Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff, 1876)

Smith, Sarah M., Beaver, Roger A. & Cognato, Anthony I., 2020, A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China, ZooKeys 983, pp. 1-442 : 1

Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff, 1876) Fig. 93E, F, K

Xyleborus compactus Eichhoff, 1876a: 201.

Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff): Nunberg 1959: 434.

Xyleborus morstatti Hagedorn, 1912a: 37. Synonymy: Murayama and Kalshoven 1962: 247.

Type material.

The holotype of Xyleborus compactus was destroyed in the bombing of UHZM in World War II ( Wood and Bright 1992).

New records.

China: Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau, 17.vi.1965, Lee Kit Ming, Hui Wai Ming, ex hand net (BPBM, 2); as previous except: vi.2017, J. Skelton (MSUC, 1). Jiangsu, Nanjing, Laoshan National Park, Bacai Road, 32.09156N, 118.583701E, 15.viii.2017, Cognato, Li, Gao (MSUC, 2). Vietnam: Cao Bang, 22°37.702'N, 105°54.5467'E, 847 m, 10.iv.2014, VN3, Cognato, Smith, Pham, ex small 2-10 mm angiosperm branches (MSUC, 2). Dong Nai, Cat Tien National Park, near park headquarters, 11°25'23"N, 107°25'41"E, 120 m, 27-31.v.1999, B. Hubley, D. Currie, VIET1H95-99 039, ex flight intercept trap (SEMC, 1).

Diagnosis.

1.5-1.9 mm long (mean = 1.68 mm; n = 5); 2.0-2.5 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by its small size; elytral disc gradually curving toward declivity, elytra rounded; elytral disc flat; posterolateral margins of elytra carinate to interstriae 7; declivital face with six punctate striae; striae setose, setae semi-recumbent hair-like and equal in length to the width of an interstria; interstriae granulate, uniseriate with erect hair-like setae longer than the width of two interstriae; pronotum as long as wide, from dorsal view rounded (type 1) and lateral view basic (type 0), summit at midpoint, basal 1/2 smooth, shiny, densely minutely punctate; and sparse mycangial tuft on the pronotal base.

Similar species.

Xylosandrus adherescens , X. derupteterminatus , X. mesuae , X. morigerus .

Distribution.

In temperate and tropical regions around the world. Within the study region recorded from China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong*, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu*, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), ‘Indochina’, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Established in the Neotropics, USA and Europe ( Wood 2007; Garonna et al. 2012; Gomez et al. 2018a).

Host plants.

Strongly polyphagous ( Dole and Cognato 2010).

Remarks.

The biology has been reviewed by Browne (1961a), Brader (1964), Le Pelley (1968), Entwhistle (1972) and Beaver (1988) amongst others. This is a species of considerable economic importance because it can attack and breed in healthy shoots and twigs. This can result in the introduction of pathogenic fungi. The main economic host is coffee ( Coffea spp.) ( Rubiaceae ), but it is also a pest of tea ( Camellia thea ) ( Theaceae ) in Japan, of cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ) ( Malvaceae ) and avocado ( Persea americana ) ( Lauraceae ) in southeast Asia and elsewhere, and may kill seedlings and saplings of shade and forest trees (e.g., Browne 1968a; Le Pelley 1968; Entwhistle 1972).

Figures

Figure 93. Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of Xylosandrus borealis, 2.0 - 2.2 mm (A, B, I), X. brevis, 2.75 - 2.9 mm (C, D, J), X. compactus, 1.5 - 1.9 mm (E, F, K), and X. crassiusculus, 2.3 - 2.9 mm (G, H, L).