Chthonius ischnocheles ( Hermann, 1804 )

Gardini, Giulio, 2021, The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries, Zootaxa 4987 (1), pp. 1-131 : 75-88

Chthonius ischnocheles ( Hermann, 1804)

( Figs 237–265 , 407 )

Chelifer ischnochelus Hermann, 1804: 118 , pl. 5 fig. p, pl. 6 fig. 14.

Obisium megachelum Amary, 1840: 78 , tab. IV, figs 1b–d, 3a–b (n. syn.).

Chthonius rayi dalmatinus Hadži, 1930: 72 , figs 10a–e, 11a–e, 12a–b, 13a–d, 14, 15a–b, 16a–c (n. syn.).

Chthonius (C.) litoralis Hadži, 1933: 130 , figs 2a–c (n. syn.).

Chthonius (C.) rhodochelatus Hadži, 1933: 133 , figs 3c, 4a–b, 5a–c, 6b–e, 7 (res. syn.).

Chthonius (C.) ischnocheles ischnocheles: Callaini 1979a: 131 (in part: see C. densedentatus ).

Type locality: not stated, presumably near Strasbourg ( France) ( Harvey 2013) .

Distribution. Species widespread throughout Europe, Macaronesia and Anatolia, introduced to the U.S.A. and St. Helena ( Harvey 2013).

Diagnosis (♂ ♀). An eyed epigean Chthonius that differs from other species of the ischnocheles group in the following combination of characters: anterior margin of carapace with 2 (rarely 1) preocular microsetae; posterior margin of carapace with 4 macrosetae, lateral setae as long as or slightly shorter than the median setae; chelicerae with 3 (rarely 2 or 4) lateral microsetae; spinneret wide and semicircular; chela length 0.885–1.70 mm; movable finger length 0.56–1.08 mm; chelal fingers with reclined, pointed and widely spaced teeth; fixed chelal finger with 31–49 teeth; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.25–1.6.

Type material of Chthonius rayi examined. ITALY — Alto Adige : Bolzano Prov. — 1 ♀, (lectotype of Chthonius Rayi L. Koch, 1873 , present designation), “Hauenstein” [Castelvecchio near Siusi allo Sciliar, com. Castelrotto, 1273 m a.s.l., 46°32’10”N, 11°34’06”E] “ Chthonius Rayi L. Koch ” “13.9.1.810–959” “ Chthonius rayi L. Koch / syntypes / M. Judson det. 1993” ( NHM); 82 ♂ 57 ♀ (paralectotypes of Chthonius Rayi , present designation), same data as lectotype (together with 6 ♂ 27 ♀ of C. carinthiacus ) ( NHM) .

Type material of Chthonius tamaninii examined. ITALY — Apulia: Brindisi Prov. — 2 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T (syntypes of C. tamaninii ), Ostuni, Grotta di Agnano 342 Pu / BR, 11.III.1941, L. Tamanini leg.

Other material examined. CROATIA — Istria — 1 ♂, Limski kanal, 10 m a.s.l., 20.VI.2016, P. Hlaváč leg. , coastal forest. Split -Dalmatia — 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Split, Meje, 10.IX.2019, R. Ozimec leg.

FRANCE — Ain — 2 ♂ 2 ♀, Artemare , 320 m a.s.l., 18.IX.2020, G. Gardini, P. Gardini & C. Giusto leg. Alpes- Maritimes — 1 ♀, Ponçon, Lac Serre , 21.VII.2000, E. Bernabò leg. Ardèche — 3 ♂ 1 ♀ 5 T, Berrias –et– Casteljau, Montchamp , 21.IV.2009, J. Rollet leg. Aveyron — 1 ♀, Pradines , La Bastide, 450 m a.s.l., 4. VIII.1990, G. Gardini leg. Côtes-d’Armor — 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 2 T 1 D, Hanvec, Forêt du Cranou, Mt. Arrée , 14.IX.1988, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg. ; 6 ♂ 7 T 4 D, Forêt de Quénécan , 15.IX.1988, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg. Corse — 2 ♀, Bastia, near Brando , 16.IV.1992, S. Zoia leg. ; 6 ♂ 7 ♀ 1 T, Bastia, near Erbalunga , 22. V.1982, A. Torchia & S. Zoia leg. , Quercus ilex wood on limestone; 3 ♀ 1 T, Bastia, S. Maria di Loto, Miamo , 22. V.1982, A. Torchia & S. Zoia leg. ; 5 ♂ 2 ♀, near Rogliano , 23. V.1982, A. Torchia & S. Zoia leg. Haute-Garonne — 1 ♀, near Arbas , 25.VII.1985, S. Zoia leg. Haute- Savoie — 5 ♂ 10 ♀, Monnetier-Mornex, Mornex ss. Salève , 600 m a.s.l., 20.III.1996, S. Vit leg. (together with 1 ♂ 1 ♀ of C. densedentatus ) , leaf litter and rotten stump. Hérault — 1 ♂, Mireval, Forêt Gardiole , 1.XII.1992, L. Fancello leg. ; 6 ♂ 8 ♀ 4 T, Montpellier, Castelnau, alluvial debris of Lez River , 3.XII.1984, M. Bodon leg. ; 1 ♂ 6 ♀ 8 T 1 D 1 P, Montpellier , 94 m a.s.l., 3.IV.2015, G. Gardini leg. , under Quercus ilex on limestone; 1 T, Prades-le- Lez , 5.I.1992, M. Bodon leg. Var — 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Draguignan, Figanière , 29.IV.1975, S. Zoia leg. , sieved under Quercus ilex ; 4 ♂ 6 ♀ 2 T 3 D, Cabasse , La Plaine, 8.XII.1992, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg. ; 1 ♂ 2 ♀ 3 T, Toulon, Chartreuse de Montrieux , 8.XII.1992, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg. , oak wood; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Hyéres, Île de Porquerolles , 10–50 m a.s.l., 19. V.2013, G. Gardini, C. Giusto & S. Zoia leg.

GERMANY — Rheinland-Pfalz — 5 ♂ 4 ♀, Soonwald: Guldenbachtal bei Seibersbach, 22. V.1979, W. Schawaller leg., unter Quartzstein, Bucherfe Bremerrel ( SMNS) . Saarland — 1 ♂, Stollen am Zollbahnhof , 1.VII.2006, D. Weber ( MHNG) ; 1 ♀, Limbergkeller 2, 15. VIII .2004, D. Weber leg. ( MHNG); 1 ♀ (det. V. Mahnert), Völklinger Bahntunnel, 26. V .2006, D. Weber leg. ( MHNG); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Alsbach Stollen, 11. VI .2004, D. Weber leg. ( MHNG); Südbaden — 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Rheinwald bei Weinstetten , 29.III.1983, W. Pankow leg. ( SMNS) .

