Paraphaea binotata (Dejean, 1825) Shi & Zhou & Liang, 2013

Shi, Hongliang, Zhou, Hongzhang & Liang, Hongbin, 2013, Taxonomic synopsis of the subtribe Physoderina (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini), with species revisions of eight genera, ZooKeys 284, pp. 1-129 : 12-15

Paraphaea binotata (Dejean, 1825) comb. n. Habitus: Figs 1 31, 32, 33 male genitalia: Figs 67 95 female genitalia: Figs 111 126

Paraphaea binotata Dejean 1825: 252 (original: Plochionus ; type locality: îles Mariannes; lectotype deposited in MNHN); Chaudoir 1877: 236 ( Anchista ; Indes orientales, Iles Andaman, Iles Mariannes, Japon); Bates 1883: 208 ( Anchista ); Bates 1889: 284 ( Anchista ; Qui-Nhon (Vietnam), Pnomh-Penh (Cambodia)); Bates 1892: 423 ( Anchista ; Bhamò (Burma)); Andrewes 1924b: 117 ( Anchista ; Siju Cave (Assam)); Andrewes 1930a: 337 ( Anchista ; Buru (Indonesia)); Andrewes 1930d: 22 ( Anchista ; catalogue); Kanô 1930a: 77 ( Anchista ); Csiki 1932: 1455 ( Anchista , catalogue); Andrewes 1947: 12 ( Anchista ; Inle lake (Burma)); Jedlička 1963: 449 ( Anchista ; Japan, Philippinen, Süd-China, Birma, Indien, Andamanen); Habu 1967: 138 ( Anchista ; Japan); Darlington 1968: 140 ( Anchista ; Milne Bay (New Guinea)); Darlington 1970: 45 ( Anchista ; Saipan, Guam); Habu 1982: 103 ( Anchista ; Japan).

Calleida discophora Chaudoir 1852: 48 (type locality: nord de l’Hindostan; lectotype deposited in MNHN); Chaudoir 1877: 236 ( Anchista ; synonymized with binotata Dejean). [Synonym]

Paraphaea signifera Bates 1873: 312 (type locality: Satsuma (Japan); lectotype deposited in MNHN); Bates 1876: pl. I, Fig. 5; Chaudoir 1877: 236 ( Anchista ; synonymized with binotata Dejean). [Synonym]

Anchista eurydera Chaudoir 1877: 236 (type locality: Indes orientales; holotype deposited in MNHN); Andrewes 1930d: 22 ( Anchista ; catalogue); Csiki 1932: 1456 ( Anchista ; catalogue). syn. n. [Synonym]

Type examined.

Lectotype of Plochionus binotatus Dejean, designated herein (MNHN): male, body length = 7.8 mm, pin mounted, “TYPE” [red label]; " binotatus, mil. / in inf. Mariannes " [yellow label]; " Guerin " [yellow label]; " Plochionus "; " Paraphaea / signifera Bates "; "Ex Musaeo / Chaudoir" [red letters]; "Museum Paris / 1952 / Coll. R. Oberthür”; "LECTOTYPE ♂ / Plochionus binotatus / Dejean, 1825 / des. SHI H. L. 2011" [red label][Fig. 31]. Lectotype of Calleida discophora Chaudoir, designated herein (MNHN): male, body length = 8.0 mm; pin mounted; labia removed and separately pinned, " Calleida / discophora Ch."; "Ex Musaeo / Chaudoir" [red letters]; "Museum Paris / 1952 / Coll. R. Oberthür”; "LECTOTYPE ♂ / Calleida discophora / Chaudoir, 1852 / des. SHI H. L. 2011" [red label][Fig. 32]. Lectotype of Paraphaea signifera Bates, designated herein (MNHN): male, body length = 7.9 mm; pin mounted, “TYPE” [red label]; “SATZUMA.”; "Ex. Musaeo / H. W. Bates, 1892"; "Museum Paris / 1952 / Coll. R. Oberthür”; " Paraphaea / signifera / Bates "; "LECTOTYPE ♂ / Paraphaea signifera / Bates, 1873 / des. SHI H. L. 2011" [red label][Fig. 33]. Paralectotype of Paraphaea signifera Bates (MNHN): a female, body length = 8.8 mm; pin mounted, labia removed and separately pinned, “SATZUMA.”; “PARATYPE” [red label]; "Ex. Musaeo /H. W. Bates / 1892"; "Museum Paris / 1952 / Coll. R. Oberthür”; "PARALECTOTYPE ♀ / Paraphaea signifera / Bates, 1873 / des. SHI H. L. 2011" [red label]. Holotype of Anchista eurydera Chaudoir, monotypy (MNHN): male, without head, pin mounted, "Ex Musaeo / Chaudoir" [red letter]; “TYPE” [red label]; "Museum Paris / 1952 / Coll. R. Oberthür”; " eurydera / Chaudoir / Indes Orient " [box label but pinned under specimen]; "HOLOTYPE ♂/ Anchista eurydera / Chaudoir 1877 / det. SHI H. L. 2011" [red label].

