Climacia flinti, Assmar & Pires Machado & Calor, 2022

Assmar, Alice Carvalho, Pires Machado, Renato José & Calor, Adolfo Ricardo, 2022, Taxonomic revision and first phylogeny of Climacia McLachlan, 1869 (Neuroptera: Sisyridae), with new species and identification key, Zoologischer Anzeiger (Zool. Anz.) 299 (2022), pp. 128-175 : 138-141

Climacia flinti sp. nov. differs from its congeners by having a longitudinal streak at the base of subcostal vein, a small streak in the radiomedial sector, in addition to three RP bifurcations anterior to pterostigma.

4.9. Description

Adult. Body color generally light brown to brown laterally and yellow medially, with long brown and light brown setae throughout. Head. Maxillary and labial palps light brown. Scape, pedicel, and flagellomeres dark brown to black. Vertex is darker than head. Thorax. Pronotum longer than broad, laterally dark brown, medially yellow.

Forewing ( Fig. 9B and D ). 4.65–6.4 mm in length, 1.5–2.3 mm wide at pterostigma (n = 6). Stramineous in coloration. Subcostal veinlets varying from 21 to 23. Three bifurcations of RP anterior to pterostigma. Dark brown longitudinal Sc streak extending from the base, ending in the 8th Sc veinlet approximately. Small radiomedial streak present in the first RP bifurcation. Small streak at antepterostigma. Pterostigma and postpterostigma hyaline. Presence of spots on longitudinal veins starting at radial sector. Maculae present in the membrane between longitudinal veins near posterior margin. Number of branches near posterior margin is usually from two to four in RP1, from two to three in RP2, four in RP3, RP4, and MA, two in MP, sometimes three, from five to six in CuA, sometimes seven, CuP, A1 and A2 are not forked.

Hind wing ( Fig. 9C and E ). 4.3–5.8 mm in length (n = 3). Subcostal veinlets varying from 18 to 20, without streaks. Number of forks near posterior margin in RP1+2 varies from two to three branches, RP3 usually three, RP4 from two to three, MA usually three, MP not forked, CuA from four to five, CuP, A1 and A2 not forked.

Legs. Light brown.

Male genitalia ( Fig. 9F–H ). Presence of a cavity between segments 7 and 8, with a setae-like process. Tergite 9 dorsally thin, medially expanded, line of setae throughout posterior margin, and thick setae in ventral margin. Sternite 9 small, rounded, with long setae, located slightly before tergite 9. Ectoproct covered by dentigerous-based setae, with two halves fused dorsally, with acute antero-dorsal projection. Gonocoxite 9 projected ventrally, angled 45 ◦ dorsoventrally, apex rounded, covered by dentigerous-based setae. Gonocoxite 10 rounded, large, with antero-dorsal projection in lateral view. Gonostyle 10 tip pointed mesad. Gonapophyses 10 long, proximal portion expanded in distal view, distal portion holding distal membrane of gonocoxite 10, which has setae-like structures, Female genitalia ( Fig. 9I ). Tergite 9 small, broader anteriorly, dorsal margin sloping gradually posteroventrally, anterior margin slightly bent near the middle, ventral margin sinuous. Ectoproct almost equal length, joined to segment 8 antero-medially, with several setae. Gonocoxite 9 almost same size of tergite 9, slightly longer, apex bent posteriad.

Immature. Unknown.

4.10. Remarks

Based on the differences in forewing color pattern, geographic distribution, differences of the male genitalia, and the variation in the position in the phylogenetic analyses, C. aff. chilena is here identified as a new species, Climacia flinti sp. nov., instead of a variation of C. chilena .

Representatives of C. flinti sp. nov. Were initially added in the phylogeny as C. aff. chilena , due to their similarities and it was recovered in different positions in the different topologies. In the EW, it was recovered in the first ramifications, sister to other Climacia species ( Fig. 4A ), and in the IW k = 1–2, k = 3–4, k = 5–7 ( Fig. 4B–D ), it appeared as sister group to Climacia versicolor . However, the male gonocoxite 9 in C. versicolor is more expanded ventrally compared to C. flinti sp. nov.