ITALY — Venezia Giulia: Trieste Prov. — 1 ♀, Duino–Aurisina, Duino, 20 m a.s.l., 14.III.1991, F. Gasparo leg.; 1 ♂, id., 9.IV.1993, F. Gasparo leg. Friuli: Udine Prov. — 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Trasaghis, 250 m a.s.l., 5. V.1992, F. Gasparo leg.; 3 ♀, Venzone, Pioverno, 250 m a.s.l., 14.VII.1992, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂ 1 ♀ of C. densedentatus ), pitfall traps under Ostrya carpinifolia . Veneto: Belluno Prov. — 1 ♂, Agordo, La Muda, 550 m a.s.l., 2.VII.1985, G. Gardini leg. (together with 1 ♂ of C. densedentatus ). Veneto: Padua Prov. — 1 ♀ (det. M. Beier), Battaglia Terme, 24.III.1974, P. Dioli leg. Veneto: Treviso Prov. — 25 ex. ( C. rayi , det. G. Canestrini), Trevisano, 1873 ( MZUP); 34 ex. ( C. rayi , det. G. Canestrini), Treviso, 1873 ( MZUP); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (det. M. Beier), Cison di Valmarino, 17.IV.1974, A. Minelli leg. Veneto: Verona Prov. — 5 ♂ 3 ♀ (det. G. Lazzeroni, together with 6 ♂ 10 ♀ of C. densedentatus ), Cologna Veneta, 11.IX.1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. ( MSNV); 1 ♀ (det. G. Lazzeroni, together with 5 ♂ of C. densedentatus ), between Garda and Punta San Vigilio, 4. VI.1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. ( MSNV); 1 ♂ 6 ♀ 1 T 3 D (det. G. Lazzeroni), Grezzana, S slope of Vajo del Paradiso, 28.III.1968, G. Lazzeroni leg., xerothermic oasis; 1 ♀ (det. M. Beier), Pescantina, Settimo di Pescantina, 15.IX.1964, C. Baroni leg. ( MSNV); 14 ♂ 16 ♀ (det. G. Lazzeroni), between Punta San Vigilio and Torri, 4. VI.1968, G. Lazzeroni, A. Montolli & R. Gioco leg. ( MSNV); 2 ♀ (det. G. Lazzeroni), Sant’Ambrogio di Valpolicella, fort near Monte, 28. V.1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. ( MSNV); 8 ♂ 14 ♀ (det. G. Lazzeroni), between Sant’Ambrogio di Valpolicella and Monte, 28. V.1968, G. Lazzeroni, R. Gioco & A. Montolli leg. ( MSNV); Veneto: Vicenza Prov. — 2 ♀, Arcugnano, Lago di Fimon, 31. VIII.1987, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ ( C. rayi , det. G. Canestrini), Bassano [del Grappa], 1883 ( MZUP); 3 ♂ 1 ♀, near Lumignano, 9.VII.2019, N. Massimo leg. ( NMM); 1 ♀, Sossano, Madonna della Croce, 13.III.1997,A. Tagliapietra & A. Zanetti leg., dry meadows; 2 ♀, Valstagna, Oliero, 150 m a.s.l., 31.VII.1989, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 2 ♂ of C. densedentatus ); 1 ♂ 2 ♀ 1 T, Zovencedo, 8.III.1982, M. Seriani leg. Trentino: Trento Prov. — 1 ♀, Riva del Garda, 150 m a.s.l., 24. V.1990, F. Gasparo leg.; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, Trento, Povo, Colle Sant’Agata, 23. V.2019, N. Massimo leg. ( NMM); 2 ♀, id., 3.IX.2019, N. Massimo leg. ( NMM); 2 ♂, id., 8.X.2019, N. Massimo leg. ( NMM); 1 ♀, Vallarsa, Pian delle Fugazze, 1140 m a.s.l., 15.IX.2004, D. Bianco leg. Lombardy: Bergamo Prov. — 1 ♀, Caprino, Torre de’ Busi, 29.XI.1998, R. Monguzzi leg. ( RMM); 1 ♀, Nembro, Buco del Monte Podona, 1100 m a.s.l., 31. VIII.1980, G. Comotti leg.; 1 ♀, Oltre il Colle, Zambla Bassa, 1100 m a.s.l., 25. IV.1998, R. Monguzzi leg. ( RMM). Lombardy: Brescia Prov. — 2 ♂ 4 ♀, Brescia, Monte Maddalena, Büsa dei Darnèi n. cat. Lo/BS, 23.IX.1973, D. Vailati leg.; 1 ♂, Odolo, Monte Corvino, Pozzetto alle Ere di Odolo 419 Lo/ BS, 18. VIII.1973, D. Vailati leg.; 3 ♀, Villanuova sul Clisi, Bus de la Lena, 30. VI.2007, L. Bodei leg.; 1 ♀ 2 T, Villanuova sul Clisi, Mt. Covolo, Bus del Bò, 20.IV.2007, L. Bodei leg.; 1 ♀, id., V.2013, L. Bodei leg.; 1 ♀, Villanuova sul Clisi, small cave on Monte Covolo, 21.IV.2007, L. Bodei leg.; 1 ♂, Zone, Mt. Guglielmo, Quèl Camarèle 166 Lo/BS, 27.IV.1975, D. Vailati leg. Lombardy: Mantova Prov. — 2 ♂ 5 ♀ 2 T, Castiglione delle Stiviere, 107 m a.s.l., 29. VI.2009, G. Ruzzante leg. (together with 2 ♀ 1 T of C. densedentatus ), basis of the city walls. Lombardy: Varese Prov. — 1 ♀, Varese, Campo dei Fiori, 15.VII.2006, G. Gardini leg. Piedmont: Alessandria Prov. — 1 ♀, Carrega Ligure, 9.IV.1989, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♀, Moncestino, Cascina Ganoia, 150 m a.s.l., 24. VIII.1997, G.B. Delmastro leg. ( MCCI); 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Valenza, Garzaia, 28. VIII.1987, C. Torti leg. Piedmont: Cuneo Prov. — 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Pezzolo Valle Uzzone, 321 m a.s.l., 11.IX.2004, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); Piedmont: Torino Prov. — 1 ♀, Pralormo, Valle di Beltramo, 330 m a.s.l., 3.X.1993, G.B. Delmastro leg. ( MCCI). Liguria: Genoa Prov. — 3 ♀, Arenzano, 28.III.1978, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg., reeds near the seaside; 3 ♀, Bavari, 18. V.1983, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg.; 2 ♂ 3 ♀, Camogli, Monte di Portofino, 31. V.1972, G. Bartoli leg., Quercus ilex wood; 1 ♀, id., 9.I.1977, L. Briganti, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, id., Pietre Strette, 13.X.1974, N. Sanfilippo leg.; 1 ♀ 2 T, Camogli, Ruta, 8. V.1972, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♀, Genova, Grotta della Gianchetta 305 Li/GE, 120 m a.s.l., 17.VII.1977, C. Bonzano leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Genova, Lagaccio, 11.III.1985, F. Esposito leg.; 1 ♂, Genova, near Molassana, 28.III.1976, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♀, id., 31.III.1985, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♂, Genova, Molassana, San Gottardo, 23.II.1976, G. Gardini leg., under stone; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Genova, Nostra Signora del Monte, 24.X.1971, G. Bartoli leg.; 2 ♀, Genova, Panigaro, Buranco de Strie 315 Li/GE, 18.III.1988, S. Zoia leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Genova, Quinto, S slope of Mt. Moro, 300 m a.s.l., 23.IV.2000, G. Gardini leg., Quercus pubescens wood; 1 ♂, id., 50 m a.s.l., 27.X.2008, G. Gardini leg., Quercus pubescens wood; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Genova, Quinto, W slope of Mt. Moro, 150 m a.s.l., 25.I.2004, G. Gardini leg., Quercus pubescens wood; 1 ♀, Genova, Quinto, S slope of Mt. Fasce, 480 m a.s.l., 1.XII.2015, G. Gardini leg., garrigue; 1 ♀, Genova, Righi, V.2012, L. Galli leg., Quercus ilex wood; 1 ♀, Genova, Sampierdarena, Porta degli Angeli, 28.I.1975, G. Gardini leg., under stone; 1 ♀, Genova, Sestri Ponente, Monte Gazzo, Grotta dello Scrigno 951 Li/GE, 13.I.1974, L. Cassulo & F. Esposito leg.; 1 ♂, id., 30. VIII.1975, L. Briganti, S. Zoia & L. Cassulo leg.; 1 ♂, Genova, Sestri Ponente, Monte Gazzo, 23.III.2008, M.B. Invernici leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♀, Genova, Villetta Di Negro, 8.X.1972, G. Bartoli leg.; 4 ♂ 1 ♀ 2 T, id., 27.IX.1979, Gruppo Entomologico Ligure leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Genova, Voltri, Vesima, 14.III.1986, S. Zoia leg., Quercus ilex wood; 1 ♀ 1 T, Portofino, 26.IX.1979, S. Vit leg., under bark died pine tree; 1 T, Rapallo, Rio Tonnego, 16.X.1971, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♂, Sestri Levante, Villa Scorza, 100 m a.s.l., 29.VII.2008, M. Capurro leg., Quercus pubescens wood. Liguria: Imperia Prov. — 1 ♀, Cervo, 25.II.1973, G. Gardini leg., under stone; 1 ♀, Civezza, Monte Faudo, 8.I.1996, L. Galbiati leg. ( RMM); 1 ♂, Mortola, Villa Hanbury, 30.III.1976, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♂, Sanremo, 8.IV.1985, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♂, id., 9. V.2015, A. Pastorelli leg. Liguria: La Spezia Prov. — 2 ♂ 4 ♀, Ameglia, Ca’ del Sole, Torr. Bettigna, 2. VI.2007, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♀, Borghetto di Vara, Fiume Vara, 9. X.1992, N. Sanfilippo leg.; 1 ♀, Cassana, Grotta del Ginepro 66 Li/ SP, 13. VIII.1978, A. Briganti, L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, near Corniglia, 1.III.1981, S. Zoia, D. Antichi & A. Torchia leg.; 1 ♂ 2 D, Corniglia, 15.III.1998, S. Zoia & F. Polese leg.; 1 ♂, Fabiano, Grotta del Tasso 70 Li/ SP, 3.XI.1976, L. Cassulo & S. Zoia leg.; 4 ♀, La Spezia, Biassa, Grotta della Taglia 79 Li/ SP, 24. V.1988, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, La Spezia, Foce, 2. X.1980, G. Gardini, R. Rizzerio & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, La Spezia, Grotta di Bocca Lupara 74 Li/ SP, VIII.1988, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♀, Montemarcello, Grotta del Leo 1046 Li/ SP, 15.II.1976, L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg.; 6 ♂ 8 ♀ 1 T, Montemarcello, Grotta del Salotto 1048 Li/ SP, 24.IV.1978, A. Briganti, L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg., entrance of the cave; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, Montemarcello, 14.VII.1999, G. Troiano leg.; 1 ♂, Pignone, Foro di Sant’Antonio 456 Li/ SP, 22.VII.1979, A. Briganti, L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg.; 4 ♂ 4 ♀ 9 T 13 D, Portovenere, Isola Palmaria, 11. VIII.1981, L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, id., 24. V.2014, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 3 ♂ 3 ♀, Quaratica, Monte Bermego, 630 m a.s.l., 21.II.1982, G. Gardini, C. Giusto & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, Riccò del Golfo, Pozzo del Monte Bermego 458 Li/ SP, 29.III.1981, A. Briganti, L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♂ 1 T, Rocchetta Vara, along Fiume Vara, 10.IX.1992, N. Sanfilippo leg.; 1 ♀, Sarzana, mouth of Fiume Magra, 5.III.1977, G. Parodi & A. Torchia leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Vernazza, Punta Palma, 1.III.1981, S. Zoia, D. Antichi & A. Torchia leg. Liguria: Savona Prov. — 1 ♂, Albenga, mouth of Fiume Centa, 29.IV.1977, G. Parodi leg.; 1 ♀, Borgio Verezzi, Grotta di Valdemino 160 Li/SV, 13.X.2017, M. Isaia & S. Mammola leg.; 1 ♀, water source near Borgio Verezzi, 14. V.1989, M. Bodon leg.; 3 ♂ 2 ♀, Castelbianco, 29.XII.1991, G. Gardini leg., olive grove; 4 ♂ 1 ♀, Finale Ligure, Val Ponci, 4.IV.1976, G. Gardini leg., under stone; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Laigueglia, Capo Mele, 6.III.1975, G. Gardini leg., under stone near shoreline; 1 ♀, Noli, Capo di Varigotti, 31. V.1975, R. Poggi leg., under stone in olive grove; 1 ♀, id., 28.IV.1994, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♂, Sassello, Foresta della Deiva, 400 m a.s.l., 11.VII.2007, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 3 ♂ 7 ♀ 7 T 2 D, Spotorno, Tann-a do Mortou 102 Li/SV, 15.XII.1976, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 16.I.1977, L. Cassulo & S. Zoia leg. Emilia: Bologna Prov. — 1 ♂ 5 ♀, Sasso Marconi, Palazzo Rossi, III.2010, L. Colacurcio leg. Emilia: Modena Prov. — 1 ♀, Sestola, Monte Cimone, 17. V.1987, R. Sciaky leg. Romagna: Forlì Prov. — 1 ♂, Meldola, Bosco di Scardavilla, 8.IV.1997, R. Fabbri leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 18.VII.1997, R. Fabbri leg.; 2 ♂, id., 23.IX.1997, R. Fabbri leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 21. XI.1997, R. Fabbri leg.; 1 ♂, id., 13.III.1998, R. Fabbri leg.; 3 ♂ 3 ♀ 1 T, id., 15.IV.1998, R. Fabbri leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 12. V.1998, R. Fabbri leg.; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, id., 26. VI.1998, R. Fabbri leg.; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, id., 17.VII.1998, R. Fabbri leg.; 1 ♀, id. 20. VIII.1998, R. Fabbri leg.; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, id., 16.IX.1998, R. Fabbri leg.; 1 ♂, id., 17.X.1998, R. Fabbri leg.; 1 ♀, id., 18.XI.1998, R. Fabbri leg. Tuscany: Arezzo Prov. — 1 ♀, Alpe della Luna, Passo di Viamaggio, 830 m a.s.l., 2. V.1986, S. Zoia leg., oak wood; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Cortona, Valecchie, 300 m a.s.l., 17.IX.2015, C. Giusto leg., bamboo reeds; 1 ♂, id., 1.XI.2017, C. Giusto leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 12.XII.2018, C. Giusto leg.; 4 ♂ 2 ♀, Foce di Scopetone, 525 m a.s.l., 3.X.1993, F. Gasparo leg., pine wood. Tuscany: Florence Prov. — 1 ♂, Barberino di Mugello, Montecarelli, 3.IV.1988, P. Magrini leg.; 1 T, id., entrance of Buca delle Fate di Prunecchio 735 To/FI, 400 m a.s.l., 27. VIII.1983, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Barberino Val d’Elsa, 5.III.1977, G. Castellini leg.; 1 ♂ 2 T, Cantagallo, IX.1976, G. Castellini leg.; 1 ♂ 1 T, near Firenze, 15.XI.1981, L. Briganti & S. Rocchi leg.; 1 ♂ 2 ♀ 1 T, Firenze, Fiesole, 22. IX.1973, G. Bartoli leg.; 3 ♂ 4 ♀ 4 T, id., 23. VIII.1975, G. Bartoli leg., sieved under Quercus ilex ; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 25. VIII.1976, G. Bartoli leg.; 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 29.IX.1984, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg.; 2 ♂ 3 ♀ 2 T, Firenze, near Fiesole, 9.IV.1984, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg.; 5 ♂ 1 ♀ 3 T, Montelupo Fiorentino, 25.II.1967, A. Bordoni leg., moss and hollow in Quercus ilex ; 1 ♀, Prato, Monti della Calvana, slope of Poggio Cocolla, 400 m a.s.l., 9.IV.1984, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg., Ostrya carpinifolia wood; 2 ♂ 2 ♀ 1 D, Strada in Chianti, 5.III.1967, A. Bordoni leg., moss; 2 ♂, near Vinci, 11.III.1988, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, Fucecchio, Padule di Fucecchio, 4.II.1978, S. Rocchi leg. Tuscany: Grosseto Prov. — 3 ♂, Boccheggiano, VIII.1985, G. Castellini leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Grosseto, Roselle, 1. VI.2004, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♀, Poggio Moscona, 5.X.1990, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Roccastrada, Val di Farma, VII.1978, G. Castellini leg. Tuscany: Livorno Prov. — 4 ♂, near Livorno, 28. V.1980, S. Zoia leg., Quercus ilex wood; 1 ♂, Piombino, Promontorio di Piombino, IV.1977, G. Castellini leg. Tuscany: Lucca Prov. — 2 ♀, Altopascio, Lago di Bientina, Case Grugno, 