Tetrix japonica ( Bolivar , 1887)

Long, Ying, Teng, Caili, Huang, Chaomei, Zhang, Rongjiao, Deng, Weian & Lin, Liliang, 2023, Twenty-three new synonyms of the Eastern common groundhopper, Tetrix japonica (Bolivar, 1887) (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae), ZooKeys 1187, pp. 135-167 : 135

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1187.110067
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BCD4F4C9-1FA2-4368-8DE0-86B79544F060
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scientific name	Tetrix japonica ( Bolivar , 1887)
status

Treatment

Tetrix japonica ( Bolivar, 1887) View in CoL

Tettix japonicus : Bolívar, 1887: 263 [description] (holotype ♀, Japan, in MHNG).

Acrydium japonicum : Rehn 1902: 629; Kirby 1910: 45.

Tetrix japonica : Bey-Bienko 1934: 9; Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951: 105; Yin 1984: 16; Blackith 1992: 183; Ichikawa 1993: 1; Paris 1993: 241; Storozhenko et al. 1994: 13; Ma and Zheng 1994: 445; Jiang and Zheng 1998: 340; Liang and Zheng 1998: 174; Kim and Kim 2004: 266; Jiang and Liang 2004: 204; Zheng 2005: 334a; Benediktov 2005; Deng et al. 2007a: 302; Tsurui Honma and Nishida 2010: 2; Cao and Zheng 2011: 738; Kim and Puskás 2012: 12; Xiao et al. 2012: 288; Zheng 2014: 56; Storozhenko et al. 2015: 167; Deng 2016: 250.

Previously reported synonyms.

Tettix longulus Shiraki, 1906, Tettix sibiricus Bolívar, 1887, Tetrix trux Steinmann, 1964.

Link.

https://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/otus/809028/overview.

Redescription.

Female (Figs 1 View Figure 1 , 2 View Figure 2 ). Small size and short in brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals, or medium size and long in pauropronotal individuals. Body surface smooth and interspersed with granules.

Head. Head and eyes not exserted above pronotal surface. In dorsal view, fastigium of vertex short; width of vertex between eyes generally wider than width of a compound eye (1.3-1.6 ×), sometimes 1.0 × (such as T. albistriatus syn. nov., T. rectimargina syn. nov.); anterior margin of fastigium truncated or slightly arcuate and slightly surpassing anterior margin of eye; median carina visible; lateral margins slightly turned backward; depressed on either side of median carina. In lateral view, frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; frontal costa slightly straight above antennal groove, protruded anteriorly and broadly rounded between antennal grooves. In frontal view, frontal costa bifurcated above lateral ocelli, longitudinal furrow divergent between antennae, width of longitudinal furrow of frontal ridge narrower than antennal groove diameter. Antennae short, filiform, antennal grooves inserted between inferior margins of compound eyes, 15-segmented (including scape, pedicel, and a 13-segmented flagellum) (Fig. 2B View Figure 2 ), the 9th and 10th segment are the longest, ~ 4-5 × longer than its width. Eyes globose, lateral (paired) ocelli located in middle of compound eye height.

Thorax. Pronotum slightly tectiform, its surface smooth and interspersed with dense granules. In dorsal view, anterior margin of pronotum generally truncate, sometimes slightly angular protruding; lateral carinae of prozona generally parallel or sometimes slightly constricted backwards; median carina low and full length entire; humeral angle obtuse; hind pronotal process narrow and long, pronotal apex either generally slightly not reaching or sometimes reaching apex of hind femur in brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals (Fig. 2C View Figure 2 ) or distinctly surpassing apex of hind femur and reaching approximately the middle of hind tibia in pauropronotal individuals (Fig. 2A, B View Figure 2 ). In profile, median carina of pronotum slightly straight or slightly arch-like before the shoulders and straight behind the shoulders. Posterior margins of lateral lobes of pronotum with ventral sinus and tegminal sinus. Posterior angles of lateral lobes turned downwards, generally narrow and rounded or sometimes subtruncately at apex. Tegmina long, ovate, apex rounded. Hind wings either slightly not reaching or reaching or slightly surpassing apex of hind pronotal process in brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals (Fig. 2C View Figure 2 ) or distinctly surpassing apex of hind pronotal process and nearly reaching of apex of hind tibia in pauropronotal individuals (Fig. 2A, B View Figure 2 ).

