Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833

SCHÖNHOFER, AXEL L., 2013, Axel L. Schönhofer, Zootaxa 3679 (1), pp. 1-68 : 49-52

Family Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833

Trogulides Sundevall, 1833: 35 (proposed as family; compr. Trogulus , Caeculus ); type genus Trogulus Latreille, 1802 , inferable from the stem of the family name (ICZN 11.7.1.1);—C.L. Koch 1839b: 7 (compr. Trogulus ).

Trogulidae — Simon 1872a: 239 (compr. Trogulus , Cyphophthalmus ); Roewer 1940: 26 (compr. Anelasmocephalus , Calathocratus , Kofiniotis , Platybessobius , Trogulocratus , Trogulus ); Šilhavý 1967: 176 (compr. Anarthrotarsus , Anelasmocephalus , Calathocratus , Kofiniotis , Platybessobius , Trogulocratus , Trogulus ); Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71 (compr. Anarthrotarsus , Anelasmocephalus , Calathocratus , Kofiniotis , Trogulus ).

Trogulini— Sørensen 1873: 515; Thorell 1876: 468 (as subfamily; compr. Anelasma , Trogulus ).

Trogulinae— Simon 1879a: 289 (compr. Trogulus , Anelasmocephalus , Calathocratus , Metopoctea ); Šilhavý, 1967: 175.

Remarks. Trogulus is understood as the type genus since Sundevall (1833: 35). Albeit C.L. Koch (1850: 98) indirectly designated Trogulus when assuming the group monotypic, Shear (1974: 67) seems the first to explicitly state Trogulus as the type genus. Some of the suggested changes in this family originate from a PhD thesis (Schönhofer 2009), which may not qualify as a valid taxonomic publication, hence they are given as new.

Genus Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967 (1 species)

Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967: 176 ; type species Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967 by monotypy and original designation.

Etymology. Gender masculine; Greek, from „an“ (no), “arthron” (joint) and “tarsus” referring to the onesegmented tarsi of all legs.

martensi Šilhavý, 1967: 176 ; loc. typ.: The original type locality Greece, Corfu, provided by Roewer, is doubtful for his known meddling with localities ( Helversen & Martens 1972) and because the species was never collected there again. If it can’t be confirmed, the affirmed paratype locality ( Greece, Crete, Bay of Sithia) should be preferred (ICZN 76A.2).

Genus Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879a (13 species)

Anelasma Sørensen, 1873: 519 ; type species Anelasma lycosinum Sørensen, 1873 by subsequent designation ( Thorell 1876: 468).

Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879a: 297 ; replacement name for Anelasma Sørensen, 1873 , preoccupied by Anelasma Darwin, 1854 .

Rhexana Sørensen, 1879: 124 ; the other suggested replacement name, Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879a , has priority.

Etymology. Gender masculine; Greek, from „an“ (no) and “elasma” (plate) “kephalé” (head) referring to the small head cap in comparison to Dicranolasma ( Sørensen 1873) .

balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988: 35; loc. typ.: Spain, Mallorca, settlement near Palma.

brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988: 29; loc. typ.: Italy, Sardinia, Nuoro, Macomer, Borore.

calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988: 31; loc. typ.: Italy, Sicily, Palermo, Corleone, Bosco della Ficuzza.

cambridgei ( Westwood, 1874) ; nomen protectum; loc. typ.: Great Britain, Dorset, Bloxworth near Blandford.

Trogulus violaceus Gervais, 1844: 130 ; nomen oblitum: Assigned to Anelasmocephalus by Schönhofer (2009: 187). Pabst (1953: 22) mentioned the striking colouration as characteristic for all juveniles of this species. Being the older name it is here suggested to treat violaceus as nomen oblitum in favour of the established name cambridgei (nomen protectum; ICZN 23.9.1). Trogulus violaceus has not been used as valid name after its year of description (ICZN 23.9.1.1) and at least 150 works list the name Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (ICZN 23.9.1.2).

Trogulus cambridgei Westwood, 1874: 202 ; citation misspelled as cambridgii in Martens & Chemini 1988: 36. Anelasma sörenseni L. Koch, 1877: 195 ;—syn. Simon 1879a: 299.

Anelasma sorenseni — Simon 1879a: 299.

Anelasmocephalus cambridgei — Simon 1879a: 299; Martens 1978: 176; Martens & Chemini 1988: 36 (redescr.).

crassipes ( Lucas, 1849) ; loc. typ.: Algeria, Eastern part. Remarks. The syntype series most likely comprises material pooled from four localities mentioned in the original description (according to the number of individuals and the label stating “Algérie”; for other examples of mixed Simon series see Schönhofer & Martens 2008, e.g. p. 548). According to ICZN 73.2.3, the type locality comprises all these localities until a lectotype is designated .

Trogulus crassipes Lucas, 1849: 305 .

Trogulus annulipes Lucas, 1849: 306 ;—syn. Martens & Chemini 1988: 26.

Anelasma oblongum Sørensen, 1873: 519 ;—syn. Martens & Chemini 1988: 26.

Anelasmocephalus bicarinatus Simon, 1879a: 298 ;—syn. Martens & Chemini 1988: 26.

Anelasmocephalus oblongus — Simon 1879a: 301.

Metopoctea annulipes — Simon 1879a: 311.

Anelasmocephalus crassipes — Roewer 1923: 646; Martens & Chemini 1988: 26 (redescr.).

hadzii Martens, 1978 ; loc. typ.: Austria, Karawanken, Eisenkappel.

Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978: 181 ;—Martens & Chemini 1988: 18.

lycosinus ( Sørensen, 1873) ; loc. typ.: Italy, Prov. Rome, Gennazzano.

Anelasma lycosinum Sørensen, 1873: 521 .

Anelasmocephalus lycosinus — Simon, 1879a: 297; Martens & Chemini 1988: 12 (redescr.).

osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988: 33; loc. typ.: Italy, L'Aquila, Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Marsicano Mountain.

pusillus Simon, 1879a ; loc. typ.: France, Corsica (not further specified).

Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879a: 300 ;—Martens & Chemini 1988: 11 (redescr.).

pyrenaicus Martens, 1978 ; loc. typ.: Spain, Central Pyrenees, Ordesa Valley.

Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978: 184 ;—Martens & Chemini 1988: 39. rufitarsis Simon, 1879a ; loc. typ.: France, Basses-Alpes, Digne.

Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879a: 298 ;— Martens 1978: 180; Martens & Chemini 1988: 41 (redescr.).

tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988: 16; loc. typ.: France, Dép. Alpes-Maritimes, W St. Martin.

tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988: 22; loc. typ.: Italy, Abetone, Cimone Mountain.

Genus Calathocratus Simon, 1879a (9 species)

Calathocratus Simon, 1879a: 301 ; type species Trogulus africanus Lucas, 1849 by monotypy.

Platybessobius Roewer, 1940: 27 ; type species Platybessobius singularis Roewer, 1940 by monotypy;—syn. Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

Trogulocratus Roewer, 1940: 27 ; type species Trogulocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940 by monotypy;—syn. Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

Remarks. When describing Calathocratus, Simon (1879a) defined Trogulus africanus as the type species, but based the description of the genus on a different species, rendering the description invalid. The genus name remained available by specification of the type species and a redescription of the genus should consider the original type series of africanus (MHNP 2201; Schönhofer 2009: 172).

Schönhofer and Martens (2010a) united three poly- and paraphyletic genera within Calathocratus . A list of taxonomic changes deemed unnecessary. The same authors also showed cryptic diversity to be extraordinarily high, while clear species delineation on the basis of molecular genetics or morphology could not be realised.

Etymology. Gender masculine; maybe from Greek „kalathos“ (flared fruit basket borne on the head as a symbol of fruitfulness in Greek and Egyptian mythology; compare Gruber 2003 for Simon’s preference to integrate Egyptian mythology in taxonomy) and “kratos” (authority, maybe in terms of “head of”), likely circumscribing the conspicuous head cap of these opilionids.

africanus ( Lucas, 1849) ; loc. typ.: Algeria, surroundings of Algiers (as specified on the label of the type series MHNP 2201 ; Schönhofer 2009: 173) .

Trogulus africanus Lucas, 1849: 304 .

Calathocratus africanus — Simon 1879a: 301.

Trogulocratus tunetanus Roewer, 1950 ; syn. n.: Schönhofer (2009: 173) found the types of tunetanus to be conspecific with the types of africanus .

beieri Gruber, 1968: 435 ; loc. typ.: Turkey, Anatolia, Vilayet Içel, Namrun (?amlĭyayla).

caucasicus ( Šilhavý, 1966b) ; loc. typ.: Russia, Kuban, Michajlov.

Platybessobius caucasicus Šilhavý, 1966b: 151 .

Calathocratus caucasicus — Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011 (in Snegovaya & Chumachenko 2011: 117); loc. typ.: Russia, Sochi, N Khosta,

Caucasian State Natural Biospheric Reserve, yew and box-tree grove.

intermedius ( Roewer, 1940) ; loc. typ.: Greece, Crete, Meskla. Remarks. The locality is doubtful for reasons explained under Anarthrotarsus and Kofiniotis , and because the species has never been recollected on Crete.

Trogulocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940: 28 .

Calathocratus intermedius — Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71; Schönhofer 2009: 173.

minutus Snegovaya, 2011 (in Snegovaya & Chumachenko 2011: 117); loc. typ.: Russia, Sochi, N Khosta,

Caucasian State Natural Biospheric Reserve, yew and box-tree grove.

rhodiensis ( Gruber, 1963) ; loc. typ.: Greece, Rhodos, Apollo Temple on Smith Mountain.

Trogulocratus rhodiensis Gruber, 1963: 308 .

Calathocratus rhodiensis — Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

singularis ( Roewer, 1940) ; loc. typ.: Greece, Crete, Topolia Gorge.

Platybessobius singularis Roewer, 1940: 27 .

Calathocratus singularis — Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

sinuosus ( Sørensen, 1873) ; loc. typ.: Italy, Prov. Rome, Gennazzano.

Trogulus sinuosus Sørensen, 1873: 522 .

Trogulus albicerus Sørensen, 1873: 523 ; syn. n.: Described from the same locality, albicerus is based on juveniles of sinuosus (Schönhofer 2009: 173) .

Trogulocratus apenninicus Marcellino, 1965: 327 ;—syn. Chemini & Gruber 1976: 132.

Trogulocratus sinuosus — Chemini & Gruber 1976: 132.

Calathocratus sinuosus — Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

Remarks. Brignoli and Raffaelli (1978: 94) synonymised the Italian apenninicus with the supposedly Greek intermedius , but given the geographic distance, it is unlikely that both are conspecific. Chemini and Gruber (1976: 132) redirected the synonymy of apenninicus to the Italian sinuosus .