Climacia chilena, Parfin & Gurney, 1956

Assmar, Alice Carvalho, Pires Machado, Renato José & Calor, Adolfo Ricardo, 2022, Taxonomic revision and first phylogeny of Climacia McLachlan, 1869 (Neuroptera: Sisyridae), with new species and identification key, Zoologischer Anzeiger (Zool. Anz.) 299 (2022), pp. 128-175 : 154-160

Climacia chilena differs from its congeners by the narrow longitudinal

Sc streak and no other streak in the forewing.

4.79. Description

Adult. Body color generally yellow to light brown, with long brown and light brown setae throughout. Head. Maxillary and labial palps light brown. Scape and pedicel yellow, flagellomeres brown to black. Vertex usually darker than head. Thorax. Pronotum longer than broad, without streak, sometimes with small longitudinal line.

Forewing ( Fig. 20B ). 5.17–5.74 mm in length, 1.83–2.17 mm wide at pterostigma (n = 9). Stramineous in coloration. Subcostal veinlets varying from 23 to 27. Three bifurcations of RP anterior to the pterostigma. Dark brown longitudinal streak at the base of Sc, ending in the 11th subcostal veinlet approximately. Antepterostigma, pterostigma and postpterostigma hyaline. Spots present on longitudinal veins starting at radial sector. Maculae present in the membrane between longitudinal veins near posterior margin. Number of branches after forks near posterior margin in RP1 usually two, RP2 from two to three, RP3 from three to five, RP4 from four to five, MA from four to five, MP usually two, sometimes three, CuA from usually six, sometimes seven, CuP, A1 and A2 not forked.

Hind wing ( Fig. 20C ). 4.57–5.39 mm in length (n = 8). Subcostal veinlets varying from 20 to 22. Sometimes with similar streaks of forewing. Number of forks near posterior margin in RP1+2 varies from two to four branches, RP3 usually three, RP4 from three to five, MA usually three, MP not forked, CuA from four to five, CuP, A1 and A2 not forked.

Legs. Yellow.

Male genitalia ( Fig. 20D–F ). Presence of a cavity between segments 7 and 8, with a setae-like process. Tergite 9 dorsally thin, ventrally expanded, line of setae on posterior margin. Sternite 9 small, rounded, located slightly before gonocoxite 9. Ectoproct with two halves fused dorsally, with acute antero-dorsal projection. Gonocoxite 9 projected, angled 45 ◦ dorsoventrally, narrowed to apex, which is rounded, covered by dentigerous-based setae ( Flint 1998). Gonocoxite 10 rounded, large, with antero-dorsal projection in lateral view. Gonostyle 10 larger basally, tip pointed dorsad in lateral view and mesad in dorsal view. Gonapophyses 10 small, holding distal membrane of gonocoxite 10, which has four setae-like structures.

Female genitalia ( Fig. 20G ). Tergite 8 small, larger medio-laterally, ventral margin thinner. Tergite 9 dorsal margin sinuous, sloping gradually posteroventrally, ventral margin straight, bent posteriorly to articulation point. Gonocoxite 9 smaller, almost same size of tergite 9, apex bent posteriad. Ectoproct almost equal length, joined to segment 8 antero-dorsally.

Immature. Unknown.

4.80. Remarks

The holotype is pinned and lacks the left antenna and half of the right antenna. The right wings are on a slide and the genitalia are preserved in glycerin. The male genitalia was firstly described by Flint (1998).

Climacia chilena was recovered as sister group of C. lemniscata Flint, 1998 , depending on the weighting. They are similar either in forewing coloration and male genitalia format, but they are distinguished by the Sc streak at the base of forewing present in C. chilena , and the gonocoxite 9 of C. lemniscata is greater extended than C. chilena .

4.81. Etymology

The name is in honor of the country where the species was first collected, Chile.

Climacia desordenata Monserrat, 2005

( Fig. 21A–F )

Climacia desordenata Nav´as, 1933: 196 (as C. basalis ) [description]; Monserrat, 2005: 4 [new name]; Bowles, 2015: 1 [ C. basalis junior synonym]; Menezes et al., 2018: 12 [as C. basalis , record].

