28–VI–2000, R/V Thalassa ; MNRJ 26710, 1, 107.4 mm (male), 21°26’ S, 39°49’ W, 1594–1614 m, 7–VII–2000, R/V Thalassa ; MNRJ 26711, 5, 91.6–119.2 mm, collected with holotype; MNRJ 26713, 8, 103.5– 144.3 mm, 20°24’ S, 39°46’ W, 1209–1362 m, 2–VII–2000, R/V Thalassa ; MNRJ 26714, 1, 149.4 mm, 20°27’ S, 39°38’ W, 1645–1762 m, 2–VII–2000, R/V Thalassa ; MRNJ 26715, 1, 110.7 mm, 13°21’ S, 38°16’ W, 1981–2271 m, 20–VI–2000, R/V Thalassa . Pacific, Western Pacific: AMS 42761002, 2, 150.0– 151.4 mm, 32°36’ S, 167°50’ E, 1303–1313 m; NORFRANZ team col.; NMNZ P. 20216, 2, 143.6– 161.6 mm, 39°49’ S, 178°07’ E, 1093 m, 23–VIII–1986, R/V James Cook; NMNZ P. 39353, 1, 154.3 mm, 32° 38’ S, 167°50’ E, 1303–1313 m, 30–V–2003, R/V Tangaroa ; NMNZ P. 39323, 1, 154.7 mm, 32°37’ S, 167°47’ E, 1021–1052 m, 30–V–2003, R/V Tangaroa ; USNM 148773, 1, ca. 100.0 mm, 1°54’ S, 127°36’ E, 600 m, 2/ 3–XII–1909; R/V Albatross; USNM 207605, 1, 93.5 mm, 1°00’ S, 127°50’ E, 1545 m, 2–XII–1909, R/V Albatross. Pacific Plate: NMNZ P. 10035, 1, 171.2 mm, 30°32’ S, 178°22’ W, 05–XII– 1976, 97 m, R/V James Cook; SIO 84–43–60, 1, 100.0 mm, 19°14’ N, 169°07’ W, 1492 m, R/V New Horizon.

Diagnosis. Kali colubrina is diagnosed from its congeners by the unique dentition pattern: teeth in lateral series of premaxilla 13–22, type 4, caniniform but not developed as fangs, recurved (vs. teeth in lateral series of premaxilla seven to 22; first tooth developed as fang in K. falx and K. indica ; needle-like at least in the anterior part of dentigerous area in K. kerberti , K. normani , and K. macrura ; recurved, with ventral attachment in the posterior dentigerous area in K. macrura and entire dentigerous area in K. parri ); teeth in mesial series of premaxilla five to nine, not developed as fangs (vs. teeth in mesial series of premaxilla three in K. falx and K. indica ; four to five in K. kerberti , three to four in K. macrura ; and six to fifteen in K. parri ; developed as fangs in K. falx , K. indica ; K. kerberti , and K. macrodon ); teeth in lateral series of dentary eight to 18, type 4, caniniform but not very elongated, recurved (vs. teeth in lateral series of dentary seven to 22, elongated in K. falx and K. indica ; needle-like at least in the anterior fourth of dentigerous area in K. kerberti , K. normani , and K. macrura ; with ventral attachment, recurved, in the posterior dentigerous area in K. macrura , and entire dentigerous area in K. parri ); teeth in mesial series of dentary six to ten, not developed as fangs (vs. teeth in mesial series of premaxilla two to four in K. falx and K. indica ; four to five in K. kerberti , six to eight in K. macrura ; and seven to 19 in K. parri ; developed as fangs in K. falx , K. in dica; K. kerberti , and K. macrodon ).

Description. Moderate-sized species of Kali , largest specimen examined 171.2 mm SL. Meristic data summarized in table 9, and morphometric in table 10. General body pattern as described for genus.

