Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston, 1857)

Smith, Sarah M., Beaver, Roger A. & Cognato, Anthony I., 2020, A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China, ZooKeys 983, pp. 1-442 : 1

Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston, 1857) Fig. 90E, F, K

Tomicus perforans Wollaston, 1857: 96.

Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston): Eichhoff 1878b: 403.

Bostrichus testaceus Walker, 1859: 260. Synonymy: Browne 1955: 355.

Xyleborus duponti Montrouzier, 1861: 265. Synonymy: Hagedorn 1910b: 108.

Anodius tuberculatus Motschulsky, 1863: 511. Synonymy: Wood 1969: 117.

Anodius denticulus Motschulsky, 1863: 512. Synonymy: Wood 1969: 117.

Xyleborus kraatzii Eichhoff, 1868b: 152. Synonymy: Schedl 1959: 503.

Xyleborus kraatzii philippinensis Eichhoff, 1878b: 374. Synonymy: Schedl 1959: 503.

Xyleborus immaturus Blackburn, 1885: 193. Synonymy: Beeson 1929: 240.

Xylopertha hirsuta Lea, 1894: 321. Synonymy: Schedl 1936b: 529, 1959: 503.

Xyleborus whitteni Beeson, 1935b: 113. Synonymy: Beaver 1991: 95.

Xyleborus apertus Schedl, 1939a: 355. Synonymy: Bright and Skidmore 1997: 4, 154.

Xyleborus criticus Schedl, 1950b: 899. Synonymy: Wood 1989: 177.

Xyleborus shionomisakiensis Murayama, 1951: 3. Synonymy: Smith et al. 2018b: 398.

Xyleborus cylindrus Schedl, 1951a: 94. Synonymy: Bright and Skidmore 1997: 4, 155.

Xyleborus minimus Schedl, 1955a: 305. Synonymy: Bright and Skidmore 1997: 4, 161.

Type material.

Syntypes Xyleborus whitteni (BPBM).

New records.

China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, vi.2017, J. Skelton (UFFE, 1). Laos: 10 km N Luang-Prabang, Mekhong river, 240 km N Vientiane, hills c. 250 m, poor settlem[ent], prim[ary] veget[ation] lux, iv.1993, Insomsay Somsy (MFNB, 2); as previous except: iii.1993 (MFNB, 2). Vientiane, Ban Van Eue, 15.xii.1965, native collector (BPBM, 3). Vietnam: NE region, Bac Giang, Tay Yen Tu Nature Res., 10.vi.2016, at light, 21°11.6'N, 106°45.232'E, G.S. Powell (MSUC, 1). [Da Lak], 10 km E of Ban ME Thout [sic] [= Buon Ma Thout], 855 m, 20.v.1960, R.E. Leech (BPBM, 1). Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., 11.40817, 107.38098, 134 m, 22-24.ii.2017, VN81, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex FIT (MSUC, 40); as previous except: Bien Hoa, 25.ii.1969, C.R. Joyce, ex at light (BPBM, 6); as previous except: 10.ix.1969 (BPBM, 2). Ninh Binh, Doi Vac, Cuc Phuong, 10-16.ix.2013, J.B. Heppner (FSCA, 11). Ha Tay, Ba Vi N.P. (lake lodge), 3-4.vii.2008, 196 m, J. B. Heppner (FSCA, 1). Thua Thien-Hue, Bach Ma N.P., 16.22897, 107.85349, 415 m, 15.ii.2017, VN57, A.I. Cognato, T.A. Hoang, ex 5 cm diameter branch; twig (MSUC, 23). Vinh Phuc, Me Linh Biodiversity Station, Dai Lai Lake, 100 m, 27-29.ix.2013, J.B. Heppner (FSCA, 1).

Diagnosis.

2.3-2.6 mm long (mean = 2.46 mm; n = 5); 2.67-2.89 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry); declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed with two or three pairs of moderate tubercles; interstriae 2 sparsely granulate at declivital summit; and elytra unicolored.

This species is very similar to X. cognatus which has often been treated as a synonym of X. perforans , and X. volvulus . It is distinguished from X. cognatus by the smaller size (vs. 2.8-3.1 mm), generally stouter form (vs. 2.8-3.1 × as long as wide), smaller interstrial tubercles and unicolored elytra. This species is also almost identical to X. volvulus and is distinguished the stouter form (vs. 3.13 × as long as wide) and interstriae 2 granules only present at declivity summit (vs. entire length).

Similar species.

Xyleborus affinis , X. cognatus , X. ferrugineus , X. festivus , X. pfeilii , X. volvulus .

Distribution.

Throughout tropical parts of the Afrotropical, Australian and Oriental regions. Recorded in the study region from Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Guangxi, Hong Kong*, Shanxi, Yunnan), India (Andaman Is, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nicobar Is, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

Host plants.

Strongly polyphagous (e.g., Browne 1961a; Schedl 1963a; Gray and Wylie 1974; Ohno 1990).

Remarks.

The biology has been described by Beeson (1961), Browne (1961a), Schedl (1963a) and Kalshoven (1964). The species sometimes attacks weakened or injured trees, and can be a minor pest ( Browne 1968a), but its attacks are usually secondary. Due to its abundance, the species can be important in the downgrade of recently felled timber.

Figures

Figure 90. Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of Xyleborus mysticulus holotype, 2.2 - 2.5 mm (A, B, I), X. opacus paratype, 2.7 mm, 2.2 - 2.5 mm (C, D, J), X. perforans, 2.3 - 2.6 mm (E, F, K), and X. pfeilii, 2.9 - 3.2 mm (G, H, L).