Legs. Fore and middle femora slightly compressed and margins finely serrated, ventral margins of middle femora straight or slightly undulated, middle femur slightly narrower than or equal to or slightly wider than visible part of tegmen in width. Hind femora robust and short, 2.8-3.4 × as long as wide; margins finely serrated; antegenicular denticles acute and genicular denticles obtuse. Outer side of hind tibia with seven or eight spines, inner side with six or seven spines. Length of first segment of posterior tarsi longer than third, three pulvilli of first segment of posterior tarsi increased in turn, apices of all pulvilli acute.

Abdomen. Ovipositor narrow and long, length of upper valvulae 3.0 × its width, upper and lower valvulae with slender saw-like teeth. Length of subgenital plate longer than its width, middle of posterior margin of subgenital plate triangularly projecting.

Coloration. Body yellow brown or brown or dark brown; antennae brown; dorsum of pronotum with two black spots behind the shoulders or with two black spots before the shoulders and behind the shoulders respectively or without black spot. Hind femora brown, outer side with two inconspicuous blackish spots in some individuals. Hind tibia yellow brown or brown or dark brown.

Male. Similar to female, but smaller and narrower. Width of vertex between eyes generally 1.2-1.5 × or sometimes equal to width of compound eye; dorsal margins straight and ventral margins of middle femora straight or slightly undulated, middle femur generally wider than or sometimes equal to visible part of tegmen in width. Subgenital plate short, cone-shaped, apex bifurcated.

Measurements (mm).

See Table 1 View Table 1 . Length of body: ♂ 6.0-10.0 (brachypronotal individuals) or 8.0-10.0 (pauropronotal individuals), ♀ 9.0-12.0 (brachypronotal individuals) or 8.5-11.0 (pauropronotal individuals); length of pronotum: ♂ 6.0-8.5 (brachypronotal individuals) or 6.0-11.0 (pauropronotal individuals), ♀ 7.5-9.0 (brachypronotal individuals) or 7.0-13.0 (pauropronotal individuals); length of hind femur: ♂ 5.0-6.0 (brachypronotal individuals) or 5.0-5.5 (pauropronotal individuals), ♀ 5.0-8.1(brachypronotal individuals) or 6.0-7.0 (pauropronotal individuals).

Diagnosis.

Tetrix japonica can be differentiated from all the other Tetrigidae of China, North Korea, and Japan by the following set of the traits: the head not exserted above the upper level of the pronotum (strongly exserted in Euparatettix , Ergatettix , and Bannatettix ); in lateral view, frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle (in lateral view, frontal ridge and vertex forming rounded shape in Coptotettix and Hedotettix ); fastigium of vertex in lateral view angulate, not much produced in front of eyes (fastigium of vertex in lateral view oblique, considerably produced in front of eyes in Clinotettix ); anterior margin of the vertex truncated, weakly arcuate (strongly angular in Tetrix bipunctata , Tetrix subulate , Tetrix simulans ); anterior margin of pronotum truncate, weakly angular protruding (strongly angular in Tetrix tartara ); tegmenula and alae present (absent in Formosatettix , Aalatettix ); alae> 2 × longer than tegmenula (short in Tetrix bipunctata , Alulatettix ).

Tetrix japonica is most similar to Tetrix tenuicornis (Sahlberg, 1893) from the Western Palearctic from which it differs in its pronotum slightly tectiform, median carina of pronotum low, not lamellar (vs pronotum distinctly tectiform, median carina of pronotum high, lamellar in T. tenuicornis ).

A catalog of synonyms.

(map of all the type localities of all the synonyms in Fig. 16 View Figure 16 ).