Climacia flinti sp. nov. presents similar forewing color pattern of C. triplehorni , but they are easily distinguished by the number of forewing’ s RP bifurcations and the shape of the male gonocoxite 9. Also, C. flinti sp. nov. is similar to C. chilena in the shape of the male gonocoxite 9, but they differ in the format of the ectoproct, which is dorsally thinner, and the anterior margin has a more acute curvature in C. flinti sp. nov. than in C. chilena . In addition, gonapophysis 10 is longer in C. flinti sp. nov.

One female paratype of C. triplehorni deposited in USNM from Seara, Santa Catarina – Brazil, is actually C. flinti sp. nov. because wings color pattern and forewing venation are equal to the specimens collected at the same locality and the male genitalia of these are C. flinti sp. nov.

Climacia payaya Assmar & Calor sp. nov.

( Fig. 10A–G )

Climacia payaya sp. nov. Assmar & Calor; (non) C. carpenteri Flint, 1998: 109 .

4.11. Etymology

The name is in honor to native Brazilian people, called “povos indígenas” in Portuguese. Payay´a is a native Brazilian population, that originally occur from states of Cear´a, Paraíba and Bahia (Recˆoncavo Baiano to Chapada Diamantina), and was honored here as representative to all native Brazilians, which have been suffering oppression since AD 1500.

4.12. Type material

Holotype. Male (alcohol, genitalia in glycerin, wings on slide): Brazil: Bahia: Iaçú, Fazenda Sossego , 12 ◦ 46 ′ 1 ′′ S, 40 ◦ 12 ′ 43 ′′ W, 06.xii.2013, Pennsylvania light trap, Bravo, F. Leg. (INPA).

Paratypes. Brazil: Bahia: Iaçú (UFBA #SIS31; DZUP; CAS; INPA; MZUSP), (UFBA #SIS45); Andaraí (UFBA #SIS46), (UFBA #SIS47); Mucuge ˆ(MCZ; INPA), (UFBA #SIS43), (UFBA #SIS51), (UFBA #SIS50); Tiburtino waterfall (UFBA #SIS32; MZFS), (INPA, UFBA #SIS49) . Minas Gerais: Rio Paraúna (USNMENT 1447928; 1447929; 1447930; 1447931) .

4.13. Distribution

Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais) ( Fig. 10A ) .

4.14. Diagnosis

Climacia payaya sp. nov. differs from the congeners by having small, isolated streak in the radiomedial sector and no other fuscous streak in forewing.

4.15. Description

Adult. Body color generally yellowish, with light brown setae throughout. Head. Scape and pedicel yellowish brown, flagellomeres brownish basally then become black, vertex same color as head. Thorax. Thoracic segments pale yellow, pronotum longer than broad.

Forewing ( Fig. 10B ). 4.0– 5.5 mm length, 1.0– 1.6 mm wide at pterostigma (n = 10). Yellowish in coloration. Subcostal veinlets varying from 20 to 24. Two bifurcations of RP vein anterior to pterostigma. Small isolated radiomedial streak present, starting at RA covering 1st r, going obliquely through RP first bifurcation, ending at 1st rp-ma. Pterostigma pale, with no dark streak. Dark brown spots on longitudinal veins starting after outer gradate series of crossveins. Crossveins yellowish. Maculae present in the membrane between longitudinal veins. Number of branches near posterior margin is usually from three to five in RP1+2 vein, from three to four in RP3, four in RP4, from three to five in MA, from two to three in MP, more often two, from four to six in CuA veins, and CuP, A1 and A2 are not forked.

Hind wing ( Fig. 10C ). 3.5–4.5 mm length (n = 10). Hyaline, with no streak. Subcostal veinlets varying from 18 to 21. Number of forks near posterior margin in RP1+2 vein varying from two to four branches, RP3 varying from two to three, RP4 varying from two to three, MA varying from two to four, MP not forked, rarely with one, CuA varying from four to six, CuP, A1 and A2 not forked.