Notes on types.

Plochionus binotatus Dejean: In the collection of MNHN, we found only one specimen ( Fig. 31 ) from the Mariannas, apparently from Dejean’s collection. So this specimen could be the basis for the original description, although the original literature didn’t indicate or imply that the species was based on a single specimen. According to the Zoological Code of Nomenclature (4th Edition), Articles 61, 73 and 74, for taxonomic purpose of fixing the name to unique name-bearing type and preventing further uncertainty, we designate this specimen as the lectotype.

Calleida discophora Chaudoir: The original literature didn’t indicate or imply how many specimens were examined. It can be confirmed that the male ( Fig. 32 ) from Chaudoir’s collection, and bearing Chaudoir’s hand-written label, belongs to the type series. The other three specimens in Chaudoir’s collection do not accord with the original literature, although they are mentioned later ( Chaudoir 1877). We herein designate this first specimen as lectotype for taxonomic purpose of fixing the name to unique name-bearing type.

Paraphaea signifera Bates: This species was originally described from an unspecified number of specimens, but both sexes were mentioned, as well as type locality “Satzuma”. In the collection of MNHN, two specimens (one male and one female) from Bates’ collection are perfectly in accord with the original literature. We herein designate the male ( Fig. 33 ) as lectotype for the purpose of providing the name with a unique name-bearing type. Another specimen from Bates’ collection with different locality was labeled as paratype by J. Mateu (not published), but it is neither a paratype nor a syntype and should not be part of the type series. We removed the paratype label.

Anchista eurydera Chaudoir: This species was originally described from a single specimen which head is missing. This male in MNHN (ex. collection of Chaudoir) is clearly the holotype.