Coptotettix circinihumerus Zheng & Deng, 2004a: 79 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Guangxi prov., Nanda County, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng 2005a: 237; Deng et al. 2007a: 214; Zheng et al. 2013: 22; Deng 2016: 197. syn. nov. (Fig. 3A-C View Figure 3 ).

Coptotettix emeiensis Zheng, Lin & Zhang, 2012: 2554 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Sichuan prov., Emeishan City, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng et al. 2013: 22; Deng 2016: 197. syn. nov. (Fig. 3D-F View Figure 3 ).

Euparatettix rongshuiensis Zheng, 2005a: 387 [description] (holotype ♂, China: Guangxi prov., Rongshui County, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng 2005b: 99; Deng et al. 2007a: 444; Deng 2016: 294. syn. nov. (Fig. 4A-C View Figure 4 )

Euparatettix zayuensis Zheng, Zeng & Ou, 2011: 387 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Xizang autonomous region, Zayu County, Menkong, in IZSNU, examined); Deng 2016: 293. syn. nov. (Fig. 4D-F View Figure 4 ).

Macromotettix nigritubercle Zheng & Jiang, 2006: 141[description] (holotype ♀, China: Guangxi prov., Fusui County, Bapan, in IZSNU, examined); Deng et al. 2007a: 136; Deng 2016: 135; Deng, Xin & Chen, 2018: 423. syn. nov. (Fig. 5A-C View Figure 5 ).

Macromotettix yaoshanensis Zheng & Jiang, 2000: 403 [description] (holotype ♂, China: Guangxi prov., Jinxiu County, Liula, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng 2005a: 143; Deng et al. 2007a: 132; Deng 2016: 130; Deng et al. 2018: 423. syn. nov. (Fig. 5D-F View Figure 5 ).

Tetrix albistriatus Yao & Zheng, 2006: 824 [description] (holotype ♂, China: Yunnan prov., Pingbian County, Daweishan, in IZSNU, examined); Deng 2016: 245. syn. nov. (Fig. 6A-C View Figure 6 ).

Tetrix albomaculatus Zheng & Jiang, 2006: 142 [description] (holotype ♂, China: Guangxi prov., Fusui County, Bapan, in IZSNU, examined); Deng et al. 2007a: 286; Deng 2016: 242. syn. nov. (Fig. 6D-F View Figure 6 ).

Tetrix albomarginis Zheng & Nie, 2005: 582 [description] (holotype ♂, China: Yunnan prov., Dali County, Cangshan, in IZSNU, examined); Deng et al. 2007a: 300; Deng 2016: 245. syn. nov. (Fig. 7A-C View Figure 7 ).

Tetrix cenwanglaoshana Zheng, Jiang & Liu, 2005: 181 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Guangxi prov., Tianlin County, Cenwanglaoshan, in IZSNU, examined). syn. nov. (Fig. 7D-F View Figure 7 ).

Tetrix cliva Zheng & Deng, 2004b: 97 [description] (holotype ♂, China: Guangxi prov., Luocheng County, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng 2005a: 322; Deng et al. 2007a: 291a; Deng 2016: 251 ( Tetrix cliva Zheng & Deng, 2004 = Tetrix ruyuanensis Liang, 1998, proposed in unpublished PhD Dissertation). syn. nov. (Fig. 8A-C View Figure 8 ).

Tetrix duolunensis Zheng, 1996: 178 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Duolun County, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng 2005c: 106; Deng 2016: 244. syn. nov. (Fig. 8D-F View Figure 8 ).

Tetrix grossovalva Zheng, 1994: 147 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Jilin prov., Fongman County, Songhuahu, in IZSNU, examined); Liang and Zheng 1998: 148; Zheng 2005c: 99; Deng 2016: 218. syn. nov. (Fig. 9 View Figure 9 ).

Tetrix jiuwanshanensis Zheng, 2005a: 274 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Guangxi prov., Rongshui County, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng 2005c: 100; Deng et al. 2007a: 250; Deng 2016: 220. syn. nov. (Fig. 10 View Figure 10 ).

