NESTORIDAE

Smith, Brian Tilston, Thom, Gregory & Joseph, Leo, 2024, Revised Evolutionary And Taxonomic Synthesis For Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) Guided By Phylogenomic Analysis, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2024 (468), pp. 1-87 : 12-14

NESTORIDAE ( NESTOR )

These two genera are of large to massive parrots of New Zealand. Strigops is nocturnal and flightless and extraordinarily convergent with Australia’s Pezoporus parrots in its green plumage mottled black and yellow. Species of Nestor are long-billed, predominantly brownish or bronze-green parrots with red underwings or reddish underparts.

Aside from the extinct Miocene Nelepsittacus (see Worthy et al., 2011), the low-diversity superfamily Strigopoidea consists of three extant and two recently extinct, large-bodied

Cacatuidae Psittacidae Psittrichasidae Psittaculidae Family values bootstrap Neophemini tr.. nov, ultrafast tr.

Calyptorhynchinae Nymphicinae Microglossinae Cacatuinae Psittacinae Arinae Psittrichasinae Coracopseinae Psittaculinae Psittacellinae Platycercinae Agapornithinae Loriinae Subfamily other have nodes nodes; all Brotogerini . Androglossini Strigopidae Nestoridae Touitini Amoropsittacini Forpini Brotogerini Androglossini Arini Micropsittini Polytelini Psittaculini Pezoporini Neophemini Platycercini Bolbopsittacini Loriculini Agapornithini Cyclopsittini Melopsittacini Loriini Tribe = * unsupported

.

and, Amoropsittacini

families, Touitini Strigops Nestor Zanda Calyptorhynchus Nymphicus Probosciger Callocephalon Eolophus Lophochroa Licmetis Cacatua Psittacus Poicephalus Touit Psilopsiagon Nannopsittaca Bolborhynchus Forpus Myiopsitta Brotogeris Pionopsitta Triclaria Pyrilia Hapalopsittaca Amazona Pionus Graydidascalus Alipiopsitta Pionites Deroptyus Rhynchopsitta Pyrrhura Enicognathus Cyanoliseus Anodorhynchus Eupsittula Psittacara Ognorhynchus Leptosittaca Thectocercus Guaruba Diopsittaca Conuropsis Gymnopsittacus Aratinga Cyanopsitta Orthopsittaca Primolius Ara Psittrichas Coracopsis Micropsitta Alisterus Polytelis Aprosmictus Prioniturus Eclectus Geo royus Psittinus Himalayapsitta Palaeornis Tanygnathus Psittacula Psittacella Pezoporus Neopsephotus Neophema Lathamus Prosopeia Eunymphicus Cyanoramphus Platycercus Barnardius Psephotus Northiella Purpureicephalus Clarkona Psephotellus Bolbopsittacus Loriculus Agapornis Suavipsitta Psittaculirostris Cyclopsitta Melopsittacus Oreopsittacus Charminetta Hypocharmosyna Charmosynopsis Vini Charmosynoides Synorhacma Charmosyna Neopsittacus Lorius Psitteuteles Parvipsitta Chalcopsitta Pseudeos Cardeos Glossoptilus Trichoglossus Glossopsitta Saudareos Eos

0

,

tribes

:

,

subfamilies, Microglossinae to right names

20

10)

(

MYA

AGO

Left of

. Psittaciformes of family-group herein.

described

YEARS phylogeny nomenclature are nov. 30 MILLION tr. Generic-level text discusses. 1 Main Bolbopsittacini

40 FIGURE %. ≥ 95 nov,. and parrots that are endemic to New Zealand and surrounding islands. It was sister to the rest of the entire parrot radiation. One species, Strigops habroptilus (Family: Strigopidae ; see Savage and Digby, 2023, for orthography of the epithet habroptilus ), is monotypic and flightless, and two extant species, Nestor notabilis and N. meridionalis (Family: Nestoridae ), are diurnal and volant. The three species’ positions are stable and well resolved in our phylogenomic tree (fig. 1). This is in agreement with previous work. The ages of Strigopoidea and the families Strigopidae and Nestoridae have varied across studies, but a consensus has emerged in more recent work. Using a calibration of the splitting of New Zealand from Gondwana to date the split between Strigopoidea and all other parrots, Wright et al. (2008) dated the crown age of Strigopoidea to 81.91 Mya and 49.84 Mya for the split of Strigopidae and Nestoridae . We stress, however, that later work (e.g., reviewed in Worthy et al., 2017) has cautioned use of the 82 Mya split of New Zealand. The opportunity probably existed until about 55 Mya for taxa to join the Zealandian terrestrial biota by overland dispersal. Subsequent studies using fossil calibrations beyond Psittaciformes or secondary calibrations have found progressively younger ages for dates within the clade. Schweizer et al. (2011) estimated that Strigopoidea , which was represented in their taxon sampling by Nestor , diverged from other parrots 58.6 Mya (95% highest posterior density [HPD]): 44.9–72). Rheindt et al. (2014) estimated that this same divergence time had a mean of 49 or 42 Ma, depending on the type of calibration. Within the Strigopoidea , the divergence of Strigopidae and Nestoridae was dated to 28–29 Mya (95% HPD: 18–38 Mya) by Rheindt et al. (2014). We found that the stem and crown splits for Strigopoidea occurred at 40 and 35 Mya (figs. 1, 2), dates that are similar to the conclusions of another phylogenomic study using a reduced number of taxa ( Huang et al., 2022).

Divergences within Nestor range from the late Miocene to early Pleistocene. We estimated the divergence of N. notabilis and N. meridionalis at 2.6 Mya (fig. 2), similar to the age determined by Rheindt et al. (2014), whereas Wood et al. (2014) dated the split to ~5 Mya. An extinct species, Nestor productus from Norfolk Island, is known from only 16 museum specimens and went extinct in the 1840s ( Holdaway et al., 2001). It has yet to be placed in a molecular phylogeny. Also extinct, the Chatham Island Kaka ( Nestor chathamensis ) was found to be sister to N. meridionalis and molecular dating based on 571 bp of mtDNA estimated the split between the two taxa at 1.74 Mya ( Wood et al., 2014).

Although not directly related to systematics, recent efforts to produce genomic resources for the three species in Strigopoidea have served both applied and basic science purposes. For example, extensive species management of the critically endangered Strigops habroptilus has led to whole genome sequencing of all individuals in the population (N = 169), an unprecedented resource for mitigating genetic associations with disease risk and low reproductive output ( Guhlin et al., 2023). Genomic data for Nestor has indicated that N. notabilis , which occurs in the alpine zone of New Zealand, exhibits the same adaptive signatures of high-elevation habitation as the forest-adapted N. meridionalis ( Martini et al., 2021) .