Ischyropsalidinae Simon, 1879a

SCHÖNHOFER, AXEL L., 2013, Axel L. Schönhofer, Zootaxa 3679 (1), pp. 1-68 : 12-16

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3679.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:770B1AA2-869F-4F1B-8010-0E3FAECB0592
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E65412B-FE53-FFD5-FF2C-FC63E3F6FCE5
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Ischyropsalidinae Simon, 1879a
status

Treatment

Subfamily Ischyropsalidinae Simon, 1879a View in CoL

Ischyropsalididae Simon, 1879a View in CoL (see there).

Ischyropsalidinae View in CoL ; new rank (compr. Ischyropsalis View in CoL ).

Diagnosis. Dyspnoi of the family Ischyropsalididae with a western Palearctic distribution. Defined by peculiarities of male genital morphology and enlarged chelicerae with glandular fields situated distally on the basal segment in males of most species. Palps long and thin, elongated to enable interaction with the chelicerae. Chelicerae massive and enlarged, longer than the body; in most species glandular fields of males associated with knob-like apophyses exposing the field to dorsal and/or distal side. Truncus penis as described for Ischyropsalididae ; glans penis usually simple and conical, but inflated and distinct from the truncus in many species; the sclerotised ventral plate mostly short, from roughly rhombic to deeply bi-lobed at the base; sclerotised area of glans with several defined regions exhibiting dense fields of mostly very thick, long and backward-pointing hairs; glans gradually tapering into a long stylus, the latter simple and pointed, bent at the base but without contortion or additional structures. Tuber oculorum without spine. Dorsal armature mostly lacking, dorsum smooth, often glossy, in few species opisthosomal areas raised to low, pointed bumps. Two or many spine-like metapeltidial structures, arranged in a transversal row.

Genus Ischyropsalis C.L. Koch, 1839b (22 species, 4 subspecies)

Ischyropsalis C.L. Koch, 1839b: 23 View in CoL ; type species Ischyropsalis kollari C.L. Koch, 1839b View in CoL by subsequent designation ( Thorell

1876: 467). Lhermia Lucas 1866: 44 View in CoL ; type species Lhermia spinipes Lucas 1866 View in CoL by monotypy;—syn. Simon 1972b: 484 (because found to be a nomen nudum); Martens 1969: 213. Ischiropsalis View in CoL — Simon 1872a: 227 (misspelling). Lermia View in CoL — Simon 1872b: 484 (misspelling). Ischyropsalis (Odontopalpa) Hadži, 1931: 113 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 189.

Remarks. Establishment of the present-day taxonomy and validating species-specific characters in Ischyropsalis have been mainly facilitated by the thorough revision of Martens (1969). Having been unable to borrow many types from the Iberian Peninsula, part of his work remained hypothetical for that local fauna, which was later corrected by Dresco (e.g. 1970, 1972), Luque (1991, 1992) and Prieto (1990a, 1990b). Of the 42 species described or emended by Roewer (1914, 1916, 1923, 1950, 1953a) only two remain valid. Species delineation and discovery of new species in northern Spain are still in progress (L. Labrada and C. Prieto, pers. comm.).

Etymology. Gender feminine; from Greek “ischyros” (robust, strong) and “psalis” (scissor), referring to the enlarged chelicerae.

adamii Canestrini, 1873 ; loc. typ.: Italian Peninsula, Golfo de Squillace.

Ischyropsalis adamii Canestrini, 1873: 50 View in CoL ;— Martens 1969: 205 (redescr.). Remarks. Martens (1969: 205) reported Roewer’s (1950: 33) lectotype of adamii View in CoL (SMF RI/976) as invalid and SMF data indicate that the lectotype locality could be “Como”, suggesting that the lectotype belongs to I. carli View in CoL . A lectoype designation is only necessary if the species definition is questionable (ICZN 75), which is currently not the case.

Ischyropsalis apuanus Caporiacco, 1930: 125 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 205.

Ischyropsalis kratochvili Roewer, 1950: 32 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 205.

Ischyropsalis amseli Roewer, 1950: 33 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 205.