Legs. Pale yellow. Different types of setae present ( Fig. 7E and F ). Tibial spur present in the mesoleg ( Fig. 7F )

Male genitalia ( Fig. 10D–F ). Sternite 9 broad, rounded lobe, with dentigerous-based setae, at base of gonocoxite 9. Tergite 9 a lateral plate, with line of setae in posterior margin. Ectoproct anterodorsal margin with acute projection. Gonocoxite 9 free, projected distally, dorsal margin convex, apex rounded, with numerous dentigerous-based setae. Gonocoxite 10 sinuous in lateral view, with gonostyle 10 tip pointed dorsad.

Female genitalia ( Fig. 10G ). Tergite 8 long, ribbon-like. Tergite 9 broad, proximally near tergite 8 and articulated distally with gonocoxite 9. Ectoproct as a rounded lobe, anterodorsal margin connected to the segment 8 and anteroventral margin connected to the tergite 9. Gonocoxite 9 elongated, with apex bent posteriad.

Immature. Unknown.

4.16. Remarks

Climacia payaya sp. nov. is here recorded to the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais-Brazil. Flint (1998) recorded C. carpenteri to Minas Gerais, but the specimens were examined, and they actually represent Climacia payaya sp. nov. The specimens were collected mostly from November to February, with a few specimens being collected in July.

Climacia payaya sp. nov. is similar to C. carpenteri in the male genitalia general morphology, but they differ in shape of the gonocoxite 9 apex, which is broader in C. carpenteri , and the gonostyle 11 is more angled dorsally in C. carpenteri than in Climacia payaya sp. nov. They also differ because of the small streaks before and after pterostigma in C. carpenteri , which are absent in C. payaya sp. nov., and in C. carpenteri the forewing spots start at the radiomedial sector, while that in the new species it starts after the outer gradate series of crossveins.

The new species was recovered in a polytomy with C. desordenata , C. nota , and C. basalis due to similarities in the forewing color pattern and venation.

Climacia amalla Flint, 1998 .

( Fig. 11A–D )

Climacia amalla Flint, 1998: 108 [description]; Flint, 2006: 283 [record].

4.17. Type material

Figures

Fig. 9. A–I. Climacia flinti sp. nov.: A, Distribution map. B, Holotype forewing, and C, hind wing. D, Paratype forewing, and E, hind wing. F, Male genitalia, lateral view. G, 10th gonocoxite complex, dorsal view. H, Same, but lateral view. I, Female genitalia, lateral view.

Fig. 4. A–F. Climacia McLachlan phylogenetic hypothesis of relationship under different weighting, consensus trees. A, Equal weighting. B–F Implied weighting: B, k = 1–2. C, k = 3–4. D, k = 5–7. E, k = 8. F, k = 9–20. Yellow and green boxes representing the clades 1 and 2, respectively, both appeared in all analysis. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 10. A–G. Climacia payaya sp. nov.: A, Distribution map. B, Holotype forewing, and C, hind wing. D, Male genitalia, lateral view. E, 10th gonocoxite complex, dorsal view. F, Same, but lateral view. G, Female genitalia, lateral view.

Fig. 7. A–G. Scanning electron microscopy photographs of Climacia payaya sp. nov. structures. A, Dorsal view of head and prothorax, showing convex vertex and lack of epicranial suture. B, Triangular frons, with mouthparts in evidence on C–D. C, Anterior view of buccal appendages. D, Posterior view of mouthparts. E, Proleg, with five long setae on femur. F, Mesoleg, with tibial spur expanded. G, Female genitalia, lateral view. (Abbreviations: atp = anterior tentorial pit, cly = clypeus, cx = coxae, fm = femur, ga = galea, gx = gonocoxite, lac = lacinia, lbp = labial palp, lbr = labrum, md = mandibula, mxp = maxillary palp, ped = pedicel, S = Sternite, sc = scalpe, tb = tibia, tbs = tibial spur, tc = tarsal claw, ts = tarsus, T = Tergite, ve = vertex).

Fig. 11. A–D. Climacia amalla Flint, 1998: A, Distribution map. B, Forewing. C, Hind wing. D, Female genitalia, lateral view (Red stars = new records). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)