Asphondylia

Dorchin, Netta, Joy, Jeffrey B., Hilke, Lukas K., Wise, Michael J. & Abrahamson, Warren G., 2015, Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (2), pp. 265-304 : 273

KEY TO ASPHONDYLIA GALLS ON NORTH AMERICAN GOLDENRODS

1. Bud gall.........................................................................................................................................2

– Leaf or inflorescence gall...................................................................................................................9

2. Gall in young Solidago altissima sprouts (in April–May; Figs 1, 2 )............................................................. ................................................................... Asphondylia monacha Osten Sacken, 1869 , spring generation

– Gall in apical (usually) or lateral bud of mature goldenrod spp. ............................................................... 3

3. Inconspicuous gall, up to 1 cm long, composed of two or three leaves that form a single chamber in shoot tips ( Fig. 19 ) ......................................................................................................................................... 4

– Gall composed of many leaves that form a rosette, at least 4 cm wide ...................................................... 5

4. Gall on Solidago caesia ................................................................................ Asphondylia silva sp. nov.

– Gall on Solidago nemoralis ............................................................................................ Asphondylia sp.

5. Gall forms spherical structure, 5–8 cm in diameter, composed of many individual units, each with a central larval chamber ( Figs 3–6 ) .......................................................................................................................... 6

– Gall not spherical, containing single, central chamber............................................................................7

6. On Solidago juncea , Solidago erecta , and Solidago uliginosa ..................................................................... ................................................................. Asphondylia monacha Osten Sacken, 1869 , summer generation

– On Solidago sempervirens and Solidago bicolor ................................................................ Asphondylia spp.

7. Gall dorsoventrally flat, up to 5 cm wide; on Solidago spp. ( Figs 13, 14 ) .................................................... 8

– Gall narrower, resembling, a rosebud when young; on Euthamia graminifolia ( Fig. 17 ).................................. ...................................................................................................... Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov.

8. Gall on Solidago altissima . .......................... Asphondylia solidaginis Beutenmüller, 1907 , summer generation

– Gall on Solidago rugosa .......................................................................... Asphondylia rosulata sp. nov.

9. Leaf gall, joining two or more adjacent leaves on various goldenrods.......................................................10

– Gall in inflorescence of Euthamia graminifolia ........................................ Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov.

10. Gall on Solidago spp. ...................................................................................................................... 11

– Gall on Euthamia graminifolia ............................................................. Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov.

11. Gall on Solidago altissima ....................................................... Asphondylia solidaginis Beutenmüller, 1907

– Gall on Solidago rugosa .......................................................................... Asphondylia rosulata sp. nov.

Figures

Figures 1–6. Asphondylia bud galls: 1, 2, Asphondylia monacha spring galls on Solidago altissima sprouts; 3, Asphondylia monacha summer-generation gall on Solidago juncea; 4, Asphondylia monacha summer-generation gall on Solidago erecta; 5, Asphondylia sp. gall on Solidago sempervirens (photo: Charley Eiseman); 6, Asphondylia sp. gall on Solidago bicolor.

Figures 15–22. Galls: 15, Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. inflorescence gall on Euthamia graminifolia; 16, Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. snap gall on Euthamia graminifolia; 17, Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. rosette galls on Euthamia graminifolia; 18, Asphondylia sp. from Solidago sp. (photo: Tom Murray); 19, 20, Asphondylia silva sp. nov. galls on Solidago caesia; 21, Clinodiplosis comitis sp. nov. larvae around Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. bud gall; 22, Galeopsomia haemon ‘internal galls’ inside Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. bud gall.

Figures 7–14. Galls: 7, 8, Asphondylia solidaginis snap galls on Solidago altissima; 9, Asphondylia solidaginis snap galls on Solidago gigantea; 10, Asphondylia solidaginis pupa in snap gall on Solidago altissima – gall was cut open to show pupa in fungus-lined chamber; 11, 12, Asphondylia rosulata sp. nov. snap galls on Solidago rugosa; 13, Asphondylia solidaginis rosette gall on Solidago altissima; 14, Asphondylia rosulata sp. nov. rosette gall on Solidago rugosa.