Carlina vulgaris, L.

Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A., 1976, Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae), Cambridge University Press : 210

6. C. vulgaris L. , Sp. Pl. 828, [1231] (1753).

Biennial 10-70 cm, subglabrous or with sparsely arachnoid indumentum. Leaves up to 15 cm, linear-oblong to narrowly ovate, more or less spinose-dentate, the lower tapered to a short petiole. Capitula 15-30 mm in diameter, solitary or in terminal groups of 2-3. Outer involucral bracts 10-35(-50) x 4-9 mm, linear-oblong to lanceolate, with spiny margin but scarcely lobed, shorter than or slightly exceeding the inner; inner bracts 12-20 x 1-1- 5 mm, straw-coloured. Achenes 3-4 mm; pappus 8 mm. 2« = 20. Most of Europe, northwards to 62° 30' N. in Finland. Al Au Be Br Bu Cz Da Fe Ga Ge Gr Hb He Ho Hs Hu It Ju No Po Rm Rs (N, В, C, W, К, E) Si Su Tu.

1 Uppercaulineleavesflat,with ratherweak spines,and with the

lateral veins running parallel to the margin; outer involucral

bracts 20-35 mm, exceeding the inner (c) subsp. longifolia 1 Uppercauline leaves undulate, at least in proximal half, with

strong spines in which the lateral veins terminate; outer

involucral bracts 10-20(-25) mm, not or scarcely exceeding

the inner 2 Usuallylessthan30cm; allleavesmoreorlessundulate

throughout and with strong spines (a) subsp. vulgaris 2 Usuallymorethan30cm; lowerleavesanddistalhalfof

upper leaves flat, with weak spines (b) subsp. intermedia