Tetrix latipalpa Cao & Zheng, 2011: 739 [description] (holotype ♂, China: Sichuan prov., Emeishan County, Mt. Emei, in IZSNU, examined); Deng 2016: 249. syn. nov. (Fig. 11A-C View Figure 11 ).

Tetrix liuwanshanensis Deng, Zheng & Wei, 2007b: 294 [description] (holotype ♂, China: Guangxi prov., lingshan County, Liuwanda Mountain, in IZSNU, examined); Deng et al. 2007a: 277; Deng 2016: 238. syn. nov. (Fig. 11D-F View Figure 11 ).

Tetrix qinlingensis Zheng, Huo & Zhang, 2000: 238 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Shaanxi prov., Foping County, Zhongzui, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng 2005a: 275; Deng et al. 2007a: 251; Deng 2016: 220. syn. nov. (Fig. 12A, B View Figure 12 ).

Tetrix rectimargina Zheng & Jiang, 2004: 3 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Guangxi prov., Tian’e County, Buliu River, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng 2005a: 308; Deng et al. 2007a: 273; Deng 2016: 234. syn. nov. (Fig. 12D-F View Figure 12 ).

Tetrix ruyuanensis Liang, 1998: 174 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Guangdong prov., Ruyuan County, Tianjingshan, in BMSYU, not examined); Zheng 2005a: 307; Deng et al. 2007a: 303; Deng 2016: 251. syn. nov. (Fig. 13A, B View Figure 13 ).

Tetrix xianensis Zheng, 1996: 177 [description] (holotype ♀, China: Shaanxi prov., Xi’an City, Shaanxi Normal University, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng 2005a: 283; Deng 2016: 226. syn. nov. (Fig. 13D-F View Figure 13 ).

Tetrix xinchengensis Deng, Zheng & Wei, 2007a: 289[description] (holotype ♂, China: Guangxi prov., Xincheng County, in IZSNU, examined); Deng 2016: 242. syn. nov. (Fig. 14A, B View Figure 14 ).

Tetrix yunlongensis Zheng & Mao, 2002: 91[description] (holotype ♂, China: Yunnan prov., Yunlong County, in IZSNU, examined); Zheng 2005a: 311; Deng et al. 2007a: 275; Deng 2016: 236. syn. nov. (Fig. 14D, F View Figure 14 ).

Tetrix zhoushanensis Gao, Liu & Yin, 2022: 347 [description] (holotype ♂, China: Zhejiang prov., Zhoushan City, in MHU, not examined). syn. nov. (Fig. 15 View Figure 15 ).

Type material examined.

Type material of Tetrix japonica was examined from the photographs of the syntype (♀, brachypronotal and brachypterous specimen, in MHNG, photographs by Josef Tumbrinck), available online in OSF (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 ).

Other material of Tetrix japonica examined.

11♂ 23♀, China: Sichuan prov., Emeishan City , 29 July 2018, in EMHU ; 17♂ 13♀, China: Xizang, Zayu County, 25 June 2019, in EMHU ; 33♂ 19♀, China: Guangxi prov., Fusui County, Bapan , 17 August 2014, in EMHU ; 24♂ 23♀, China: Guangxi prov., Jinxiu County, 26 July 2021, in EMHU ; 37♂ 20♀, China: Yunnan prov., Pingbian County, Daweishan , 26 July 2020, in EMHU ; 55♂ 27♀, China: Guangxi prov., Tianlin County, Cenwanglaoshan , 25 May 2018, in EMHU ; 52♂ 38♀, China: Guangxi prov., Longzhou County, nonggang, 18 July 2023, in CLSGNU ; 47♂ 58♀, China: Guangxi prov., Luocheng County, Jiuwanshan , 21 August 2022, in EMHU ; 7♂ 8♀, China: Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Duolun County, 09 August 2019, in EMHU ; 27♂ 32♀, China: Guangxi prov., Rongshui County, 06 August 2003, in EMHU ; 17♂ 21♀, China: Guangxi prov., lingshan County, Liuwanda Mountain , 24 August 2022, in CLSGNU ; 20♂ 8♀, China: Shaanxi prov., Foping County, 28 July 2022, in CLSGNU ; 11♂ 15♀, China: Guangdong prov., Ruyuan County, Tianjingshan , 20 August 2022, in CLSGNU ; 17♀ 10♂, China: Liaoning prov., Benxi County, Tanggou , 27 July 2023 in CLSGNU ; 22♀ 22♂, China: Jilin prov., Changbai County, Changbai , 31 July 2023 in CLSGNU ; 14♀ 23♂, China: Heilongjiang prov., Mudanjiang City, Mudanfen , 3 August 2023 in CLSGNU ; 29♀ 13♂, China: Heilongjiang prov., Yichun City , Jiayin County, 6 August 2023 in CLSGNU ; 22♀ 11♂, China: Heilongjiang prov., Xinlin County, Xinlin , 9 August 2023 in CLSGNU ; 26♀ 43♂, China: Inner Mongolia prov., Tuquan County, Taihe , 12 August 2023 in CLSGNU ; 33♀ 50♂, China: Inner Mongolia prov., Horqin Right Middle Banner, Wutaiyingzi , 13 August 2023 in CLSGNU .