24. V.1974, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♀, Camaiore, VIII.1976, G. Castellini leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Corfino, Buca Tana di Maggiano 827 To/ LU, 29. V.1988, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♀, id., 15.II.2009, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♀, Sillano Giuncugnano, Tana Azzurra (= Buca di Tamignana) 46 To/ LU, 2. V.1988, P. Magrini leg. Tuscany: Massa–Carrara Prov. — 3 ♀, Terrarossa, gravel bed of Fiume Magra, 18.II.1973, G. Bartoli leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Zeri, near Lago Verde, 4.X.1980, A. Briganti, L. Briganti leg. (together with 1 ♀ of C. densedentatus ), beech wood. Tuscany: Pisa Prov. — 3 ♂ 3 ♀, Calci, Certosa di Calci, 1.IX.1981, G. Gardini leg., under stone; 4 ♂ 2 ♀, San Miniato, Roffia, 20 m a.s.l., 7. VI.2009, G. Gardini leg.; 2 ♀, Pisa, San Rossore, Tenuta di San Rossore, 28.IV.1973, G. Gardini leg.; 4 ex., id., 10.III.1998, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG). Tuscany: Pistoia Prov. — 1 ♂ 3 ♀, San Baronto, X.1977, G. Castellini leg. Tuscany: Siena Prov. — 5 ♂ 2 ♀, Bagno Vignoni, 2. VIII.1990, P. Magrini leg.; 2 ♀, Orgia, 1. VI.1977, G. Castellini leg. Tuscany Archipelago: Grosseto Prov. — 1 ♂, Isola del Giglio, 25.III.1991, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♂, Isola del Giglio, Promontorio del Franco, 17.IV.1974, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♂ 1 T, id., IV.1985, A. Focarile leg., under Cistus ; 7 ♂ 8 ♀, id., 18.VII.2009, G. Caoduro leg.; 8 ♂ 2 ♀ 2 T, Isola del Giglio, Valle Pertuso, IV.1985, A. Focarile leg., Quercus ilex wood; 17 ♂ 26 ♀, Isola di Giannutri, 20. V.1978, G. Gardini leg., garrigue and Quercus ilex wood; 1 ♀, id., 13. V.1979, M. Benedetti & A. Torchia leg.; 1 ♂ 2 T, Monte Argentario, Santa Liberata, 28.IV.1979, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg. Tuscany Archipelago: Livorno Prov. — 1 ♂, Isola d’Elba, Ugliero delle Conche, 5. V.1976, leg.?; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Isola d’Elba, E slope of Mt. Orello, 6.XII.1999, S. Zoia & F. Polese leg., sieved under seeds. Marche: Ancona Prov. — 1 ♀, Genga, near San Vittore delle Chiuse, 200 m a.s.l., 18. VI.2009, R. Poggi leg., mixed wood ( MSNG). Marche: Pesaro e Urbino Prov. — 1 ♀, Cagli, 15.IX.1991, L. Latella & A.M. Tocci leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, N slope of Urbino, 14.IX.1992, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 2 ♂, San Leo, 580 m a.s.l., 15.X.1991, F. Gasparo leg. Umbria: Perugia Prov. — 1 ♂, Foligno, Uppello, 24.IV.1974, R. Poggi leg., under stone; 1 ♂, id., 8. V.1974, R. Poggi leg.; 1 ♀, id., 15. V.1974, R. Poggi leg.; 2 ♂ 3 ♀, Scheggia, Isola Fossara, 460 m a.s.l., 21.IV.1989, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 18. VI.1989, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg.; 2 ♀, Scheggia, San Emiliano in Congiuntoli, 375 m a.s.l., 18.IV.2017, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Spello, Roman amphitheatre, 24.III.1974, R. Poggi leg.; 7 ♂, id., 13.IV.1974, R. Poggi leg., under stones; 3 ♀, Todi, Roccaccia, Pozzo della Piana I 56 U/PG, 260 m a.s.l., 31.III.1994, L. Latella leg.; 7 ♂ 8 ♀ 15 T, Orvieto, 300 m a.s.l., 12.X.1986, G. Gardini, R. Rizzerio & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♂, Orvieto, Titignano, entrance of Pozzo della Piana 56 U/ TR, 260 m a.s.l., 6. VI.2004, P. Magrini leg. (together with 2 ♂ 3 ♀ of C. densedentatus ). Latium: Frosinone Prov. — 1 ♂, Amaseno, Monte Fortino, 30. V.1992, L. Latella leg.; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Arpino, 500 m a.s.l., 26. VI.1999, G. Osella leg., oak wood; 1 ♀, Cassino, Monte Cairo, III.1991, P. Magrini leg.; 2 ♀, Cassino, Monte Cairo, Grotta a quota 300 n. c. La/ FR, 300 m a.s.l., 2.IV.1988, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♀, Ceccano, Pozzo l’Arcaro 340 La/ FR, 28. VIII.2007, M. Bastianini & P. Magrini leg.; 4 ♀, id., 18. VIII.2008, P. Magrini leg.; 4 ♂ 12 ♀, Collepardo, Certosa di Trisulti, 1.X.1982, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, Filettino, slope of Mt. Viglio, 1380 m a.s.l., S. Zoia leg. (together with 1 ♀ of C. densedentatus ), beech wood; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Filettino, S slope of Mt. Tarino, 1100 m a.s.l., 23.IX.1990, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, Filettino, NW slope of Mt. Viglio, 1200 m a.s.l., 9. VI.1990, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♂ 5 ♀, id., 1380 m a.s.l., 22.IX.1990, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Giuliano di Roma, Grotta Sant’Angelo 851 La/ FR, 5.III.1995, L. Latella leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Guarcino, 1500 m a.s.l., 1.IX.1996, L. Latella leg.; 1 ♀, San Giovanni in Carico, Grotta sulla carrozzabile per il Santuario della Madonna della Guardia n.c. La/ FR, 221 m a.s.l., XI.1997, L. Latella leg.; 6 ♀, 1d., 5.X.2008, P. Magrini & M. Bastianini leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, id., 15.X.2008, P. Magrini leg. Latium: Latina Prov. — 1 ♂, Bassiano, Grotta Cantocchio 402 La/LT, 6.XI.1997, L. Latella leg.; 1 ♂, Bassiano, Grotta di Fiume Coperto (= Grotta vicino Acquapuzza) 1361 La/LT, 21 m a.s.l., 9.IV.1998, L. Latella leg.; 4 ♂ 4 ♀ 3 T, Bassiano, Monte Acqua Puzza, Grotta della Cava 384 La/LT, 27. VIII.2007, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♂, Formia, Monte di Scauri, 25.IV.2006, P. Magrini leg.; 15 ex., Isola Palmarola, Porto, 2.X.1990, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♀, Isola di Ponza, Piano d’Incenso, 8.XII.1976, P.M. Brignoli leg.; 15 ex., id., 4.X.1990, R. Poggi leg., under Arbutus (MSNG) ; 3 ♂ 1 ♀, Isola di Ponza, La Forna, 100 m a.s.l., 9.IV.2010, G. Ruzzante leg.; 2 ♂ 3 ♀, id., 4.IV.2011, G. Ruzzante leg.; 7 ex., Isola Ventotene, Monte dell’Arco, 5.X.1990, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♀, Isola Ventotene, Cala Rossano, 5.X.1990, R. Poggi leg., under Arundo (MSNG) ; 2 ♀, Isola Ventotene, Ventotene, 12.IV.2008, L. Galli leg., under Rhamnus and Myrtus ; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Isola Ventotene, Punta degli Ulivi, 50 m a.s.l., X.2010, G. Ruzzante leg.; 1 ♀, Isola Ventotene, Punta dell’Arco, 21.III.2012, G. Ruzzante leg.; 2 ♂, Isola di Zannone, Monte Pellegrino, 3.X.1990, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 3 ♀, Isola di Zannone, Capo Negro, 3.X.1990, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 5 ♀, Isola di Zannone, il Monastero, 120 m a.s.l., IV.2010, G. Ruzzante leg. (together with 1 ♂ 5 ♀ of C. densedentatus ); 3 ♀, id., 16.IV.2011, G. Ruzzante leg.; 4 ♂ 2 ♀, near Itri, 320 m a.s.l., 30.IX.1982, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg., Quercus ilex wood; 1 ♂, Itri, Monte Faggeto, 1200 m a.s.l., 30.IX.1982, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg., beech wood on limestone; 1 ♂, id., 28.X.1983, S. Zoia & M. Rampini leg., beech wood; 1 ♀, Itri, Monte Sant’Angelo, 800 m a.s.l., 1.IV.1991, P. Magrini leg., Quercus ilex wood; 1 ♂ 1 T, Itri, San Nicola, 620 m a.s.l., 30.IX.1982, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg., Ostrya carpinifolia wood; 1 ♀, Sabaudia, Parco Nazionale del Circeo, 28.III.1978, Tripaldi leg., plain forest; 1 ♂ 3 ♀ 1 T, id., 8.XII.1990, L. Latella & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, San Felice Circeo, Peretto, 190 m a.s.l., 26.X.2004, G. Forcina & A. Noal leg. ( CNBFVR); 1 ♂, id., 6.XII.2004, G. Forcina leg. ( CNBFVR); 1 ♀, id., 17. V.2005, G. Forcina & A. Noal leg. ( CNBFVR); 1 ♀, id., 25.X.2005, G. Forcina & A. Noal leg. ( CNBFVR); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 4 T, Sabaudia, Promontorio del Circeo, 1.IV.1991, P. Magrini leg.; 5 ♀, Sabaudia, N slope of Mt. Circeo, 250 m a.s.l., no date, A. Focarile leg.; 1 T, Sabaudia, Monte Circeo, Le Crocette, 150 m a.s.l., 5. V.1996, M. Bodon leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Sabaudia, Parco Nazionale del Circeo, Lago Caprolace, 12. VIII.1977, Tripaldi leg.; 1 ♀, id., 28.III.1978, Tripaldi leg.; 1 ♀, id., Piscina Bagnature, 10.XI.1977, Tripaldi leg., plain forest; 2 ♀, id., Quarto Freddo, 17. VI.1977, Tripaldi leg., Mediterranean scrub; 1 ♀, id., 14. VIII.1977, Tripaldi leg., Mediterranean scrub; 1 ♀, id., 10.XI.1977, Tripaldi leg., Mediterranean scrub; 1 ♂, id., 11.I.1978, Tripaldi leg., Mediterranean scrub; 1 ♀, id., Quarto Caldo, Faro, 5 m a.s.l., 15. VI.2014, G. Gardini leg., under Juniperus ; 1 ♀, Sermoneta Scalo, Fiume Ninfa, 28.XII.1987, G. Nardi leg., under stone ( CNBFVR); 1 ♂, Terracina, Valle Viola, Val Marina, 110 m a.s.l., 8.IV.1996, M. Bodon leg., Quercus ilex wood. Latium: Rieti Prov. — 1 ♂ 3 ♀, near Leonessa, Val Carpineto, 950 m a.s.l., 18. VI.1988, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♂, Micigliano, Monte Terminillo, S slope of Mt. I Porcini, 1725 m a.s.l., 24. VI.2017, G. Gardini & C. Giusto leg.; 1 ♂, Monte San Giovanni in Sabina, Monte Tancia, 1100 m a.s.l., 13.X.1990, S. Zoia leg., beech wood; 1 ♀, Rocca di Corno, Gole, at the train station, 500 m a.s.l., 2.IX.1999, G. Osella & A. Zuppa leg., mixed wood. Latium: Rome Prov. — 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Albano Laziale, near Lago di Albano, 28.II.2021, P. Gardini leg., mixed wood; 1 ♀, Allumiere, 26.IV.1979, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Arcinazzo, N slope of Mt. Scalambra, 960 m a.s.l., 10. VI.1990, S. Zoia leg.; 4 ♂ 5 ♀, id., 23.IX.1990, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, Bracciano, Pisciarelli, 650 m a.s.l., 12.IV.1992, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♂, Carpineto Romano, Grotta dell’Arnara 560 La/ RM, 1.XI.1995, L. Latella leg.; 4 ♀, Carpineto Romano, Monte Semprevisa, 1000 m a.s.l., 4.X.2004, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♂, Castel di Guido, Oasi L.I.P.U., 25 IV.2009, F. Baini leg., Quercus cerris and Q. frainetto wood; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 25. V.2009, F. Baini leg., Quercus cerris and Q. frainetto wood; 2 ♂, id., 4.VII.2009, F. Baini leg., Quercus cerris and Q. frainetto wood; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, id., 7. VIII.2009, F. Baini leg., Quercus cerris and Q. frainetto wood; 2 ♂ 3 ♀, Cervara, Monte Calvo, 30.IX.2009, F. Lacasella leg.; 1 ♀, Cerveteri-Sasso, 5.XII.1991, L. Latella leg.; 1 ♂, Guidonia, Parco dell’Inviolata, Ipogeo di Monte dell’Incastro, 3.IV.2018, E. Pulvirenti, F. Cervoni & A. Masulli leg. ( NMM); 1 ♀, near Maccarese, 17. VI.1990, S. Zoia leg.; 2 ♀, Maccarese, 27.IX.1992, L. Latella leg. (together with 4 ♂ 1 ♀ of C. densedentatus ); 18 ♂ 12 ♀, near Montelanico, 300 m a.s.l., 18.III.1990, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, near Rocca di Papa, 850 m a.s.l., 18.III.1990, S. Zoia leg. (together with 1 ♀ of C. densedentatus ); 1 T, Roiate, Grotta il Pertuso 42 La/ RM, 15.X.1995, L. Latella leg.; 1 ♀ ( C. Rayi , det. G. Canestrini), Roma, 1885 ( MZUP); 1 ♂, Roma, near Marino, 7.XI.1980, G. Gardini, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg.; 4 ♂ 2 ♀, Roma, Monte Mario, 17.XII.1990, L. Latella leg.; 8 ♂ 8 ♀ 1 T, Roma, Parco Caffarella, 8.X.1991, L. Latella leg.; 3 ♂ 6 ♀, Roma, Villa Ada, 4.IX.1991, L. Latella leg., pitfall traps; 1 ♀, id., 13.XI.1991, L. Latella leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 29. I.1992, L. Latella leg. Latium: Viterbo Prov. — 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Barbarano Romano, 6.X.1991, L. Latella leg. (together with 3 ♂ 9 ♀ of C. densedentatus ); 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Caprarola, Lago di Vico, Monte Venere, 701 m a.s.l., 28. V –27. VIII.2013, S. Chiari leg. ( CNBFVR); 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Farnese, Selva del Lamone, IV.1985, G. Castellini leg. Abruzzo: L’Aquila Prov. — 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Barrea, 1100 m a.s.l., 3.VII.1999, G. Osella leg., under Corylus avellana ; 1 ♀, near Capestrano, 470 m a.s.l., 21.IV.2019, G. Gardini & P. Gardini leg.; 3 ♀, Capestrano, Capo d’Acqua, 7.II.1993, G. Osella leg. (together with 19 ♂ 11 ♀ of C. densedentatus ), sieved under Salix ; 9 ♂ 15 ♀, id., 1.XI.1993, G. Osella leg., sieved under Salix ; 7 ♂ 8 ♀, id., 5.XII.1993, G. Osella leg. (together with 7 ♂ 5 ♀ of C. densedentatus ), under Salix caprea ; 5 ♂ 7 ♀, id., 6.I.1994, G. Osella leg.; 4 ♂ 13 ♀, id., 3.III.1994, G. Osella leg. (together with 8 ♂ 11 ♀ of C. densedentatus ), sieved under Salix ; 4 ♂ 4 ♀, id., 11.XII.1994, G. Osella leg., sieved under Salix ; 1 ♀, Capestrano, Macchiozze di San Vito, 900 m a.s.l., 19.X.1996, G. Osella leg., oak wood; 2 ♀, Collelongo, Le Caserme, 850 m a.s.l., 9.X.1995, G. Osella leg., oak wood; 1 ♂, Collelongo, Valle Canale, 900 m a.s.l., 2.X.1995, L. Biancucci leg. (together with 1 ♀ of C. densedentatus ), mixed wood; 1 ♂, Collelongo, Selva Piana, 1500 m a.s.l., 17. VIII.2004, M. Romano leg. ( CNBFVR); 1 ♂, Goriano Sicoli, Monte Lupone, 900 m a.s.l., 7.XI.1999, G. Osella leg., oak wood; 1 ♂, L’Aquila, Santi, 900 m a.s.l., 12. VI.1988, R. Poggi leg., oak wood ( MSNG); 1 ♀ 1 T, L’Aquila, Gran Sasso, near Fonte Cerreto, 1200 m a.s.l., 3. VI.1977, N. Sanfilippo leg., beech wood; 2 ♀, Montereale, Aringo, 350 m a.s.l., 18. VI.1988, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♀, Montereale, Cavallari, 950 m a.s.l., 25.III.1995, G. Osella leg., moss on Salix ; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Montereale, Marrana, along Fiume Aterno, 9.I.1994, G. Osella leg., moss; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Paganica, Santuario Madonna d’Appari, 700 m a.s.l., 16. VI.1988, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 5 ♂ 2 ♀, Pescasseroli, Monte Tranquillo, 20.VII.1973, A. Vigna leg., beech wood; 3 ♂ 1 ♀, Pietrasecca, Grotta Ovitto, 20.XII.1990, M. Bologna & S. Zoia leg. (together with 1 ♂ 2 ♀ of