4.82. Type material

Lectotype. Female from Corumb´a, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil (NSMB).

Paralectotype. Same data as holotype (MZB).

4.83. Material

Brazil: Amazonas: Rio Nhamunda´(INPA). Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumb´a (NSMB; photograph); (ZMB; photograph). Guyana: Dubulay Ranch (USNMENT 1476284); Pirara Ranch and River (USNMENT 1476824, 1476289, 1476291, 1476295, 1476296, 1476297, 1476298).

4.84. Distribution

Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Roraima), Guyana

( Fig. 21A ).

4.85. Diagnosis

Climacia desordenata differs from its congeners by having three conspicuous streaks in the forewing, one longitudinal streak along the base of Sc, one subtriangular radiomedial streak and a large anal streak almost reaching CuA.

4.86. Description

Adult. Body general color yellow, with long light brown setae throughout. Head. Light brown with maxillary and labial palps same color of head. Scape dorsally brown and ventrally yellow, pedicel and flagellomeres dark brown to black. No streaks behind antennae, nor in posterior margin of the head. Thorax. Light brown, pronotum longer than broad.

Forewing ( Fig. 21B ). 3.7–4.2 mm in length, 1.3–1.4 mm wide at pterostigma (n = 2). Subcostal veinlets varying from 20 to 22 approximately. Two bifurcations of RP anterior to pterostigma. Conspicuous longitudinal streak at Sc veins, separately from radiomedial streak. Dark brown curved radiomedial streak extending through RP first bifurcation, it reaches M bifurcation basally and 1st r posteriorly. Large streak at anal area, reaching CuP. Maculae present in the membrane between longitudinal veins. No spots on longitudinal veins. Yellow pterostigma, with no streak. Number of branches after forks near posterior margin in RP1+2 usually four branches, RP3 usually three, RP4 usually four, MA usually four, with third fork vein originating nearer fourth than second, sometimes trifid, MP usually two, CuA usually five, CuP, A1 and A2 not forked.

Hind wing ( Fig. 21C ). 3.7–4.0 mm length. Yellow, longitudinal veins brown, crossveins yellow at radial sector. No streaks. Subcostal veinlets usually 18. Number of forks near posterior margin in RP1+2 vein usually four branches, RP3 usually three, RP4 usually two, MA usually three, MP not forked, CuA varying from three to four branches, CuP, A1 and A2 not forked.

Legs. Pale yellow, with yellow and dark brown setae.

Male genitalia ( Fig. 21D and E ). Monserrat (2005) described the tergite 9 as ovoid and the sternite globular, with numerous dentigerous based setae ventrally, the apex of the gonocoxite 9 acute covered by multitudes of dentigerous based setae. The complex 10 is ovoid in lateral view, with five intern caudal process.

Female genitalia ( Fig. 21F ). Eighth tergite large and triangular ( Monserrat 2005). Tergite 9 quadrangular, the gonocoxite 9 fusiform with the apex bent posteriad. The ectoproct pentagonal ( Monserrat 2005).

Immature. Unknown.

4.87. Remarks

This species was described by Nav´as (1933) with the name “ Climacia basalis sp. nov. “. However, the name given was already in use ( C. basalis Banks ). Because Nav´as did not attribute a holotype to this species, it was considered, by some authors, as being C. basalis Banks ( Parfin & Gurney 1956; Flint 2006). It was considered that Nav´as, by custom, wrote “ sp. nov. “, when he wanted to refer to C. basalis Banks ( Flint 2006) . As both species were described based only on females, they were considered as same species. Monserrat (2005) examined Nav´as material from the collection in the NSMB, since most material from the Hamburg Museum ( Germany) was destroyed during World War II. Monserrat (2005) noted several differences between it and C. basalis Banks , and he concluded that they were different species. Males and females of C. desordenata were examined, described, and illustrated by Monserrat (2005). Bowles (2015) synonymized C. desordenata and C. basalis , because of the lack of male specimens of the last species to compare. Assmar & Salles (2017) found males and females of C. basalis Banks , described the male genitalia, and suggested, based on comparison, that they are two valid species; however, no taxonomic decision was made. Here, we compared all material examined with photographs of the lectotype of C. desordenata deposited at NSMB and additional material from ZMB, studied by Nav´as in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. We concluded that C. basalis and C. desordenata are two different species and thus RE-VALIDATE C. desordenata .