Dentition. Teeth present on premaxilla, dentary, palatine, upper and lower pharyngobranchials; premaxilla and dentary as illustrated in figure 1 F and summarized in table 2. Tooth crown length 10.6–24.9% in tooth length. Premaxilla elongate, slightly arched in lateral view, with teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth type 4, curved, without flange, moderately and uniformly spaced; increasing in size from anterior to posterior on first half, gradually decreasing in size to posterior end; first tooth at anterior ventral edge of premaxilla, strongly recurved, posterior teeth at lateral edge of premaxilla. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange, not developed into fangs, largest tooth 10.1–14.2% in premaxillary length. Teeth uniformly and moderately spaced between level of posterior margin of ascending process of premaxilla to posterior margin of eye, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior.

Dentary elongate, moderately arched in lateral view; teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth type 4, curved, without flange, moderately and uniformly spaced; slightly increasing in size from anterior to posterior on first half, gradually decreasing in size to posterior end. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange, not developed into fangs, largest tooth 8.9–12.5% in dentary length. First tooth at level of gap between first and second teeth in mesial series of premaxilla; other teeth uniformly spaced, opposite to teeth in mesial series of premaxilla, but extending to end of dentigerous area of dentary.

Palatine teeth type 4, needle-like, slightly curved, without flange, in single row. Lower pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, in single row; upper pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, in small patches. Teeth absent on gill arches, basihyal and basibranchials.

Color. Skin covering body very thin, missing in most specimens, description based on NMNZ P. 39323. Epidermis black, thin and fragile, but fairly preserved in several specimens, except for head; dermis gray, with closely spaced melanophores, very thin and closely attached to hypaxial and epaxial muscles. Peritoneum black. Orobranchial chamber pale, with few widely-spaced melanophores in sides of mouth, opercle, membranes between branchiostegal rays and gill arches.

Distribution. Equatorial, tropical, and subtropical regions of the Atlantic, between 30° N and 21° S, Western Pacific and Pacific Plate, between 20° N and 40° S.

Bathymetric distribution. Bathypelagic zone; more frequently recorded at depths between 1300 and 1800 m (mean 1467 m). A single record from above 1000 m (600 m); deepest record at 2270 m.

Etymology. From the Latin coluber, snake; colubrina , feminine, snake-like. In a reference to the numerous recurved teeth in the upper and lower jaws, resembling the snakes of the family Colubridae .

Figures

FIGURE 1. Schematic of the dentition in species of Kali; lower and upper jaws illustrated in lateral view: (A) K. indica, SIO 69 – 19 – 60; (B) K. kerberti, AMNH 225946; (C) K. macrodon, USNM 207597; (D) K. macrura USNM 207608; (E) K. parri, ISH 2123 b – 1971; (F) K. colubrina, UF 149944; (G) K. falx, USNM 207618. Teeth with ventral attachment to bone indicated in red, darker in mesial series, lighter in lateral series; type 4 teeth indicated in blue, darker in mesial series, lighter in lateral series; see text for details. Scale bar equals to 1 cm.

Tables

TABLE 9. Morphometric data of Kali colubrina (n = 13) and K. falx (n = 4). H means holotype and SD standard deviation.