C. densedentatus ); 1 ♀, id, 23.XI.1991, M. Bologna & S. Zoia leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Rocca di Mezzo, Rovere, Coppo d’Antoniaccio, 1400 m a.s.l., 15.VII.2014, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, Tagliacozzo, Monte Difesa, 1200 m a.s.l., A. Vigna leg. Abruzzo: Chieti Prov. — 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Gamberale, 1400 m a.s.l., 26.VII.2017, S. & F. Zoia leg. Abruzzo: Pescara Prov. — 2 ♂ 2 ♀, Bussi sul Tirino, 300 m a.s.l., 21.III.1992, F. Gasparo leg., pasture; 1 ♂, Popoli, Sorgenti del Pescara, 17.X.1991, M. Riti leg. (together with 8 ♂ 6 ♀ of C. densedentatus ); 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Popoli, 19.IV.1991, M. Riti leg. Abruzzo: Teramo Prov. — 1 ♀, Civitella del Tronto, Val Salinello, Colle San Nicola, 11.IV.1980, C. Manicastri leg.; 1 ♀, Civitella del Tronto, Val Salinello, Gole, cave near the path, 14.III.1980, M. Bologna leg.; 3 ♀, near Guazzano, 19.IV.1980, M. Bologna leg. Molise: Campobasso Prov. — 3 ex., Campobasso, Castello Monforte, 780 m a.s.l., 13. VI.2007, R. Poggi leg., under Fraxinus (MSNG) ; 1 ♀, Casacalenda, Fonte Mazzocca, 650 m a.s.l., 15.III.2006, I. Battista leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Termoli, near Campomarino, 8. VI.1991, S. Zoia leg., holm oak stump. Molise: Isernia Prov. — 1 ♀, Collemeluccio, 850 m a.s.l., 15.IX.1993, G. Osella leg., mixed wood; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Montenero Valcocchiara, Zittola, 19.III.1994, G. Osella leg., bordering hedge. Campania: Caserta Prov. — 2 ♂, Caserta, Monte Pranzaturo, 1170 m a.s.l., 8.VII.2018, S. Zoia leg., beech wood. Campania: Naples Prov. — 1 ex., “Capri, 1873, racc. Cerio” ( MSNG); 1 ♀, Isola di Capri, Anacapri, Castello Barbarossa, 400 m a.s.l., 25.IV.2011, G. Ruzzante leg.; 12 ex., Isola d’Ischia, S slope of Monte Epomeo, 660 m a.s.l., 1.X.1990, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♀, Isola d’Ischia, Casamicciola, N slope of Monte Epomeo, 6.X.1990, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♀, Isola d’Ischia, Villa Villati, 25.II.1993, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♀, Massa Lubrense, Nerano, 100 m a.s.l., 22.IV.1992, G. Gardini leg., Ostrya carpinifolia wood; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ ( C. Rayi , det. G. Canestrini), Napoli, 1876 ( MZUP); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Somma Vesuviana, Santa Maria di Castello, 500 m a.s.l., 8. VIII.2000, G. Nardi leg., pitfall in chestnut wood; 1 ♀, id., 28. IX.2000, G. Nardi leg., pitfall in chestnut wood; 2 ♂, id., 14.XII.2000, G. Nardi leg., pitfall in chestnut wood. Campania: Salerno Prov. — 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Amalfi, Valle delle Ferriere, 200 m a.s.l., 23.IV.1992, G. Gardini leg.; 8 ♂ 4 ♀ 2 T, Cava de’ Tirreni, Croce, 10.II.2019, M.F. D’Amato leg.; 3 ♂ 1 ♀, Positano, 22.IV.1992, G. Gardini leg.; 4 ♂ 2 ♀, San Giovanni a Piro, Monte Bulgheria, 800 m a.s.l., 20.IV.1992, G. Gardini leg., Quercus ilex wood; 5 ♂ 7 ♀, Sanza, Bosco Centaurino, 500 m a.s.l., 1. VIII.1989, F. Angelini leg., chestnut wood. Apulia: Bari Prov. — 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Castellana Grotte, Grotte di Castellana 8 Pu/ BA, I.1983, leg.?; 1 ♀, id., 13.II.1983, L. De Marzo leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 29.XII.2004, S. Inguscio & E. Rossi leg.; 1 ♀, id., 13.II.2007, S. Inguscio & E. Rossi leg.; 2 ♂ 3 T, Castellana Grotte, Grotte di Castellana, Grave, 13.IV.1996, L. De Marzo leg. Apulia: Foggia Prov. — 3 ♂ 1 ♀, 6 km NNE from Apricena, 290 m a.s.l., 4. V.2002, S. Zoia & F. Polese leg.; 1 ♂, Foresta Umbra, 700 m a.s.l., 28.IX.1991, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 2 ♀, Foresta Umbra, 780 m a.s.l., 3. V.2002, S. Zoia & F. Polese leg., beech wood; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Lago di Lesina, C. Zappino, 26.IV.2002, S. Zoia & F. Polese leg. Apulia: Taranto Prov. — 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, near Martina Franca, 13. VIII.1995, S. Vit leg.; 1 ♀, Mottola, Gravina di Petruscio, 9.VII.1983, P. Parenzan leg. Basilicata: Matera Prov. — 1 ♂, Policoro, 27.III.1988, F. Angelini leg. (together with 2 ♀ of C. densedentatus ); 9 ♂ 12 ♀ 1 T, id., 13. VIII.1989, F. Angelini leg. (together with 4 ♂ 1 ♀ of C. densedentatus ). Basilicata: Potenza Prov. — 1 ♀, Gallicchio, VIII.1981, P. Magrini leg.; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, Maratea, Santa Caterina, 24. VI.1998, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♂, near Maratea, 300 m a.s.l., 16.IV.1992, G. Gardini leg., Quercus ilex wood. Calabria — 112 ex. ( C. Rayi , det. G. Canestrini), Calabria, [no date] ( MZUP). Calabria: Cosenza Prov. — 1 ♂, Mendicino, Grotta dell’Avis 300 Cb/ CS, 27. V.1997, L. Latella leg.; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Orsomarso, Torrente Argentino, 500 m a.s.l., 24.IV.1989, G. Osella leg.; 2 ♂ 3 ♀, Orsomarso, Valle Fiume Argentino, 23. VI.1998, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♀, San Donato di Ninea, Grotta Sant’Angelo, 9. VIII.1985, P. Magrini leg.; 1 ♂, Scalea, Isola di Dino, 31. V.1983, G. Gardini leg. Calabria: Crotone Prov. — 1 ♂, Verzino, Grave dei Due Manfred 281 Cb/KR, 4.IV.1996, L. Latella leg.; 1 ♂, Verzino, Grotta dello Stige, 28.VII.1996, S. Inguscio leg. Calabria: Reggio Calabria Prov. — 1 ♀, San Giorgio Morgeto, 15. VI.1989, Gentile & Luchetti leg. Sicily: Catania Prov. — 1 ♂, Catania, Rifugio Via Stazzone n.c. Si/ CT, 70 m a.s.l., 31.VII.2019, G. Nicolosi leg.; 3 ♀, Fiumefreddo, 9.VII.1994, F. Di Franco leg., reeds; 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 21.IX.1994, F. Di Franco leg.; 1 ♀, id., 17.X.1994, F. Di Franco leg.; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, id., 14.XI.1994, F. Di Franco leg.; 3 ♂ 3 ♀, id., 13.XII.1994; 1 ♀, id., 1 ♀, id., 14.I.1995, F. Di Franco leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 25.II.1995, F. Di Franco leg.; 2 ♀, id., 8.IV.1995, F. Di Franco leg.; 1 ♂ 1 T, id., 27. VI.1995, F. Di Franco leg.; 2 ♀, Linguaglossa, Mt. Etna, 25. VI.2020, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Milo, Mt. Etna, 9.VII.2020, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 ♀, id., 21.VII.2020, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 31.VII.2020, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 ♂, San Giovanni Galermo, Grotta di San Giovanni 150 Si/ CT, I.1974, leg.? Sicily: Enna Prov. — 1 ♀, Agira, Riserva Vallone Piano della Corte, 9.X.2019, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 T, id., 19. VI.2020, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 T, id., 25. VIII.2020, G. Nicolosi leg. Sicily: Messina Prov. — 1 ♂ 4 ♀, Isola di Salina, Salina, 7.IV.1990, R. Argano. leg. Sicily: Palermo Prov. — 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Palermo, Orto Botanico, 4.X.1979, G. Gardini leg. Sicily: Ragusa Prov. — 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Cava d’Ispica, 3.IV.2010, G. Gardini leg., sieved under Ceratonia siliqua ; 3 ♀, Chiaramonte, Gulfi, 483 m a.s.l., IV.2016, C. Baviera & C. Bellò leg. Sicily: Siracusa Prov. — 3 ♂ 2 ♀, Buscemi, 655 m a.s.l., 2016, C. Baviera & C. Bellò leg.; 1 ♂, Floridia, Cava Spiriteddu, 11.VII.2009, L. Galli leg., Quercus ilex wood on limestone; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Floridia, Grotta Perciata 2, 20.IX.1998, I. Galletti leg.; 1 ♂, Floridia, 26.IX.2016, C. Baviera & C. Bellò leg.; 2 ♂, Melilli, Grotta Palombara 7001 Si/SR, 143 m a.s.l., 26.VII.2017, G. Nicolosi leg.; 2 ♀, id., 30.XI.2017, G. Nicolosi leg.; 2 ♀, Melilli, Grotta Villasmundo 7032 Si/SR, 130 m a.s.l., 16.IX.2017, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 ♀, id., 5.VII.2018, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 ♂, id., 29.VII.2018, G. Nicolosi leg.; 4 ♀, id., 5. VI.2019, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 21.VII.2019, G. Nicolosi leg.; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, Melilli, Riserva Villasmundo, 145 m a.s.l., 12.XI.2018, G. Nicolosi leg.; 4 ♂ 5 ♀, id., 29. VIII.2019, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 ♀, id., 9. VI.2020, G. Nicolosi leg.; 2 ♂ 9 ♀ 2 T, id., 4. VIII.2020, G. Nicolosi leg.; 1 ♀, Noto, near Grotta Monsignor Guastella 7027 Si/SR, 30. VIII.1977, leg.?; 1 ♀, Palazzolo Acreide, Bosco Bauly, 380 m a.s.l., 7.IV.2011, P. Magrini leg.; 2 ♂ 4 ♀, Pantalica, Grotta dei Pipistrelli 7009 Si/SR, 19.XII.2012, R. Grasso leg.; 1 ♀, Siracusa, Grotta Palombara 7001 Si/SR, 18.XI.1973, leg.?; 1 ♀ 1 D, near Solarino, 2.I.1989, M. Bodon leg. Sicily: Trapani Prov. — 2 ♂ 3 ♀, Erice, 750 m a.s.l., 12.IX.1996, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♂, Isola di Favignana, Cala Graziosa, 2. V.1991, R. Argano leg. Sardinia: Nuoro Prov. — 2 ♂ 1 T, Bolotana, Badde Salighes, 29.XII.1990, P. Leo leg.; 7 ex., id., 950 m a.s.l., 4. VI.1999, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 13 ex., id., 3. V.2000, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 3 ♀, id., 17. V.2003, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 3 ♀ 5 P, Borre, Chiesa di Sant’Antonio, 3. VI.2015, C. Torti leg., Quercus ilex wood; 1 ♀, Dualchi, 8.XII.1992, P. Leo leg.; 1 ♂, Fonni, Arcu Correboi, 1200 m a.s.l., 31. V.1999, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Macomer, Monte Sant’Antonio, 803 m a.s.l., 24. V.1974, G. Bartoli leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 8. V.1993, L. Latella leg.; 1 ♂, Silanus, Grotta Perca de Pepe Ninu 73 Sa/ NU, 22.X.1989, G. Grafitti leg. Sardinia: Oristano Prov. — 1 ♀, NW slope of Monte Ferru, Ponte Rio Santa Caterina, 250 m a.s.l., 26. V.1999, R. Poggi leg. ( MSNG); 1 ♀, Sedilo, 1.II.1989, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 1 ♀, id., 22.XI.1996, P. Leo leg. Sardinia: Sassari Prov. —1 T, Bonorva, Rebeccu, Grotta di Rebeccu 774 Sa/SS, 31.I.1988, G. Grafitti leg.; 2 ♀, Borutta, near Sa Rocca Ulari 257 Sa/SS, 485 m a.s.l., 10.IX.2007, M. Bodon leg., leaf litter on limestone; 2 ♀, Borutta, San Pietro di Sorres, Grotta Sa Rocca Ulari 257 Sa/SS, 10.X.1976, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♀, Cargeghe, 29.II.2002, leg.?; 1 ♀, Cossoine, Grotta Malu Pensu 1411 Sa/SS, 545 m a.s.l., 27. VI.2010, P. Marcia leg.; 3 ♀, Cossoine, Grotta Risorgenza di Monte Castanza n.c. Sa/SS, 10.X.1982, G. Grafitti leg.; 2 ♀, Cossoine, Grotta Sa Ucca ’e Mammuscone 180 Sa/SS, 6.IV.1991, L. Latella leg.; 2 ♂, id., V.1994, L. Latella & S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Cossoine, Monte Castanza, Grotta Sa Ucca ’e Su Peltusu 1572 Sa/SS, 595 m a.s.l., 5.XI.1989, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♂, id., 20. VIII.1995, M. Mucedda leg.; 1 ♂, Cossoine, Sa Domo de Pelao, Voragine Sa Ucca ’e Mammuscone 180 Sa/SS, 550 m a.s.l., 9.XI.1997, M. Mucedda leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Cossoine, Toe, Voragine Su Disterru ’e Toe 2459 Sa/SS, 3.I.1989, G. Grafitti & A. Molinu leg.; 2 ♂, Cossoine, Valle Alchennero, Grotta di Su Anzu 280 Sa/SS, 3.I.1989, G. Grafitti & A. Molinu leg.; 1 ♀, Ittiri, Passeri, Grotta di Passeri o di Paulisi, 4.IV.1976, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 T, Mara, Bonu Ighinu, Grotta Sa Ucca de Sa Molina 178 Sa/SS, 13.III.1977, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♀, Mara, Bonu Ighinu, Grotta Sa Ucca de Su Tintirriolu 177 Sa/SS, 25. VI.1974, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♂, id., 430 m a.s.l., 1.XI.1998, G. Marini leg.; 1 ♂, Martis, San Pantaleo, 28.IV.2008, G. Gardini leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Mores, Monte Lachesos, Grotta di Su Puttu Porchinu 77 Sa/SS, 500 m a.s.l., 21.XI.1976, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♂, id., 25. V.1980, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♂, id., 16. VI.1996, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♂, id., 29. VI.2004, G. Grafitti & E. Lana leg.; 1 ♀, Nughedu San Nicolò, Grotta Sa Conca ’e S’Abba 252 Sa/SS, 655 m a.s.l., 12. V.2003, E. Lana leg.; 1 ♂, Ploaghe, Puttuperi, Grotta Sa Ucca ’e Puttuperi 1403 Sa/SS, 23.VII.1978, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♀, Pozzomaggiore, Grotta Badde o Su Guanu 143 Sa/SS, 320 m a.s.l., 30.X.1974, G. Grafitti leg.; 2 ♀, id., 25.I.1976, L. Mariano & M. Mucedda leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, id., 5.II.1984, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♂, id., 9. VIII.1989, G. Grafitti leg.; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, id., 4.IV.1991, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, id., 29.I.1995, A. Molinu leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 23.IV.1996, A. Pinna leg.; 1 ♀, id., 18.VII.1996, A. Pinna leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, 13.X.1996, A. Pinna leg.; 1 ♀, id., 26.I.1997, A. Pinna leg.; 1 ♀, id., 24.IV.1997, A. Pinna leg.; 1 ♀, id., 31.VII.2006, P. Marcia leg.; 2 ♀, id., 20.IV.2008, P. Marcia leg.; 1 T, id., 13.VII.2011, P. Marcia leg.; 1 ♀, Romana, Grotta di Santu Lussurgiu 2531 Sa/SS, 339 m a.s.l., 29.I.1989, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 21.X.2003, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♂ 7 ♀, id., 13.I.2013, Gruppo Speleo Amb. Sassari leg.; 1 T, Romana, Sa Grutta de S’Ingultidolzu 953 Sa/SS, 8.X.1989, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 T, Thiesi, Grotta di Monte Maiore 60 Sa/SS, 530 m a.s.l., 13. VIII.1974, G. Grafitti leg.; 2 ♀, id., 6. III.1977, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♀, id., 17. VI.1989, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♀, id., 21.IV.1993, G. Grafitti leg.; 1 ♀, id., 17. XI.1996, M. Mucedda leg.; 2 ♀, Thiesi, Grotta Risorgenza di Monte Majore o Sa Funtana ’e Sa Figu 1405 Sa/SS, 13. VIII.1974, G. Grafitti leg.; 2 ♀, Usini, 29.X.2002, leg.?.