Non-type material examined

(total 141 specimens). China: 1 female (IZAS), "Jiangxi, Xingguo, 1956.7.26, Chen Yong leg., early season rice". 1 female (IZAS), "Jiangxi, Xingguo, 1956.7.2, Chen Yong leg., early season rice". 1 female (IZAS), "Jiangxi, Yongxin, 1956.5.12, Long Changqi leg., early season rice". 1 male, 2 females (IZAS), "Jiangxi, Ganzhou, 1956.8.1, Qiu Futao leg., barley". 1 female (IZAS), "Guangdong, Zhongshan, Cuihengcun, 1957.8.4, grassland". 1 female (IZAS), "Guangdong, Yingde, Chengguan Granary, 1957.8.22". 2 males (IZAS), "Guangdong, Zhongshan, Baqu, 1957.7.29". 1 male (IZAS), "Guangdong, Nanxiong, 1956.7.5, Wu Guangwen leg., rice land". 5 males 6 females (IZAS), "Guangxi, Guilin, Yanshan Mt., 1953.4.24/ 1953.5.4/ 1953.7.17"[Figs 67, 95]. 1 female (HBUM), "Guangxi, Guilin, Yanshan Mt., 2003.V.17, Li Tianshan leg."[Fig. 126]. 7 males 4 females (IZAS), "Guangxi, Guilin, Liangfeng, 1952.3.13/ 1952.5.17".[Fig. 111] 2 males 3 females (IZAS), "Guangxi, Lingui, 1952.3.6/ 1952.3.10/ 1952.3.13/ 1958.4.22". 2 males (IZAS), "Guangxi, Lingui, Dayu, 1958.4". 1 female (IZAS), "Yaoshan, 1938.V.25". 1 female (IZAS), "Yangshuo, 1938.VIII.1". 1 male (IZAS), "Yunnan, Jinping, 1958.6.19, black fungi". 1 female (IZAS), "Yunnan, Luxi, 1957.5.20, Zhao Wenguang leg., rice land". 1 female (IZAS), "Yunnan, Cheli, 1958.VIII.29". 1 female (IZAS), "Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Yunjinghong, 900m, 1958.VI.26, Zhang Yiran leg."[Fig. 1]. 1 female (IZAS), "Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Damenglong, 650m, 1958.VIII.7, Zhang Yiran leg.". 3 specimens (MNHN), "Chine. Kouangsi, P. Barriere, 1909". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Chine, Foo Kien, M. dela Touche, 1899". Japan: 1 specimen (MNHN), “Japan“; "Ex. Musaeo, H. W. Bates, 1892". Vietnam:2 males 4 females (IZAS), "Tonkin, Hoa-Binh, 1939.VII/ 1940.VII/ 1940.VIII, leg. A. de Cooman". 1 specimen (MNHN), “Honoï, Domonge, 1909". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Cochinchine, aui nhon". 2 specimens (MNHN), "cochinchine, Hasmand, 1872". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Cochinchine, Env. De Saigon, Simard, 1902". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Cochinchine, Baudooin d’Aulne, 1897". 2 specimens (MNHN), "Tonkin Sept., Ha-Lang, Lamey 151-97". 37 specimens (MNHN), "Tonkin occ., Env. De Hoa-Binh, R. P. A. de Cooman, 1919.". 9 specimens (MNHN), "Hoah binh, Tonkin". Thailand: 2 specimens (MNHN), "Siam, Chantaboun, A. Battambang, A. Pavie, 1886". Cambodia: 1 specimen (MNHN), “Cambodia“; "Ex. Musaeo, H. W. Bates, 1892". 2 specimens (MNHN), "Cambodge, Rég de Chiehreng, G. Thomas 1912.". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Kampong, Cambidge, Coll. J. Negre". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Cambodge, 20/9/1912, R. Vitalis de Salvaza". Myanmar:1 specimen (MNHN), “Bhamò, Birmania, Fea VII 1886"; "Ex. Musaeo, H. W. Bates, 1892". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Minhia, Birmania, D. Comotto 1883"; "Ex. Musaeo, H. W. Bates, 1892". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Birmanie, Theinzeik, P. Loizeau, 1914". 1 male (MNPC), "Tharrawaddy, Burma, G. Q. Corbett". Indian: 1 specimen (MNHN), "Ind. Or. Bor., Dr Bacon"; "Ex. Musaeo, Chaudoir". 1 speci men (MNHN), "I. Andamman, H. Deyroll."; "Ex. Musaeo, Chaudoir". 1 specimen (MNHN), “Andaman”. 1 specimen (MNHN), "I. Andaman, Deyrolle 1877". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Andaman, Coll. Borel". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Chota Nagpore, Nowatoli, R. P. Cardon, XI-XII 1896". 2 specimens (MNHN), "Naga Hills.". 2 specimens (MNHN), "N. Manipur". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Sikkim, Guntok, Eté 1894, Chasseurs Bretaudeau". The Philippines: 1 specimen (MNHN), "Philipines, Ch. semper". Indonesia: 1 specimen (MNHN), "Java, Mt. Tengger. Mme. E. Walsh". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Sumatra, Rég. De. Benkoelen, Tandjong Sakti, Mme. M. E. Walsh, 1935". 2 specimens (MNHN), "Paggar Alam, Sumara, J. Bouchard". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Boreno Occ., Pontianak, 1903".