Type material of the synonyms examined.

Coptotettix circinihumerus : ♀, holotype (Fig. 3A-C View Figure 3 ), China: Guangxi prov., Nandan County, Songhuahu, May 2003, in IZSNU.

Coptotettix emeiensis : ♀, holotype (Fig. 3D-F View Figure 3 ), China: Sichuan prov., Emeishan City, 13 June 2011, in IZSNU.

Euparatettix rongshuiensis : ♂, holotype (Fig. 4A-C View Figure 4 ), China: Guangxi prov., Rongshui County, 06 August 2003, in IZSNU.

Euparatettix zayuensis : ♀, holotype (Fig. 4D-F View Figure 4 ), China: Xizang, Zayu County, Menkong, 04-05 July 2005, in IZSNU.

Macromotettix nigritubercle : ♀, holotype (Fig. 5A-C View Figure 5 ) and 1♂ paratype, China: Guangxi prov., Fusui County, Bapan, 17 August 2004, in IZSNU.

Macromotettix yaoshanensis : ♂, holotype (Fig. 5D-F View Figure 5 ), China: Guangxi prov., Jinxiu County, Liula, 06 July 1997, in IZSNU.

Tetrix albistriatus : ♀, holotype (Fig. 6A-C View Figure 6 ) and 1♂3♀ paratypes, China: Yunnan prov., Pingbian County, Daweishan, 26 July 2005, in IZSNU.

Tetrix albomaculatus : ♂, holotype (Fig. 6D-F View Figure 6 ), China: Guangxi prov., Fusui County, Bapan, 17 August 2004, in IZSNU.

Tetrix albomarginis : ♂, holotype (Fig. 7A-C View Figure 7 ), China: Yunnan prov., Dali County, Cangshan, 09 August 2004, in IZSNU.

Tetrix cenwanglaoshana : ♀, holotype (Fig. 7D-F View Figure 7 ), China: Guangxi prov., Tianlin County, Cenwanglaoshan, 31 May 2002, in IZSNU.

Tetrix cliva : ♂, holotype (Fig. 8A-C View Figure 8 ), China: Guangxi prov., Luocheng County, April 2003, in IZSNU.

Tetrix duolunensis : ♀, holotype (Fig. 8D-F View Figure 8 ) and 5♂7♀ paratypes, China: Inner Mongolia autonomous region, Duolun County, 29 June 1994, in IZSNU.

Tetrix grossovalva : ♀, holotype (Fig. 9A-C View Figure 9 ), China: Jilin prov., Fongman County, Songhuahu, 19 July 1990, in IZSNU.

Tetrix jiuwanshanensis : ♀, holotype (Fig. 10 View Figure 10 ) and 1♂ paratype, China: Guangxi prov., Rongshui County, 06 August 2003, in IZSNU.