		Kali colubrina			Kali falx
Character	H	Range Mean	SD	H	Range Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	123.0	95.8–171.2 132.3	33.7	162.9	96.3–162.9 138.7	24.7
Head length (mm)	31.5	25.8–43.1 25.3	10.4	44.5	38.2–44.7 42.1	22.6
Percentage of HL
Snout	30.3	27.4–32.0 30.1	1.5	29.9	29.9–32.3 31.3	1.2
Upper jaw	80.6	79.3–87.0 81.9	2.7	79.5	77.9–79.5 78.6	0.7
Lower jaw	84.2	83.6–90.9 86.3	2.1	87.5	87.5–89.4 88.4	0.8
Orbit width	19.2	17.9–21.6 19.8	1.3	14.7	11.2–16.1 14.2	2.1
Orbit height	16.6	13.5–19.7 16.1	1.8	9.7	9.7–12.4 11.1	1.3
Anterior nostril to eye	7.5	7.5–12.8 9.7	1.7	6.9	6.9–9.1 7.7	1.0
Posterior nostril to eye	2.2	1.8–7.0 3.8	1.5	2.5	1.9–2.5 2.3	0.3
Distance between nostrils	6.2	3.7–6.3 4.9	1.0	3.4	3.4–5.4 4.4	1.0
Interorbital distance	24.8	23.5–26.7 24.8	1.0	20.9	20.9–23.3 21.9	1.0
Head width	35.0	31.6–36.5 34.3	1.7	30.0	28.6–32.6 30.5	1.7
Cheek depth	3.6	3.4–6.2 4.7	0.9	4.9	3.5–5.1 4.4	0.8
Percentage of SL
Head length	25.6	24.3–29.1 26.0	1.5	27.3	25.6–27.5 26.8	0.8
Body width	3.8	3.5–7.1 5.0	1.1	6.4	5.0–6.9 5.9	0.9
Insertion of pectoral fin	31.3	26.9–32.2 29.2	1.8	27.2	26.9–28.4 27.6	0.7
Insertion of pelvic fin	32.8	25.6–35.0 29.8	2.4	27.8	25.6–28.6 27.0	1.4
Pectoral-fin length	23.2	19.0–26.3 22.7	2.0	12.5	9.8–12.5 11.1	1.9
Pelvic-fin length	11.3	7.8–12.9 10.4	1.6	12.0	7.7–12.0 9.9	3.1
Origin of 1st dorsal fin	29.3	27.8–32.0 29.6	1.3	30.2	27.0–31.3 29.0	2.0
Base of 1st dorsal fin	21.3	21.3–25.4 23.2	1.3	22.3	21.2–24.8 22.6	1.5
Origin of 2nd dorsal fin	53.8	52.1–57.1 55.1	1.7	54.0	52.1–56.0 53.8	1.6
Base of 2nd dorsal fin	43.4	31.3–38.4 34.6	2.0	38.7	32.6–38.7 35.3	2.7
Origin of anal fin	54.6	49.8–56.8 54.3	1.9	53.9	51.6–54.3 53.0	1.3
Base of anal fin	33.2	29.8–36.5 32.6	1.9	33.7	33.1–35.9 34.5	1.3
Peduncle depth	3.6	2.7–9.6 4.0	1.8	3.9	3.3–3.9 3.6	0.3
Peduncle length	13.3	11.3–16.4 13.8	1.2	12.4	11.6–13.9 12.5	1.0

TABLE 10. Meristic data of Kali parri (n = 8), K. colubrina (n = 14), and K. falx (n = 8). Asterisk indicates data not available.

Kali colubrina			Kali falx
Character Holotype Range	Mode	Holotype	Range	Mode
Fin counts
First dorsal-fin rays XIII XI–XIV	XIII	XII	X–XIII	XII
Second dorsal-fin rays 23 23–26	23	24	22–24	23
Anal-fin rays 24 23–25	24	26	23–26	25
Pectoral-fin rays 11 10–11	11	11	11–13	11
Pelvic-fin rays I, 5 I, 5	I, 5	I, 5	I, 5	I, 5
Caudal-fin rays ii, 6, 7, ii ii, 6–7, 7, ii	ii, 6, 7, ii	ii, 6, 7, ii	ii, 6–7, 7–7, ii	ii, 6, 7, ii
Branchiostegal rays 6 6	6	6	6	6
Pores of Sensorial System
Lateral line * *	*	*	*	*
Temporal * *	*	*	*	*
Supratemporal * *	*	*	*	*
Otic * *	*	*	*	*
Supraorbital * *	*	*	*	*
Epiphyseal branch * *	*	*	*	*
Infraorbital * 7–9	8	*	*	*
Preopercular 4 4	4	4	4	4
Mandibular 4 6	6	6	6	6
Osteology
Total vertebrae * 39–40 (n=8)	40	*	38 (n=1)	38
Precaudal vertebrae * 24–26 (n=6)	25	*	*	*