Psapharochrus cylindricus ( Bates, 1861 )

Casari, Sônia A., 2016, Morphology of Immatures of Acanthoderini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae), Zootaxa 4139 (1) : -

Psapharochrus cylindricus ( Bates, 1861)

( Figs. 12‒23 , 64‒69 )

Description of larva. Length: 2.8‒4.1 mm. Elongate, cylindrical, flattened especially on pro- and mesothorax ( Figs. 65‒67 ). Coloration yellowish-white; light brown after fixation; exposed area of head brownish-yellow with dorsal and ventral dark-reddish-brown anterior band, forming mouth frame; black mandibles; labrum partially light brown; membranous maxillae and labium, with light brown areas. Prothorax with three dorsal yellowish patches (one transverse median anterior and one longitudinal each side) and two longitudinal lateroventral (crescent). Ampullae tuberculate and not spiculate, with moniliform tubercles. Pubescence yellowish, long, denser laterally and on anterior region of prothorax.

Head ( Figs. 12, 13 , 65‒67 ) extensible, deeply retracted into prothorax; exposed area 0.42X of head length; elongate, oblong, almost glabrous; prognathous and strongly flattened, slightly narrowed on posterior half; posterior margin rounded. Head capsule with slightly sinuous lateral margins; median suture and endocarina almost as long as head capsule length; frontal sutures distinct in a short area behind antennal foramina. Epistomal margin almost straight, strongly sclerotized, with three pairs of setae, near anterior margin. Each epicranial half with three setae near mouth frame border, and five lateral below each stemma. One translucent stemma on each side. Occipital foramen entire with anterior margin wider and slightly rounded. Gular suture long with two setae each side. Antennae ( Figs. 14, 15 ) minute, retractable, with two antennomeres: basal wider than long, with one dorsal campaniform sensillum; distal elongate bearing at apex one well developed membranous conical sensorial appendix, two long and five short and wide setae. Antennal foramen opened posteriorly. Clypeus membranous, trapezoidal, 3.3X wider than long, translucent and glabrous. Labrum ( Fig. 16 ) transverse, oval, 1.9X wider than long, light brown at basal half, with numerous long setae on distal third. Epipharynx ( Fig. 17 ) wide and rounded with long and wide inwardly directed setae; one sclerite each side on basal two-thirds. Mandibles ( Figs. 20‒22 ) symmetrical, wide at mesal region; cutting edge wide, oblique and grooved innerly; one small dorsal lobe near apex; mesal area with inclined ridges and grooves; outer face with longitudinally striate transverse impression, continuing with one longitudinal median furrow apicad and two setae near base. Maxillae ( Figs. 18, 19 ): ventrally partially membranous; stipes with brown, inclined, transverse band near middle and numerous long setae near inclined dark band; cardines and maxillary articulating areas fused to postmentum; mala elongate, shorter than palpus with rounded apex and light brown lateral area near base; numerous long setae dorsal and ventral. Palpifer membranous in a short distal band, ventrally with long and short setae, near anterior margin, and dorsally with two long setae near lateral margin. Maxillary palpi with three palpomeres: basal, as long as wide, with five ventral setae near anterior margin and one dorsal near lateral margin; median, slightly longer than wide, with five long ventral setae near anterior margin, and one dorsal near lateral margin; distal, elongate with one ventral campaniform sensillum near apex and dorsally, one wide lateroexternal and one short laterointernal seta near apex; peg-like sensilla at apex. Labium ( Fig. 18 ) ventral: postmentum membranous with three pairs of long and one pair of short setae; prementum wider than long, narrowed at basal half; brown band on basal 2/3; one campaniform sensillum and one short laterobasal seta each side; palpiger membranous with numerous setae of varied sizes; ligula wide, membranous with distal margin rounded and numerous long setae. Labial palpi with two elongate palpomeres: basal, ventrally with band of long setae near anterior margin and two campaniform sensilla; distal, with one ventral campaniform sensillum near lateral margin and peg-like sensilla at apex. Hypopharynx ( Fig. 19 ) with anterior margin rounded; membranous with numerous long and wide inwardly directed setae; one elongate sclerite each side on basal half.

Prothorax wider than long, narrower anteriorly; anterior and lateral margins rounded; lateral pronotal furrows and alar lobes present; postnotal fold indistinct. Pronotum flat in a median elliptical tuberculate area on basal ⅔; tubercles moniliform more visible near base; a row of dense and long setae near anterior and lateral margins, and short setae dispersed in remainder areas. Prothorax ventral: eusternum with large tubercles; sternellum well defined; long setae more concentrated near anterior and lateral margins. Meso- and metathorax short, band-shaped; mesothorax slightly wider than metathorax, anteriorly as wide as prothorax; metathorax longer and narrower than mesothorax. Mesothorax ventral and metathorax dorsal and ventral with one median transverse furrow, wider at extremities, with one row of moniliform tubercles each side; setae longer laterally. A large elliptical lateroventral spiracle ( Figs. 23 , 66 ) between pro- and mesothorax; spiracle protruded and located lower than other spiracles.