MALTA — 1 ♀, Isl. of Malta, Birzebbuga, Tal-friefit (Grotta dei Pipistrelli), 8.III.1973, D. Caruso leg.

Description of adults (♂ ♀). Integument strongly pigmented, carapace and tergites reddish- or greenish-brown, chelicerae and pedipalps reddish-brown; marked scale-shaped granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace, on cheliceral palm, on base of pedipalpal femur, on base of fixed and movable chelal fingers and on surface of chelal hand; glandular pores scattered across the entire surface of carapace, cheliceral palm and palpal hand. Carapace ( Figs 239 , 254 ) 0.85–0.95 times longer than broad, trapezoidal, constricted posteriorly; anterior margin denticulate between median macrosetae, with a prominent epistome ( Figs 237–238 , 253 ); ocular area as in figs 239–240, 254, anterior eyes with convex lens (diameter 0.04–0.06 mm), posterior eyes with flat lens, distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.035 –0.055 mm, distance from anterior to posterior eyes 0.06–0.10 mm; all eyes with a tapetum; standard chaetotaxy mm 4mm:6:4:2:4(24), but widely variable even within populations: anterior row rarely mm 4m or m 4m, posterior row rarely with 5 macrosetae [♂ from Rocchetta Vara (La Spezia), Campomarino (Termoli) and Erbalunga ( Corsica); ♀ from Villetta Di Negro (Genoa)] or mm3 (♀ from Villa Ada, Rome) or m4 (♀ from Parco Caffarella, Rome), lateral setae of posterior row long as or slightly shorter than the median setae; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.10–0.16 mm, all setae thick. Chaetotaxy of tergites 4:4:4:4:6:6:6:6:1T2T1:4:1T2T1: 0. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X: 9–12:(3)8–11(3):(2)7–9(2):8–11:6–8:6:6:6:2T1T2, sternite II mainly with 10 setae, st. IV–V mainly with 8 setae; genital opening of males flanked by 5–10 (mainly 7–8) setae on each side. Chelicerae ( Figs 241 , 255 ) 2.0–2.2 times as long as broad, palm with 6 (rarely 7) setae and 3 [rarely 2 (♂ ♀ from Saarland; ♂ from Limski canal, Istria) or 4 (♀ from Erbalonga, Corsica; ♂ from Castiglione delle Stiviere, Mantova)] lateral microsetae, surface of the palm with scattered, non-glandular pores; fixed finger with 2 distal large teeth followed by 6–9 small teeth and 4–5 proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) at level with the spinneret, followed by a large tooth and 6–9 teeth proximally reduced in size; gs ratio 0.56–0.65; spinneret wide and semicircular, mainly similar in both sexes ( Figs 241–242 , 255–256 ); rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior with 15–17 and 17–18 blades respectively. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 6–21 coxal spines, coxa III with 3–12 coxal spines (coxae II with 6 and 7 coxal spines in ♂ from Cave Badde o Su Guanu, Pozzomaggiore, with 20 and 21 coxal spines in ♀ from Zannone Isl., Latium; coxae III with 3 and 3 coxal spines in ♀ from Villa Ada, Rome, with 9 and 12 coxal spines in ♂ from Castiglione delle Stiviere, Mantua); intercoxal tubercle bisetose.(with 1m in ♂ from Villa Ada, Rome). Pedipalp: femur 4.65–5.65 (♂) or 4.6–5.2 (♀) times as long as broad, femoral chaetotaxy 3:6:2:5–6:1; chela ( Figs 245, 249 , 258 ) 5.2–6.3 (♂) or 4.65–5.45 (♀) times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.9–2.1 (♂) or 1.75–2.05 (♀) times as long as deep, with parallel sides or with long ovoid outline in dorsal view ( Figs 243–244 , 257 ); fixed chelal finger with 31–43 (♂) or 33–49 (♀) broad, widely spaced teeth, cuspidate and inclined backwards, increasingly reduced towards finger base; the 5–8 distal teeth small and contiguous, the 3–6 proximal ones short and apically rounded ( Figs 246–248, 250-252 , 259-265 ), all teeth with dental canal; fixed finger at level of est-it with 3–4 (♂ ♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.020 –0.034 (♂) or 0.023 –0.036 (♀) mm; tip of fixed chelal finger with apical sensilla af 1- 2, distal paraxial seta gradually curved and thin; movable chelal finger with 33–47 (♂ ♀) teeth, reclined and apically pointed in the distal half of the finger, rounded in the proximal half of the finger and increasingly reduced from sb towards finger base ( Figs 246–248, 250-252 , 259-265 ); movable finger at level of st-t with 4–5 (♂ ♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.018 –0.023 (♂) or 0.018 –0.027 (♀) mm; coupled sensilla pc just distad of sb, rarely at level at sb; tip of movable chelal finger with apical sensilla am 1- 2; trichobothria as in figs 245, 249, 258; ratio sb -st/sb -b = 1.8–2.0; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.6–1.9 (♂) or 1.6–1.8 (♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.0–1.2 (♂) or 1.0–1.1 (♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/ carapace 1.3–1.6 (♂) or 1.25–1.5 (♀).

Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.5–2.2 (♂) or 1.7–2.5 (♀). Carapace 0.46–0.63 × 0.47–0.69 (0.43–0.65 anteriorly) (♂) or 0.50–0.80 × 0.56–0.86 (0.51–0.81 anteriorly) (♀). Chelicerae 0.435–0.65 × 0.20–0.30 (♂) or 0.51–0.81 × 0.24–0.38 (♀); movable finger length 0.225–0.32 (♂) or 0.26–0.44 (♀). Pedipalp: femur 0.59–0.94 × 0.12–0.195 (♂) or 0.68–1.17 × 0.145 –0.235 (♀); chela 0.885–1.38 × 0.16–0.25 (♂) or 1.0–1.70 × 0.20–0.34 (♀); hand length 0.315–0.52 (♂) or 0.37–0.65 (♀); movable finger length 0.56–0.86 (♂) or 0.65–1.08 (♀).

Description of tritonymph. Integument pigmented, hispid granulation less marked than in adults. Carapace 0.85–0.95 times longer than broad, form of anterior margin and eyes as in adults; diameter of anterior eyes 0.035 mm; chaetotaxy m 4m:6:4:2:4(22), anterior row rarely mm 4m; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.09–0.10 mm, all setae thick. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–IX 5:(2)8(2):(1)7–8(1):8–9:6:6:6:6. Chelicerae 2.0–2.05 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and 2 lateral microsetae; fixed finger with 7–10 teeth, proximally reduced in size, and a few proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) and 6–8 teeth; gs ratio 0.56–0.59; spinneret as in adults. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 5–11 coxal spines, coxa III with 3–5 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.3–4.7 times as long as broad; chela 5.1–5.2 times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.85–1.9 times as long as deep; fixed chelal finger with 33–38 widely spaced teeth, all with dental canal; movable chelal finger with 25–35 teeth, reduced in size towards finger base, reaching back near b; coupled sensilla pc nearer b than to st; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.75–1.8; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.0–1.05; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.1–1.2.

Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.5–1.8. Carapace 0.40–0.47 × 0.41–0.53 (0.38–0.50 anteriorly). Chelicerae 0.34–0.46 × 0.18–0.225, movable finger length 0.19–0.235. Pedipalp: femur 0.44–0.58 × 0.10–0.135; chela 0.67– 0.86 × 0.13–0.165; hand length 0.24–0.31; movable finger length 0.43–0.55.

Remarks. Thanks to information kindly provided by Dr M. Judson (MHNP), I recently learned of a publication by Amary (1840) that was unknown to me when I compiled the Italian pseudoscorpions catalogue ( Gardini 2000). It contained the first described Italian pseudoscorpion, Obisium megachelum Amary, 1840 , from Capri Isl., that was compared by the author to Chthonius ischnocheles . The nice figure of the whole specimen ( Amary 1840, tab. IV, fig. 1b) allows, in addition to the obvious attribution to the genus Chthonius , a clear view of a prominent epistome. The type specimen is not traceable in the collections of the “ Centro Musei delle Scienze Naturali e Fisiche” (University of Naples Federico II) (R. Improta, in litt.: October 11, 2018) and it is presumed lost. Currently, four species of the genus Chthonius with an epistome are known from Campania: C. ischnocheles , C. stammeri , C. jonicus and C. ilvensis . Chthonius stammeri is an hypogean species and endemic to the Alburni Mts., both C. jonicus and C. ilvensis are small species that are slightly pigmented, but C. ischnocheles matches the illustration by Amary (1840) and it is the only known Chthonius species from Capri (see above under Material examined). Obisium macrochelum Amary, 1840 is therefore a junior subjective synonym of Chthonius ischnocheles ( Hermann, 1804) (n. syn.).

Chthonius rayi L. Koch, 1873 —described from several localities in France, Italy and Great Britain —was synonymized with C. ischnocheles by Chamberlin (1929). The examination of syntypes of C. rayi from Hauenstein (Castelrotto, Bolzano) (NHM 13.9.1.810–959) revealed the presence of a mixture of five species: C. ischnocheles (82 ♂ 57 ♀), C. carinthiacus (6 ♂ 27 ♀), Ephippiochthonius tetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790) (1 ♀), Neobisium carcinoides ( Hermann, 1804) (1 ♀) and Roncus alpinus L. Koch, 1873 (right chela of a specimen). The above designation of a lectotype for C. rayi is therefore appropriate.

With regards to the other newly proposed synonyms, it is necessary to carefully summarize the taxonomic history of the species complex C. dalmatinus - litoralis - rhodochelatus .

One female and two males of Chthonius were found (May 24, 1925) in a garden at Sali (Dugi Otok Isl., Croatia). One male was referred by Hadži (1930) to Chthonius rayi L. Koch, 1873 but the other male and the female were described as C. rayi dalmatinus ssp. nova. The most important character to justify the description of the new subspecies was the number of setae on the posterior margin of carapace: 4 in C. rayi and 6 in C. rayi dalmatinus but note that in Hadži’s drawings (1930: 73, figs 10a–b), the female of C. rayi dalmatinus is depicted with 6 basal setae, while the male has 4 setae. Other differences mentioned by Hadži (1930) to distinguish the two taxa (different length between movable and fixed chelal fingers, dentition of chelicerae, number and arrangement of cheliceral setae) are of little taxonomic value from today’s perspective.