Tetrix latipalpa : ♂, holotype (Fig. 11A-C View Figure 11 ), China: Sichuan prov., Emeishan County, Mt. Emei, 16 August 2010, in IZSNU

Tetrix liuwanshanensis : ♂, holotype (Fig. 11D-F View Figure 11 ) and 1♂ paratype, China: Guangxi prov., lingshan County, Liuwanda Mountain, 24 August 2005, in IZSNU.

Tetrix qinlingensis : ♀, holotype (Fig. 12A-C View Figure 12 ) and 1♂1♀ paratypes, China: Shaanxi prov., Foping County, Zhongzui, 24 July 1997, in IZSNU.

Tetrix rectimargina : ♀, holotype (Fig. 12D-F View Figure 12 ), China: Guangxi prov., Tian’e County, Buliu River, 05 August 2002, in IZSNU.

Tetrix xianensis : ♀, holotype (Fig. 13C-E View Figure 13 ), China: Shaanxi prov., Xian City, 28 October 1990, in IZSNU.

Tetrix xinchengensis : ♂, holotype (Fig. 14A-C View Figure 14 ), China: Guangxi prov., Xincheng County, 14 July 2005, in IZSNU.

Tetrix yunlongensis : ♂, holotype (Fig. 14D-F View Figure 14 ), China: Yunnan prov., Yunlong County, 03 May 1998, in IZSNU.

Justification of the synonymies.

Holotype of Coptotettix circinihumerus (Fig. 3A-C View Figure 3 ) from Guangxi and holotype of Coptotettix emeiensis (Fig. 3D-F View Figure 3 ) from Sichuan have a deformed frontal costa, and vertex and frontal costa forming an obtuse-rounded aspect in profile. These two taxa were misidentified as members of the genus Coptotettix : Coptotettix circinihumerus has a widened vertex, a low pronotal median carina; antennal grooves inserted between inferior margins of compound eyes; hind wings extending beyond the apex of the pronotum; ventral margins of middle femora are slightly undulated. Coptotettix emeiensis is characterized by width of vertex between eyes 1.3 × wider than width of a compound eye; antennal grooves inserted between inferior margins of compound eyes; median carina of pronotum slightly arch-like before the shoulders and straight behind the shoulders in profile; hind wings nearly reach the apex of of the pronotum. Coptotettix circinihumerus and Coptotettix emeiensis are completely consistent with the morphology of brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals of T. japonica .

Euparatettix rongshuiensis (Fig. 4A-C View Figure 4 ) from Guangxi was described on the basis of a single male holotype. The holotype has a deformed head, and the head is slightly exserted above the upper level of the pronotum. However, it is characterized by frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; antennal grooves inserted between inferior margins of compound eyes; median carina of pronotum low and full length entire, in profile, slightly straight; ventral margins of middle femora straight; hind wings slightly surpassing apex of hind pronotal process. Euparatettix zayuensis (Fig. 4D-F View Figure 4 ) from Xizang was described based on two female specimens. The holotype has a deformed head, and the head is slightly exserted above the upper level of the pronotum. But it has a widened vertex, a low pronotal median carina, straight and widened middle femora. These two taxa were misidentified as members of the genus Euparatettix . E. rongshuiensis , and E. zayuensis appear to be conspecific with T. japonica (brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals).

Macromotettix nigritubercle (Fig. 5A-C View Figure 5 ) from Guangxi represents a synonym of T. japonica . It is the same as T. japonica (brachypronotal and brachypterous forms) in all of the characters except for the slightly obliquely truncate posterior angles of the lateral lobes of the pronotum. The slightly truncate posterior angles of lateral lobes of pronotum fit the known variability of T. japonica . Examination of Macromotettix yaoshanensis (Fig. 5D-F View Figure 5 ) from Guangxi, shows that this specimen is a brachypronotal and brachypterous T. japonica . It is characterized by head and eyes not exserted above pronotal surface; frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; antennal grooves inserted between inferior margins of compound eyes; median carina of pronotum low and full length entire; hind wings slightly surpassing apex of hind pronotal process. The specimen also has interhumeral carinae between shoulders, while the interhumeral carinae are inconspicuous and small.