Ischyropsalis apuana — Roewer 1950: 36.

Ischyropsalis apuanus nanus Dresco, 1968b: 751 ; syn. n.: Dresco (1968b) described this subspecies, while Martens (1969) synonymised I. apuana likely without knowing about nanus.

cantabrica Luque & Labrada, 2012: 28; loc. typ.: Spain, Cantabria, Alfoz de Lloredo, Oreña Rogeria Cave.

carli Lessert, 1905 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Switzerland, Graubünden. Remarks. Schuls-Fettan (today Scuol-Ftan), the first of three localities listed by Lessert (1905) and separated from the others by a distance of 40 km, is to be favoured as explicit type locality.

Ischyropsalis carli Lessert, 1905: 658 View in CoL .

Ischyropsalis pentelica Roewer, 1950: 30 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 209.

dentipalpis Canestrini, 1872 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Italy, Aosta Valley, Gressoney-St. Jean.

Ischyropsalis dentipalpis Canestrini, 1872: 9 View in CoL ;— Schönhofer & Martens 2010b: 4 (redescr.).

Ischyropsalis helvetica Roewer, 1916: 152 View in CoL ;—syn. Schönhofer & Martens 2010b: 4.

dispar Simon, 1872a View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Spain, Vizcaya, Orduño, Cueva de Albia.

Ischiropsalis dispar Simon, 1872a: 227 View in CoL .

Ischyropsalis goodnighti Roewer, 1950: 31 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 256.

Ischyropsalis archeri Roewer, 1950: 48 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 256.

Ischyropsalis noltei Dresco, 1972: 121 View in CoL ;—syn. Prieto 1990b: 286.

gigantea Dresco, 1968a: 308 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Spain, Santander, Cueva la Cañuela.

hadzii Roewer, 1950 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Slovenia, Mokritz Mountain, Ziavka Cave.

Ischyropsalis hadzii Roewer, 1950: 52 View in CoL ;— Martens 1969: 242 (redescr.). Remarks. Originally described as Phalangium cancroides Schmidt, 1851: 61 Roewer (1950) assumed the name preoccupied ( Müller 1776: 192) and changed it to hadzii View in CoL . Müller (1776) might have referred to Acarus cancroides Linnaeus, 1758: 616 (transferred to Phalangium View in CoL by Linnaeus 1767: 1028), now recognised as a pseudoscorpion. Meanwhile, the name hadzii View in CoL is in frequent use and established, and should not be altered. Roewer (1923: 683; also Hadži 1954: 141) questioned a specimen labelled “ Ischyropsalis cavernosum Schmidt ” (Krain, Zoological Institute University of Vienna) being the type of cancroides , which was not verified.

hellwigii View in CoL hellwigii ( Panzer, 1794) View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Germany, Elm Mountain (Elem) near Destedt, Braunschweig (reconstructed by Martens 1969). Remarks. Changes to the original spelling “ hellwigii View in CoL ” are prohibited (ICZN 33.4).

Phalangium hellwigii Panzer, 1794: 18 .

Ischyropsalis helwigii —C.L. Koch 1839b: 24.

Ischyropsalis herbstii C.L. Koch, 1847: 68 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 196.

Ischyropsalis hellwigii View in CoL —Sørensen in Lendl 1894: 20.

Ischyropsalis taunica Müller, 1924: 418 ;— Roewer 1923: 683 (as nomen nudum); syn. Martens 1965: 144; Martens 1969: 197. Remarks. Roewer pre-published a description provided by Müller and acknowledged Müller to be the author, who officially named it a year later. Hadži (1954) placed I. crassichelis and I. plicata in the synonymy of I. taunica , the latter synonymised by Martens (1965).

Ischyropsalis plicata Roewer, 1923: 692 ;— Hadži 1954: 159; syn. Martens 1969: 197.

Ischyropsalis pectinifera Hadži, 1928: 30 ;—syn. Hadži 1954: 159; Martens 1969: 197.

Ischyropsalis frankenbergeri Bartoš, 1938: 155 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 197.