The three specimens attributed by Hadži (1930) to Chthonius rayi (= C. ischnocheles ) and to C. rayi dalmatinus were subsequently attributed to the C. orthodactylus - tenuis group, although not belonging to any of its already known species ( Hadži 1933). Chthonius dalmatinus was separated from C. rayi and diagnosed against C. ischnocheles by having two preocular microsetae on each side (only one on each side in C. ischnocheles ), and the posterior margin of carapace with 2 median macrosetae and 2 lateral microsetae on each side (4 subequal macrosetae in C. ischnocheles ). Chthonius dalmatinus was also compared with C. italicus , which has the same chaetotaxy on the posterior margin of carapace.

The male attributed by Hadži (1930) to Chthonius rayi was therefore described ( Hadži 1933) as C. litoralis n. sp. in the C. orthodactylus – tenuis group and differentiated from C. dalmatinus by having one preocular microseta on each side (2 microsetae in C. dalmatinus ), the posterior margin of carapace with 4 subequal macrosetae (2 macrosetae and 2 lateral microsetae on each side in C. dalmatinus ), and the cheliceral palm with 2 lateral microsetae (3 in C. dalmatinus ). It should be emphasized therefore that C. litoralis , compared by Hadži (1933) only with C. dalmatinus , would have the same carapacal chaetotaxy of C. ischnocheles .

Hadži (1933) described Chthonius rhodochelatus n. sp. from Omisalj (Krk Isl.), Meje near Split (type locality) and Novi Vinodolski in Croatria, and compared these specimens with C. litoralis . Chthonius rhodochelatus has 2 preocular microsetae on each side, the posterior margin of carapace with 4 macrosetae (the lateral shorter than the median ones) and the cheliceral palm with 3 lateral microsetae. Hadži (1933) highlighted the size differences among his specimens, especially noting that the specimens from Omisalj were smaller than the types from Split, and probably belonged to a geographical race (geografsku rasu) of C. rhodochelatus . Differences in the reciprocal distance among teeth of fixed chelal finger between specimens from Split and those from Omisalj are mentioned in the text, stating that teeth of the fixed finger are only apparently spaced (katkad samo prividno) in specimens from Omisalj. The figures do not provide any possibility of comparison, since the left chela of male from Omisalj is only represented in dorsal view ( Hadži 1933: 137, fig. 6a). Drawings of the right chela of a specimen from Split ( Fig. 6b ), and above all the detail of the fixed chelal finger ( Fig. 6c ), show clearly spaced teeth at the level of the trichobothria est-it.

Beier (1963b) proposed, without justification, the synonymy between Chthonius rhodochelatus and C. ischnocheles . More recently Gardini (2004), following the examination of specimens collected at Omisalj, proposed to remove C. rhodochelatus from the synonymy with C. ischnocheles and attributed to C. rhodochelatus specimens from France, Slovenia, Croatia, Corfù and Italy. Specimens from Omisalj, and the other specimens examined, share the presence of almost contiguous teeth (widely spaced teeth in C. ischnocheles ) and the carapacal chaetotaxy of mm 4mm:6:4:2:m 2m (mm 4mm:6:4:2: 4 in C. ischnocheles ).

The type specimens of Chthonius dalmatinus , C. litoralis and C. rhodochelatus cannot be located at the Institute of Zoology at the University of Ljubljana, the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, or the Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije in Ljubljana (T. Novak & T. Trilar, in litt.: December 4, 2012). It is possible that they are in the collections of the Institute of Zoology of Univ. of Belgrade but a request for information (December 14, 2018) from that institution went unanswered.

Thanks to the kindness of R. Ozimec (Zagreb), I have had the opportunity to examine a male and a female ( Figs 253–261 ) of Chthonius collected by him in Meje near Split, the type locality of C. rhodochelatus . They correspond well with the description provided here for C. ischnocheles , but also with Hadži’s description (1933) of C. rhodochelatus . This allows me to propose, following Beier (1963b), Chthonius rhodochelatus Hadži, 1933 as a newly restored synonym of C. ischnocheles ( Hermann, 1804) (res. syn.). Specimens from Omisalj ( Hadži, 1933) are attributed here to C. densedentatus (see Material examined and Remarks under this species).

The above description of Chthonius ischnocheles highlights the high variability of carapacal chaetotaxy even within populations, both in number of preocular microsetae, and in number and length of setae on posterior margin of carapace, in addition to the number of lateral microsetae on the cheliceral palm. The main characters proposed by Hadži (1930, 1933) in describing C. dalmatinus and C. litoralis are fully included in those of C. ischnocheles . This allows me to propose the following synonymies: Chthonius dalmatinus Hadži, 1930 and Chthonius litoralis Hadži, 1933 are junior subjective synonyms of Chthonius ischnocheles ( Hermann, 1804) (n. syn.).

Chthonius rhodochelatus reductus was described by Beier (1939) from females collected in a cave on Giuppana Isl. (Šipan Isl., Dubrovnik, Croatia) and subsequently ( Beier 1963b) recorded also from Corfu and considered as C. ischnocheles reductus . Following Beier (1963b), it differs from C. ischnocheles ischnocheles primarily in the reduction of the eyes, the carapacal chaetotaxy and in the dentition of the chelal fingers: fixed chelal finger with 48 teeth (40 in C. ischnocheles ), movable chelal finger with 25 teeth (36 in C. ischnocheles ) that are proximally reduced to a thickly serrated lamella (see also Beier 1939: 9, fig. 2). Chthonius reductus Beier, 1939 (n. stat.) is upgraded here from C. ischnocheles reductus Beier, 1939 and given species rank.

The description and measurements of Chthonius ischnocheles provided by Gabbutt & Vachon (1963), Mahnert (1985), Zaragoza et al. (2007) and Zaragoza & Vadell (2013) agree with the above description of C. ischnocheles , except for some minor discrepancies: cheliceral palm with 1 or 2 lateral microsetae in adult and 1 microseta in tritonymph for Gabbutt & Vachon (1963), 3 (rarely 2) and 2 microsetae, respectively, in the present study; female chela 5.9 times as long as broad at most for Mahnert (1985), 5.45 times as long as deep at most in the present study.

Among the Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group, C. ischnocheles is morphologically most similar to the epigean C. densedentatus that often occurs in sympatry, and to the hypogean C. stammeri from Campania. It differs from C. densedentatus in the following main characters: posterior margin of carapace with 4 setae, lateral setae long as or slightly shorter than the median ones (with 2 setae and 2 lateral microsetae, at most one third of medial macrosetae long, in C. densedentatus ); fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 3–4 (♂ ♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.020 –0.034 (♂) or 0.023 –0.036 (♀) mm [with 5–7 (♂ ♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.013 –0.018 (♂) or 0.013 –0.023 (♀) mm in C. densedentatus ]; movable chelal finger at level of st-t with 4–5 (♂ ♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.018 –0.023 (♂) or 0.018 –0.027 (♀) mm [with 5–8 (♂ ♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.012 –0.020 (♂) or 0.012 –0.022 (♀) mm in C. densedentatus ]. For comparison of C. ischnocheles with C. stammeri , see Remarks under the latter species.

The male of Chthonius ischnocheles recorded from the cave Buca delle Fate, Tuscany ( Callaini 1986b: 523, figs 1c–d) is a misidentification of C. densedentatus , and the specimen identified as C. ischnocheles reductus quoted from Corfu ( Beier 1963b), briefly described and depicted by Inzaghi (1987: 180, figs 18–20), most likely refers to C. densedentatus . Many records of C. ischnocheles from Veneto ( Lazzeroni 1969b: 390) are misidentified C. densedentatus (see Material examined under C. densedentatus ).

Italian records of Chthonius ischnocheles reported by Gardini (2000) remain to be verified, due to likely misidentifications with C. densedentatus .

Figures

FIGURES 237–244. Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804), Castiglione delle Stiviere (Mantova). 237, male, anterior margin of carapace; 238, female, id.; 239, male, carapace; 240, male, right ocular area; 241, male, right chelicera (dorsal granulation omitted); 242, female, movable finger of right chelicera; 243, male, right chelal hand, dorsal view (granulation omitted); 244, female, id. (granulation omitted).

FIGURES 245–252. Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804), Castiglione delle Stiviere (Mantova). 245, male, right chela, antiaxial view (hand granulation omitted); 246, male, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 247, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 248, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 249, female, right chela, antiaxial view (hand granulation omitted); 250, female, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 251, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 252, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view.

FIGURES 253–265. Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804), Meje (Split, Croatia) (unless otherwise stated). 253, male, anterior margin of carapace; 254, male, carapace; 255, male, right chelicera; 256, female, movable finger of right chelicera; 257, male, right chelal hand, dorsal view; 258, male, right chela, antiaxial view; 259, male, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 260, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 261, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 262, male paralectotype of Chthonius rayi (“Hauenstein”), detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 263, id., detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 264, id., detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 265, male (Guldenbachtal bei Seibersbach, Germany), right chela, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view.

FIGURES 406–409. Distribution maps forthe Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group.406, Chthonius densedentatus Beier, 1938; 407, Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804); 408, Chthonius pygmaeus Beier, 1934; 409, Chthonius euganeus Gardini, 1991, Chthonius gentianae n. sp., Chthonius herminii n. sp. and Chthonius paolettii Beier, 1973.

FIGURES 1–9. Chthonius agazzii Beier, 1966, Buco delle Salamandre (Segusino, Treviso) (unless otherwise stated). 1, male, anterior margin of carapace; 2, female, id.; 3, male, (Grotta Faller, Sovramonte, Belluno), id.; 4, male, carapace; 5, male, right chelicera; 6, female, movable finger of right chelicera; 7, male, (Le Vette Feltrine, Pedavena, Belluno), id.; 8, male, right chelal hand, dorsal view; 9, female, id.