Arinae

Smith, Brian Tilston, Thom, Gregory & Joseph, Leo, 2024, Revised Evolutionary And Taxonomic Synthesis For Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) Guided By Phylogenomic Analysis, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2024 (468), pp. 1-87 : 23

Arinae

Subfamily Arinae is highly diverse in species richness and morphological variation, yet it is a cohesive monophyletic assemblage occurring in the Neotropical region. Revisionary work has delimited four tribes within Arinae that are all supported by our phylogenomic trees ( Schodde et al., 2013). The Arinae has a crown age of 27.1 Mya and the tribes ( Arini , Androglossini, Amoropsittacini, and Forpini) began diverging within a few million years (fig. 1). The crown ages of tribes were widely variable. The diverse Arini , the long/attenuate-tailed macaws and allies, had a crown age of only 14.5 Mya, whereas the largely short/round-tailed amazons and allies of Androglossini had a crown age of 25.6 Mya (fig. 1). Amoropsittacini also had a deep divergence of 21.1 Mya separating Touit and Bolborhynchus / Psilopsiagon / Nannopsittaca (fig. 1). The Forpini diverged from the clade containing Arini /Androglossini 26.5 Mya and were estimated to have begun diversifying at around 5 Mya (figs. 1, 4). The position of the Forpini in relation to the other tribes in Arinae has varied across phylogenetic studies. In the phylogenomic tree, Forpini was separated from Arini /Androglossini by a short internode, consistent with the instability observed in this part of the tree.

For discussion of the often contentious topic of extinct parrots in the Caribbean region, in particular species of the genera Ara and Amazona , we refer the reader to Williams and Steadman (2001), Olson and López (2008), Gala and Lenoble (2015), Forshaw and Knight (2017), and Oswald et al. (2023).