Tetrix albistriatus (Fig. 6A-C View Figure 6 ) from Yunnan, which completely fits the morphology of brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals of T. japonica , also has a white stripe on the median carina of the pronotum. The two taxa are conspecific and characterized by a frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; median carina of pronotum nearly straight in profile, slightly arcuate in forepart; lower margins of mid femora slightly straight, width of mid femora equal to width of tegmina in females; hind wings not reaching the apex of the hind pronotal process.

Tetrix albomaculatus (Fig. 6D-F View Figure 6 ) from Guangxi was described based on a single male holotype. This specimen representing a brachypronotal and brachypterous T. japonica , has interhumeral carina between the shoulders and white spots behind the shoulders. It is characterized by head and eyes not exserted above pronotal surface; frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; antennal grooves inserted between inferior margins of compound eyes; lower margins of mid femora straight, width of mid femora equal to width of tegmina in females. Tetrix albomarginis (Fig. 7A-C View Figure 7 ) from Yunnan was also described based on a single male holotype. This specimen is similar to the morphology of brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals of T. japonica , and has white pronotal margins and a slightly elevated median carina of the pronotum. But it has a widened vertex, a low pronotal median carina, straight ventral margins of middle femora, as well as shortened pronotum and hind wings.

Tetrix cenwanglaoshana (Fig. 7D-F View Figure 7 ) from Guangxi was described based on a single female holotype. It is conspecific with T. japonica (pauropronotal individuals) and has a widened vertex, frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle in profile, low and full length entire pronotal median carina, as well as extended hind wings and pronotum.

Tetrix cliva (Fig. 8A-C View Figure 8 ) from Guangxi was described based on a single male holotype. In the original description, the specific epithet Tetrix cliva refers to the shape of the upper margin of the pronotum, in profile, with a triangular process before the shoulders. Examination of holotype showed that the shoulders of pronotum were compressed and were deformed before the shoulders to create a triangular protuberance. Other important traits are the same as T. japonica : it has straight ventral margins of middle femora, as well as shortened pronotum and hind wings; frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; antennal grooves inserted between inferior margins of compound eyes. Therefore, T. cliva is conspecific with T. japonica (brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals).

We examined the type series of Tetrix duolunensis (Fig. 8D-F View Figure 8 ) from Inner Mongolia. The anterior margin of the fastigium of the vertex was slightly arcuate and slightly surpassed the anterior margin of the eye in some individuals. However, most individuals completely fit the morphology of brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals of T. japonica . It has a widened vertex, straight frontal costa, low pronotal median carina, and extended hind wings and pronotum. Thus, T. duolunensis is considered to be a synonym of T. japonica .

Tetrix grossovalva (Fig. 9A-C View Figure 9 ) from Jilin was described based on a single female holotype that appears to be conspecific with T. japonica (pauropronotal individuals). It has a widened vertex, straight frontal costa, low and full length entire pronotal median carina, and extended hind wings and pronotum.

Tetrix jiuwanshanensis (Fig. 10 View Figure 10 ) from Guangxi completely fits the morphology of pauropronotal individuals of T. japonica . These two taxa are conspecific and characterized by the frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; width of vertex wider than width of an eye, 1.6 ×; median carina of pronotum nearly straight in profile, slightly arcuate in forepart; ventral margins of mid femora slightly undulated, width of mid femora equal to width of tegmina in females.

Tetrix latipalpa (Fig. 11A-C View Figure 11 ) from Sichuan was described based on a single male holotype. The holotype has a deformed pronotum, and the median carina is slightly elevated and slightly sinuate. It is characterized by the frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; width of vertex wider than width of an eye 1.6 ×; ventral margins of mid femora straight, width of mid femora equal to width of tegmina in females; the hind wings distinctly surpass the apex of the hind pronotal process. It is conspecific with brachypronotal and brachypterous T. japonica .