Diagnosis.

Pronotum glabrous, widest at apical third, lateral margins slightly sinuate before hind angles; elytra with bicolored pattern, dark brown background with a reddish yellow elongate spot on each side ( Fig. 1 ); elytra with two setigerous pores on 3rd interval, and one setigerous pore on base of 5th interval; elytra without any secondary setigerous pores; median lobe of aedeagus with apical third strongly expanded, internal sac with screwed main flagellum ( Fig. 67 ).

The unique pronotal shape, elytral pattern and number of setigerous pores easily distinguish this species from all other allied species.

Description.

Male genitalia. Median lobe of aedeagus with apical third strongly expanded; in dorsal view, left-lateral margin strongly sinuate medially, and then gradually narrowed to apex; apical lamella placed on left-ventral side, broadly triangular, apex slightly rounded, not distinctly extended apically; internal sac with main flagellum screwed; basal part of main flagellum strongly bent, so trumpet-form expansion reaching right margin, apical margin of trumpet-form expansion crenulate ( Fig. 67 ). Female genitalia. Spermatheca very long and slender; spermathecal gland inserted near apical one-third of spermatheca, with a short branch near base; spermatheca slightly expanded, with ring-sculpture between the gland insertion and apex, basal part of spermatheca without sculpture; spermatheca strongly bent at apical third ( Fig. 126 ). Apical segment of ovipositor scimitar-shaped, inner margin slightly angulate at apical third; length about four times basal width; inner margin setose in apical half; apex sharp, with membranous extension long and slender ( Fig. 111 ).

Detailed description of external characters has been provided by Habu (1967, 1982).

Distribution

( Map 1 ). China [Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Taiwan (only Orchid Island, by Kanô 1930a)]; Japan; Vietnam; Thailand; Cambodia; Myanmar; India; the Philippines; Indonesia; New Guinea (Darlington, 1968); Mariana.

Notes on synonym.

Anchista eurydera Chaudoir was described from Indes Orientales which overlaps the range of Paraphaea binotata . The head of the male holotype is missing and its abdomen was badly destroyed by dermestid beetles, so it is impossible to examine its genitalia. Chaudoir (1877) noted that this species is extremely close to Paraphaea binotata , and wrote of some differences between these two species which are correct according to the holotype. But the differences in pronotal shape and elytral pattern should be regarded as mere individual variation, which is ubiquitous in this common and widely-distributed species. The paler color and more distinct yellow stripes on the pronotum are due to immaturity of the holotype. The transverse wrinkles on the pronotum are possibly an artifact caused by abnormal emergence. So we herein synonymize Anchista eurydera Chaudoir with Plochionus binotatus Dejean.

Remarks.

In Japan, this species is only recorded in South Kyushu and Satsunan Islands. Kanô’s (1930b) record of Paraphaea binotata from Tokyo is presumably a misidentification of Euplynes batesi Harold ( Habu 1967). Kanô (1930a) recorded Paraphaea binotata from Taiwan (Orchid Island). It is probable that this record is also based on a misidentification. Moreover, we have studied a large series of carabid specimens from Taiwan, but didn’t find this species. So, it seems likely that this species is not distributed in Taiwan.

Figures

Map 1. Known distribution of genus Paraphaea I: ● Paraphaea binotata (Dejean).

Figure 67. Median lobe of male genitalia, right-lateral, ventral, left-lateral, dorsal views of Paraphaea binotata (Dejean), a specimen from Guangxi.