Abdominal segments I‒VI decreasing slightly in width and increasing in length; segments VII‒VIII elongate and cylindrical, wider and longer than VI; segment IX slightly longer than ½ of segment VIII length, narrowed at apex; segment X short and narrow with trilobed apex. Segments I‒VII dorsally with one median transverse ampulla with two median transverse furrows and three rows of moniliform tubercles; larger tubercles between furrows; ampullae ventral with one transverse furrow with one pit each extremity and tubercles each side. Segments I‒VIII with one lateroanterior elliptical spiracle, smaller than thoracic, decreasing in size to apex direction; one epipleural tubercle below each spiracle; each epipleural tubercle with one pair of sclerotized pits. Setae of abdomen longer laterally.

Description of pupa ( Figs. 68, 69 ). Length: 16 mm. Coloration yellowish-white with reddish-brown spines, each with one light brown seta at base or near base; spines increasing in size to body apex direction.

Head partially visible dorsally, with eight pairs of spines each with one long, simple or ramified seta at base; spines more concentrated at frontal area; one pair of longer setae internal each antennal insertion. Clypeal area with two widely fused spines each side, forming a short transverse carina, each spine with one ramified seta and some tiny spines at base; two spines each internal margin of eyes. Labrum with transverse row with five pairs of tiny spines, each with one simple seta. Each mandible with two lateral long simple setae. Antennae reaching middle of metaventrite, where they are strongly curved and directed anteriorly.

Pronotum wider than long; lateral margins prominent near middle, forming one wide projection each side, with three well developed spines each; two weak rounded tubercles near anterior margin, with numerous spines on or near each tubercle, each spine with one basal seta; spines more concentrated at base of tubercles and near base of lateral projections. Meso- and metanotum, each with two inclined, convergent bands of spines, each with one basal seta. Femora clavate, mid and hind femora with a long blunt process near base; all femora near apex with row of spines, each with one long basal seta.

Dorsally abdominal segments grooved longitudinal medially; segments I‒VI near middle with two patches of spines anteriorly, (tergite I, with only two spines) and a transverse basal band of spines, almost reaching lateral margins, each with one basal seta; segment VII longer, subtriangular, with spines dispersed at middle, each with one seta; segment VIII band-like, each side with four spines, each with one basal seta. Segment IX band-like and narrow, with one pair of well-developed dorsal spines and one laterodorsal projection each side, each with three well developed spines; ventrally with two small rounded tubercles. Segment X rounded and bilobed. Ventrally each abdominal segment with three lateral spines with one basal seta each side, increasing in size to apex direction. Segments I‒VI with laterodorsal elliptical spiracle.

Material examined. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Santa Bárbara (Serra do Caraça), 8.XII.1981, Exp. MZUSP col., 1 larva reared to adult (larval and pupal exuviae) ( MZSP 8782). São Paulo: Cotia, (Estrada da Caucaia) 18.V.1996, S. Ide, Rita & M.J.Coelho cols, 1 larva reared to adult (last larval exuvia) ( MZSP 8754); Guapiara (Faz. Intervales, Monte Rosa) 13.XI.1992, Exp. MZUSP col., 1 larva reared to adult (last larval and pupal exuviae) ( MZSP 8693); Nazaré Paulista, 17.VII.92, Dietz, B. H., 1 larva reared to adult (2 larval and 1 pupal exuviae), 1 pupa fixed ( MZSP 8693); 1 larva reared to adult (larval and pupal exuviae) ( MZSP 8694); Salesópolis (Guaratuba) 08.IV.1987, S. Ide col., 1 larva reared to adult (last larval and pupal exuviae), 3 larvae fixed ( MZSP 8683).

Remarks. The larva of P. cylindricus is recognized by pubescence long and dense, especially laterally; antennomere distal with seven setae (two longer); mandibles with one small dorsal lobe near apex and outer face with transverse impression longitudinally striate, continuing with one longitudinal median furrow apicad; and postmentum with four pairs of setae (one short).

The pupa presents setae very long, especially on head; pronotum with one wide projection each side, with three well developed spines each; clypeal area with a short transverse carina each side, formed by fusion of two wide spines; and segment IX with one projection each side, each with three well developed spines.

Figures

FIGURES 12 ‒ 23. Psapharochrus cylindricus (Bates, 1861). Larva: 12, 14, head (dorsal, ventral); 14, 15 antenna (dorsal, ventrodistal); 16, frons, clypeus and labrum; 17, epipharynx; 18, 19, maxilla and labium (ventral, dorsal); 20 ‒ 22, mandible (external, dorsal, ventral); 23, spiracle (thoracic). Bars = 5 mm, except figs. 12, 13, 19 = 1 mm; 14, 23, 0.1 mm; fig. 15 = 0. 0 5 mm.

FIGURES 58 ‒ 69. Habitus. 58 ‒ 63, Oreodera glauca (Linnaeus, 1758): 58 ‒ 60, larva (dorsal, lateral, ventral); 61 ‒ 62, pupa (dorsal, ventral); 63, adult (dorsal). 64 ‒ 69, Psapharochrus cylindricus (Bates, 1861): 64, adult (dorsal); 65 ‒ 67, larva (dorsal, lateral, ventral); 68 ‒ 69, pupa (dorsal, ventral).