Tetrix liuwanshanensis (Fig. 11D-F View Figure 11 ) from Guangxi completely fits the morphology of brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals of T. japonica except for the slightly obtuse anterior margin of the pronotum. The slightly obtuse anterior margin of the pronotum fits the known variability of T. japonica . It is characterized by width of vertex between eyes is 1.1 × the width of the compound eye; frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; antennal grooves inserted between inferior margins of compound eyes; median carina of pronotum slightly arcuate in forepart; ventral margins of mid femora straight, width of mid femora wider than width of tegmina.

Tetrix qinlingensis (Fig. 12A-C View Figure 12 ) from Shaanxi is conspecific with T. japonica (pauropronotal individuals). These two taxa are characterized by width of vertex between eyes wider than width of compound eye; frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; median carina of pronotum nearly straight in profile, slightly arcuate in forepart; ventral margins of mid femora slightly undulated, width of mid femora slightly narrower than width of tegmina in female; hind pronotal process surpassing apex of hind femur; hind wings surpassing apex of hind pronotal process.

Tetrix rectimargina (Fig. 12D-F View Figure 12 ) from Guangxi was described based on a single female holotype. Tetrix rectimargina represents a synonym of T. japonica . It is the same as brachypronotal and brachypterous T. japonica in all the characters except for the narrow vertex (width of vertex between eyes is equal to the width of compound eye). The slightly narrow vertex fits the known variability of T. japonica .

Tetrix ruyuanensis (Fig. 13A-C View Figure 13 ) from Guangdong was described based on a single female holotype, according to the description of the species by Liang and Zheng (1998), T. ruyuanensis is very similar to brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals of T. japonica . The only difference is median carina of pronotum arcuate before shoulders in profile in T. ruyuanensis (vs median carina of pronotum nearly straight before shoulders in profile in T. japonica ). Topotypes of T. ruyuanensis were examined, and it was found that some individuals have an arcuate median carina before shoulders (Fig. 13B View Figure 13 ). However, most individuals have a nearly straight median carina (Fig. 13A View Figure 13 ). Thus, T. ruyuanensis is considered to be a synonym of T. japonica .

Tetrix xianensis (Fig. 13D-F View Figure 13 ) from Shaanxi was described based on a single female holotype, and T. xianensis represents a synonym of T. japonica . It is the same as brachypronotal and brachypterous T. japonica in all the characters except for the slightly arcuate vertex and slightly extended hind wings and pronotum. The slightly arcuate vertex and slightly extended hind wings and pronotum fit the known variability of the species.

Tetrix xinchengensis (Fig. 14A-C View Figure 14 ) from Guangxi was described based on a single male holotype, and T. xinchengensis represents a synonym of T. japonica . It is the same as brachypronotal and brachypterous T. japonica in all of the characters except for the slightly extended hind wings and pronotum. Extended hind wings and pronotum are consistent with the known variability of T. japonica .

Tetrix yunlongensis (Fig. 14D-F View Figure 14 ) from Yunnan was described based on a single male holotype, and T. yunlongensis represents a synonym of T. japonica . It is the same as brachypronotal and brachypterous T. japonica in all morphological characters except for the slightly obtuse anterior margin of the pronotum. The slightly obtuse anterior margin of the pronotum is consistent with the known variability of T. japonica . It is characterized by width of vertex between eyes is 1.4 × the width of the compound eye; frontal ridge and vertex forming an obtuse angle; antennal grooves inserted between inferior margins of compound eyes; median carina of pronotum slightly arcuate in forepart; ventral margins of mid femora straight.

Type material of Tetrix zhoushanensis from Zhejiang was not examined, but according to the original description and photographs (Fig. 15 View Figure 15 ) of the type specimens in Gao et al. (2022), Tetrix zhoushanensis is identical to the morphology of brachypronotal and brachypterous individuals of T. japonica . Tetrix zhoushanensis has a narrower vertex (width of vertex between eyes is 1.1 × the width of the compound eye) than typical T. japonica , but this trait should be studied more in future in order to see if it has maybe a subspecies value. It is characterized by antennal grooves inserted between inferior margins of compound eyes; median carina of pronotum slightly arcuate in forepart; ventral margins of mid femora straight.