Figures 1 - 6. Habitus, scale bars = 2.0 mm: 1 Paraphaea binotata (Dejean), a specimen from Yunnan 2 Paraphaea formosana (Jedlicka), a specimen from Taiwan 3 Paraphaea minor sp. n., a paratype from Hainan 4 Anchista brunnea (Wiedemann), a paralectotype of picea Chaudoir from India 5 Anchista fenestrata fenestrata (Schmidt-Goebel), a specimen from Nepal 6 Anchista fenestrata fenestrata (Schmidt-Goebel), a specimen from Nepal.

Figures 31 - 36. Type materials, scale bars = 2.0 mm: 31 Lectotype of Plochionus binotatus Dejean [= Paraphaea binotata (Dejean)] 32 Lectotype of Calleida discophora Chaudoir [= Paraphaea binotata (Dejean)] 33 Lectotype of Paraphaea signifera Bates [= Paraphaea binotata (Dejean)] 34 Holotype of Parena formosana Jedlicka [= Paraphaea formosana (Jedlicka)] 35 Holotype of Paraphaea minor sp. n. 36 Holotype of Coptodera philippinensis Jedlicka [= Paraphaea philippinensis (Jedlicka)].

Figures 95 - 110. Left and right parameres of male genitalia, scale bars = 0.2 mm: 95 Paraphaea binotata (Dejean), a specimen from Guangxi 96 Paraphaea minor sp. n., holotype 97 Anchista brunnea (Wiedemann), a paralectotype of picea Chaudoir 98 Anchista pilosa sp. n., holotype 99 Metallanchista laticollis sp. n., holotype 100 Physodera amplicollis van de Poll, a specimen from Taiwan 101 Diamella cupreomicans (Oberthuer), a specimen from Yunnan 102 Diamella arrowi (Jedlicka), holotype 103 Allocota aurata (Bates), a specimen from Tonkin 104 Allocota aurata (Bates), a specimen from Shaanxi 105 Allocota bicolor sp. n., holotype 106 Lachnoderma asperum Bates, a specimen from Taiwan 107 Dasiosoma ivorense Basilewsky, a paratype from Cote d'Ivoire 108 Dasiosoma quadraticolle sp. n., holotype 109 Orionella kathmanduensis (Kirschenhofer), a specimen from Nepal 110 Endynomena pradieri (Fairmaire), a specimen from Fujian.

Figures 111 - 125. Left ovipositors of females, ventral view, scale bars = 0.2 mm: 111 Paraphaea binotata (Dejean), a specimen from Guangxi 112 Paraphaea minor sp. n., a paratype from Hainan 113 Paraphaea philippinensis (Jedlicka), holotype 114 Anchista fenestrata fenestrata (Schmidt-Goebel), a specimen from Nepal 115 Physodera dejeani Eschscholtz, a specimen from Yunnan 116 Physodera eschscholtzii Parry, a specimen from Yunnan 117 Diamella cupreomicans (Oberthuer), a specimen from Yunnan 118 Allocota aurata (Bates), a specimen from Shaanxi 119 Allocota bicolor sp. n., a paratype from Guangdong 120 Lachnoderma asperum Bates, a specimen from Zhejiang 121 Dasiosoma bellum (Habu), a specimen from Guangdong 122 Dasiosoma maindroni (Tian & Deuve), a specimen from Tonkin 123 Dasiosoma quadraticolle sp. n., a paratype from Yunnan 124 Orionella lewisii (Bates), a specimen from Zhejiang 125 Endynomena pradieri (Fairmaire), a specimen from Taiwan.

Figures 126 - 131. Internal reproductive system of females, scale bars = 0.2 mm: 126 Paraphaea binotata (Dejean), a specimen from Guangxi 127 Paraphaea minor sp. n., a paratype from Hainan 128 Paraphaea philippinensis (Jedlicka), holotype 129 Anchista fenestrata fenestrata (Schmidt-Goebel), a specimen from Nepal 130 Physodera dejeani Eschscholtz, a specimen from Yunnan 131 Physodera eschscholtzii Parry, a specimen from Hainan.