The pinned male from INPA has the abdomen damaged, which makes difficult to examine the genitalia. The male was diaphonized, the structures of segment 10 were present, but the gonocoxite 9 was absent. The complex 10 is here illustrated and the gonocoxite 9 is following Monserrat (2005). The structures are similar to those of C. townesi , but the gonostyle 10 of C. desordenata is not as curved as in C. townesi .

Some specimens identified as C. townesi from Guyana ( Flint 1998) and deposited in the USNM collection, are actually C. desordenata due to the forewing color pattern. No males were found in this sample from Guyana. Menezes et al. (2018), examined specimens from Roraima, North of Brazil, deposited in the collection of the Laboratory of Entomology in the UFRR, and reported as C. basalis , but these specimens are actually C. desordenata . In addition, Assmar & Salles (2017) collected specimens of C. desordenata from Rio Doce basin, Espírito Santo state, Southeast of Brazil, before the environmental disaster that occurred in

2015 ( Assmar & Salles 2017), but with no further locality information on the label.

Climacia desordenata was recovered in a polytomy with C. basalis , C. townesi , C. payaya sp. nov. and C. nota ( Fig. 5 ). These species share the lack of an antepterostigmal streak. Climacia desordenata differs from C. townesi , C. payaya sp. nov., and C. nota by the presence of a radiomedial streak in forewing and from C. basalis in the male gonocoxite 9, which has an acute apex in C. desordenata , unlike C. basalis , which is rounded.

4.88. Etymology

The name refers to the confusion toward the validity of this species in the literature. Climacia doradensis Flint, 1998 . ( Fig. 22A–F ) Climacia doradensis Flint, 1998: 109 [description]; Flint, 2006: 285 [checklist]

4.89. Type material

Holotype. Male from Venezuela, Bolívar, Rio Cuyuni (USNMENT 1027364).

Paratype. Male and female, same data as holotype (USNMENT 1447803, 1476822).

4.90. Material

Venezuela: Bolívar: Rio Cuyuni (USNMENT 1027364), (USNMENT

1447803, 1476822); Rio Caroni (USNMENT 1447804).

4.91. Distribution

Venezuela (Bolívar) ( Fig. 22A ).

4.92. Diagnosis

Climacia doradensis differs from its congeners by the lack of conspicuous streaks in the forewing.

4.93. Description

Adult. Body general color light brown, with long yellow and brown setae throughout. Head. Front light brown with maxillary and labial palps light brown. Scape and pedicel light brown, flagellomeres brown.

Thorax. Light brown, longitudinal black line on pro-, meso- and metanotum.

Forewing ( Fig. 22B ). 3.35–3.48 mm in length, 1.15–1.25 mm wide at pterostigma (n = 4). Subcostal veinlets varying from 18 to 20 approximately. Two bifurcations of RP vein anterior to pterostigma. Stramineous, without streaks. Macula present in the membrane between longitudinal veins. Spots on longitudinal veins starting from radial sector. Number of branches after forks near posterior margin in RP1+2 usually four, RP3 varying from three to four, RP4 usually four, MA usually four, MP usually two, CuA from four to five, CuP, A1 and A2 not forked.

Hind wing ( Fig. 22C ). 2.9–3.3 mm in length (n = 2). Pale yellow. No streaks. Subcostal veinlets approximately 16. Number of forks near posterior margin in RP1+2 usually three branches, RP3 usually two, RP4 usually two, MA usually three, MP usually not forked, CuA usually three, CuP, A1 and A2 not forked.

Legs. Yellow.

Male genitalia ( Fig. 22D–F ). Tergite 9 strip-like, almost same length throughout. Sternite 9 a quadrate lobe. Ectoproct with antero-dorsal acute projection. Gonocoxite 9 triangular, bent posteriad with acute upturned apex, covered with long dentigerous-based setae, positioned at nearly 90 ◦ to ectoproct. Gonocoxite 10 rounded, with four setae posteriorly between gonapophyses 10, anterior margin with small antero-dorsal projection in lateral view. Gonostyle 10 tip pointed dorsad in lateral view and mesad in dorsal view. Gonapophyses 10 long, separated from each other throughout.