Ischyropsalis franzi Roewer, 1950: 22 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 197.

Ischyropsalis crassichelis Roewer, 1950: 25 ;—syn. Hadži 1954: 159; Martens 1969: 197.

hellwigii View in CoL lucantei Simon, 1879a View in CoL ; loc. typ.: France, Dép. Hautes-Pyrénées, Grotte de Bétharram.

Ischyropsalis lucantei Simon, 1879a: 273 View in CoL ;— Dresco 1966: 814.

Ischyropsalis superbus Simon, 1881a: 129 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 200.

Ischyropsalis superba — Simon 1881a: 130; Roewer 1914: 117.

Ischyropsalis hellwigii lucantei View in CoL — Martens 1969: 200. Remarks. Dresco (1966: 814) found lucantei View in CoL and superba conspecific but regarded the juvenile type of lucantei View in CoL as invalid, an error corrected by Martens (1969: 200).

hispanica Roewer, 1953a View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Spain, Sierra de Ancares, Cabana vella.

Ischyropsalis hispanica Roewer, 1953a: 208 View in CoL ;— Prieto 1990a: 319 (redescr.).

Ischyropsalis hispanum — Roewer 1953a: 208 (misspelling).

kollari C.L. Koch, 1839b View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Austria, Salzburg, Gastein.

Ischyropsalis kollari C.L. Koch, 1839b: 24 View in CoL —C.L. Koch 1840: 19 (description).

Ischyropsalis bosnica Roewer, 1914: 107 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis (Odontopalpa) triglavensis Hadži, 1931: 113 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis danubia Roewer, 1950: 21 ;— Hadži 1954: 152; syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis strasseri Roewer, 1950: 22 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis tirolensis Roewer, 1950: 23 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis styriaca Roewer, 1950: 23 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis reimoseri Roewer, 1950: 23 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis spinichelis Roewer, 1950: 25 ;— Hadži 1954: 155; syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis nivalis Roewer, 1950: 26 ;— Hadži 1954: 150; syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis scutata Roewer, 1950: 26 ;— Hadži 1954: 156; syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis segregata Roewer, 1950: 28 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 236.

Ischyropsalis troglodytes Roewer, 1950: 32 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 236.

lithoclasica Schönhofer & Martens, 2010b: 9 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Italy, Bergamo, Stalle del Möschel.

luteipes Simon, 1872b View in CoL ; nomen protectum; loc. typ.: France, Ariège, Massat, grotte de Le Quère.

Lhermia spinipes Lucas 1866: 44 View in CoL ; nomen oblitum; Simon 1872b: 484. Remarks. Reviewing Lucas’ (1866) description, Lhermia spinipes View in CoL is presented in a sparse description, in a comparison with other harvestmen and with a distinct type locality. Simon’s (1872b) decision to treat the name as a nomen nudum and to provide the new name, Ischyropsalis luteipes View in CoL , is questionable, especially as he seems to have understood Lhermia spinipes View in CoL and I. luteipes View in CoL to be conspecific. However, it is proposed to maintain the use of luteipes View in CoL (ICZN 23.9.1; nomen protecum) because spinipes View in CoL (nomen oblitum) has not been used as a valid name after 1899 (ICZN 23.9.1.1) and luteipes View in CoL has been used in at least 60 works between 1962 and 2012 (ICZN 23.9.1.2).

Ischyropsalis luteipes Simon, 1872b: 484 View in CoL (replacement name).

Ischyropsalis pestae Roewer, 1950: 28 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 213.

Ischyropsalis caporiaccoi Roewer, 1950: 33 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 213.

Ischyropsalis caporioccoi — Martens 1969: 259 (misspelling).

Remarks. Dresco (1966: 598, 1970: 1205) defined three different forms or ecological races (intermedia, longipes , brevipes). Nothing is said about how to unambiguously recognise these forms, and they are of no nomenclatural relevance (ICZN 15.2).

magdalenae Simon, 1881a ; loc. typ.: Spain, Galmádes, Cueva de la Magdalena.