Female genitalia. See remarks.

Immature. Unknown.

4.94. Remarks

The holotype is pinned and is complete. The right wings are on slide and the genitalia is preserved in glycerin. Flint (1998) stated that he was uncertain whether the females from Rio Caroni were C. doradensis because of the lack of maculation in the wings. The material was examined, and it is possible to affirm it is that species due to similarities in the wing venation. However, we were unable to diaphonize the female specimens that we had access because of limited resources at that time.

It is possible that the specimens identified as C. punctulata from Roraima state, Brazil ( Menezes et al. 2018) and from Espírito Santo, Brazil ( Assmar & Salles 2017) are actually C. doradensis because they have two bifurcations of RP, while C. punctulata has three. However, due to lack of male specimens to compare, the previous identifications are retained.

In the EW analyses, C. doradensis was recovered as sister group of C. punctulata , due to the lack of radiomedial streak in the forewing or any other streaks being present. They differ in the number of RP bifurcations in the forewing, which is three in the latter species and two in the former. In addition, they can be easily differentiated by the male gonocoxite 9 apexes, which are acute in C. doradensis and broader in C. punctulata .

4.95. Etymology

The name is reference to the place where the specimens where collected, El Dorado. Climacia insolita Flint, 1998 ( Fig. 23A–G ) Climacia insolita Flint, 1998: 111 [description]; Flint, 2006: 284 [record]; Bowles, 2015: 2 [record]; Schuster & Machado, 2021: 996 [record].

4.96. Type material

Holotype. Male from Argentina, Misiones, Arroyo Piray Guazú (USNMENT 1027365).

Paratype. Same data as holotype, 2 females, 2 males (USNMENT 1447796, 1447797, 1447798); Brazil, Paran´a, 1 male (USNMENT 1476806); same, except Santa Catarina, 5 females (CAS; USNMENT 1447799) .

4.97. Material

Argentina: Misiones: Arroyo Piray Guazú (USNMENT 1027365), (USNMENT 1447796, 1447797, 1447798). Brazil: Santa Catarina: Seara (INPA), (USNMENT 1447799). Minas Gerais: Rio Paraúna (USNMENT 1447800, 1447801, 1447802). Paran´a: Rio dos Patos (USNMENT 1476806) .

4.98. Distribution

Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paran´a, Santa Catarina) and Uruguay (Artigas) ( Fig. 23A ).

4.99. Diagnosis

Climacia insolita differs from its congeners by the size of gonostyle 10, which is exceptionally long, almost same size that gonocoxite 10. The gonocoxite 9 is broad with a curved dorsal margin and truncate apex. In addition, the radiomedial streak joins the antepterostigmal streak into a long, U-shaped streak ( Flint 1998).

4.100. Description

Adult. Body general color brown, with long light brown setae throughout. Head. Brown, with brown appendages ( Flint 1998). Scape and pedicel light brown, basal four flagellomeres light brown, then black. No streak. Thorax. Light brown.

Forewing ( Fig. 23B ). 3.7–5.2 mm in length, 1.2–1.9 mm wide at pterostigma (n = 10). Subcostal veinlets varying from 20 to 26 approximately. Two bifurcations of RP vein anterior to pterostigma. Radiomedial streak starting from Sc at sc-r, limiting basely by MA and extending through 1st r. Antepterostigma streak starting at C going obliquely to MA, where it joins radiomedial streak. Pterostigma hyaline. Postpterostigma darkened. Veins dark brown near posterior margin. Maculae present in the membrane between longitudinal veins. No spots on longitudinal veins. Number of branches after forks near posterior margin in RP1+2 varying from three to five, RP3 from three to four, RP4 from four to five, MA usually four, MP from three to four, CuA from four to six, CuP, A1 and A2 not forked.

Hind wing ( Fig. 23C ). 3.6–4.6 mm in length. Yellow (n = 5). Streaks similar to forewing, but lighter. Subcostal veinlets varying from 18 to 23. Number of forks near posterior margin in RP1+2 varying from two to three branches, RP3 usually two, RP4 from two to three, MA usually three, MP usually not forked, CuA from three to five, CuP, A1 and A2 not forked.

Legs. Yellow.

Male genitalia ( Fig. 23D–F ). Tergite 9 small, fusiform, sternite large, with long dentigerous-based setae ventrally. Ectoproct with antero-dorsal acute projection. Gonocoxite 9 bent posteriad, entirely covered by dentigerous-based setae, with broad truncate apex, rounded dorsally and with small acute ventral projection. Gonocoxite 10 rounded in dorsal view, convex ventrally in lateral view. Gonostyle 10 long, as long as gonocoxite 10, tip pointed dorsad in lateral view and mesad in dorsal view, with one tooth near apex.

Female genitalia ( Fig. 23G ). Tergite 9 larger anteriorly, anterior margin concave, sloped posteroventrally, dorsal and ventral margin concave. Gonocoxite 9 slightly smaller than tergite 9, posterior margin darker, apex bent distally. Ectoproct small ribbon-like, with dentigerous-based setae posteriorly.

Immature. Unknown.

4.101. Remarks

The holotype is pinned, well preserved, and not missing any parts. The right wings are mounted on slides and genitalia are in glycerin and pinned with the specimen. Climacia insolita was recovered as sister group of C. carpenteri in many topologies ( Fig. 5 ). They share the presence of a postpterostigmal streak, and the length of r1-2 cell in the forewing but can be easily distinguished by the size of the gonostyle 10, which is longer in C. insolita . Climacia insolita also has the forewing color pattern similar to C. versicolor , but the radiomedial streak does not join the antepterostigmal streak in the latter species. Furthermore, they are easily distinguished by the shape of gonocoxite 9, which is projected posteriad in C. insolita and ventrad in C. versicolor .

4.102. Etymology

The author did not provide the etymology. The name is derived from Latin “insolita ”, meaning “uncommon”, “exceptional”, and it probably is in allusion to the male genital sclerites that are distinct from those of all other species of Climacia .

Climacia lemniscata Flint, 1998 .

( Fig. 24A–F )

Climacia lemniscata Flint, 1998: 111 [description]; Flint, 2006: 285 [checklist].

4.103. Type specimens

Figures

Fig. 20. A–G. Climacia chilena Parfin & Gurney, 1956: A, Distribution map. B, Holotype forewing, and C, hind wing. D, Male genitalia, lateral view. E, 10th gonocoxite complex, dorsal view. F, Same, but lateral view. G, Female genitalia, lateral view (Red stars = new records). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 21. A–F. Climacia desordenata Monserrat, 2005: A, Distribution map. B, Forewing. C, Hind wing. D, Female genitalia, lateral view. E, 10th gonocoxite complex, dorsal view. F, Same, but lateral view (Red stars = new records). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5. Equal weighting consensus tree of Climacia McLachlan phylogenetic relationship. Box of sensibility analysis showing in which weighting analysis the clade appeared (EW = equal weighting, implied weighting K1 = k1–k2, K3 = k3–k4, K5 = k5–k7, K8 = k8, K9 = k9–k20); grey means recovered and white not recovered. Red circles with bootstrap values. Blue squares with Bremer relative fit difference. Black diamonds mean homologies and white diamonds mean homoplasy. Dashed line with a relation hypothesis that frequently appeared in other weighting analysis. Illustration of male genitalia showing possible character states. Superscript star in the new species. Green boxes represent clades recovered. (For interpretation of the references to color n this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 22. A–F. Climacia doradensis Flint, 1998: A, Distribution map. B, Holotype forewing, and C, hind wing. D, Male genitalia, lateral view. E, 10th gonocoxite complex, dorsal view. F, Same, but lateral view.

Fig. 23. A–G. Climacia insolita Flint, 1998: A, Distribution map. B, Forewing. C, Hind wing. D, Male genitalia, lateral view. E, 10th gonocoxite complex, dorsal view. F, Same, but lateral view. G, Female genitalia, lateral view.

Fig. 24. A–F. Climacia lemniscata Flint, 1998: A, Distribution map. B, Holotype forewing, and C, hind wing. D, Male genitalia, lateral view. E, 10th gonocoxite complex, dorsal view. F, Same, but lateral view.