Ischyropsalis magdalenae Simon, 1881a: 130 View in CoL ;— Prieto 1990b: 289.

Ischyropsalis madalenae — Roewer 1914: 118 (misspelling).

manicata L. Koch, 1869 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Romania (“Siebenbürgen”; not further specified).

Ischyropsalis manicata L. Koch, 1869: 164 View in CoL .

Ischyropsalis ianotai / ianotae Wajgel 1874: 36 (alternative spellings). Remarks. Wajgel (1874) mentioned the name ianotae in Ischyropsalis View in CoL , and Rafalski (1961: 15, then spelled ianotai ) recognised it as a nomen nudum.

Ischiropsalis manicatus — Lebert 1875 (incorrect ending).

Ischyropsalis dacica Roewer, 1916: 153 View in CoL ;—syn. Staręga 1966b: 148.

Ischyropsalis helvetica milleri Kratochvíl, 1934: 13 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 217.

Ischyropsalis kästneri Roewer, 1950: 19 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 217.

Ischyropsalis austriaca Roewer, 1950: 22 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 217.

Ischyropsalis balcanica Roewer, 1950: 30 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 217.

Ischyropsalis milleri — Hadži 1954: 193.

Remarks. Martens (1969) states 1865 as the publication date which is related to a typo on his personal copy. Later authors have adopted this error.

muellneri Hamann, 1898 ; loc. typ.: Slovenia, Častitljiva Cave.

Ischyropsalis müllneri Hamann, 1898: 535 — Roewer 1950: 26.

Ischyropsalis mülleri — Hansen & Sørensen 1904: 5 (misspelling).

Ischyropsalis corcyraea Roewer, 1914: 108 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 245.

Ischyropsalis alfkeni Roewer, 1950: 19 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 245.

Ischyropsalis muellneri View in CoL — Martens 1965: 144; Martens 1969: 246 (redescr.).

navarrensis Roewer, 1950 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Spain, Navarra. Remarks. Prieto (1990b) specified nicaea and turki as synonyms for having false type localities.

Ischyropsalis turki Roewer, 1950: 31 ;—syn. Prieto 1990b: 291.

Ischyropsalis nicaea Roewer, 1950: 36 ;—syn. Prieto 1990b: 291.

Ischyropsalis navarrensis Roewer, 1950: 44 View in CoL .

Ischyropsalis espagnoli Dresco, 1968c: 962 ;—syn. Prieto 1990b: 291.

nodifera Simon, 1879a View in CoL ; loc. typ.: France, Basses-Pyrénées, St. Jean de Luz.

Ischyropsalis nodifera Simon, 1879a: 270 View in CoL ;— Luque 1991: 28 (see Remarks on petiginosa View in CoL ).

Ischyropsalis sharpi Simon, 1879c: 129 View in CoL ;—syn. Simon 1881a: 128 (see Remarks on petiginosa View in CoL ).

Ischyropsalis janetscheki Roewer, 1950: 22 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 222; Prieto 1990a: 319.

Ischyropsalis moreana Roewer, 1950: 31 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 222; Prieto 1990a: 319.

Ischyropsalis corsica Roewer, 1950: 34 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 222; Prieto 1990a: 319.

Ischyropsalis asturica Roewer, 1950: 48 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 222; Prieto 1990a: 319.

petiginosa Simon, 1913 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Spain, Oviedo, Pimiango, Première grotte de Mazaculos.

Ischyropsalis petiginosa Simon, 1913: 384 View in CoL ;— Luque 1991: 28.

Ischyropsalis pectiginosa — Mello-Leitao 1936: 12 (misspelling).

Remarks. Luque (1991) confirmed and redescribed nodifera and petiginosa , but did not unravel Martens’ synonymies (1969: 222; petiginosa and sharpi in syn. of nodifera ). A revision of these Ischyropsalis species needs to comment on the validity of petiginosa and sharpi .

pyrenaea pyrenaea Simon, 1872b ; loc. typ.: France, Ariège, Moulis, grotte de l’Estelas.

Ischiropsalis helwigi var. pyrenaea Simon, 1872b: 483 .

Ischyropsalis pyrenaea View in CoL — Bedel & Simon 1875: 128.

Ischyropsalis moreana Roewer, 1950: 31 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 228.

Ischyropsalis pyrenaea venasquensis Dresco, 1967a: 670 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 228.

Ischyropsalis pyrenaea pyrenaea View in CoL — Martens 1969: 227.

pyrenaea View in CoL alpinula Martens, 1978: 224; loc. typ.: Italy, Crissolo, Grotta di Rio Martino.

ravasinii Hadži, 1942: 11; loc. typ.: Italy, Cansiglio, Bus del Pal.

robusta Simon, 1872a View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Spain, Tras-os-Montes, Serra de Gerêz.

Ischiropsalis robusta Simon, 1872a: 230 View in CoL .

Ischyropsalis robusta View in CoL — Simon 1879a: 276.

Ischyropsalis lusitanica Roewer, 1923: 692 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens 1969: 233.

strandi Kratochvíl, 1936 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Italy, Monte Baldo, Malgre Prato Cave.

Ischyropsalis strandi Kratochvíl, 1936: 248 View in CoL .

Ischyropsalis ruffoi Caporiacco, 1947: 139 View in CoL ;—syn. Juberthie 1963: 330.

Ischyropsalis knirschi Roewer, 1950: 27 ;—syn. Martens 1969: 249.

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Arachnida
Order	Opiliones
Family	Ischyropsalididae

Ischyropsalidinae Simon, 1879a

SCHÖNHOFER, AXEL L. 2013

2013

lithoclasica Schönhofer & Martens, 2010b: 9

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 9

2010

pyrenaea

Martens, J. 1978: 224

1978

Ischyropsalis noltei

Prieto, C. E. 1990: 286

Dresco, E. 1972: 121

1972

Ischyropsalis hellwigii lucantei

Martens, J. 1969: 200

Ischyropsalis pyrenaea venasquensis

Martens, J. 1969: 228

Dresco, E. 1967: 670

1967

Ischyropsalis muellneri

Martens, J. 1969: 246

Martens, J. 1965: 144

1965

Ischyropsalis milleri

Hadzi, J. 1954: 193

1954

Ischyropsalis hispanica

Prieto, C. E. 1990: 319

Roewer, C. F. 1953: 208

1953

Ischyropsalis hispanum

Roewer, C. F. 1953: 208

1953

Ischyropsalis kratochvili

Martens, J. 1969: 205

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 32

1950

Ischyropsalis amseli

Martens, J. 1969: 205

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 33

1950

Ischyropsalis apuana

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 36

1950

Ischyropsalis pentelica

Martens, J. 1969: 209

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 30

1950

Ischyropsalis goodnighti

Martens, J. 1969: 256

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 31

1950

Ischyropsalis archeri

Martens, J. 1969: 256

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 48

1950

Ischyropsalis hadzii

Martens, J. 1969: 242

Hadzi, J. 1954: 141

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 52

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 61

Roewer, C. F. 1923: 683

Muller, O. F. 1776: 192

Linnaeus, C. 1767: 1028

Linnaeus, C. 1758: 616

1950

Martens, J. 1969: 236

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 22

1950

Ischyropsalis tirolensis

Martens, J. 1969: 236

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 23

1950

Ischyropsalis styriaca

Martens, J. 1969: 236

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 23

1950

Martens, J. 1969: 228

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 31

1950

Ischyropsalis knirschi

Martens, J. 1969: 249

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 27

1950

Ischyropsalis ruffoi

Juberthie, C. 1963: 330

Caporiacco, L. di 1947: 139

1947

Ischyropsalis frankenbergeri Bartoš, 1938: 155

Martens, J. 1969: 197

Bartos, E. 1938: 155

1938

Ischyropsalis pectiginosa

Mello-Leitao, C. F. de 1936: 12

1936

Ischyropsalis strandi Kratochvíl, 1936: 248

Kratochvil, J. 1936: 248

1936

Ischyropsalis helvetica milleri Kratochvíl, 1934: 13

Martens, J. 1969: 217

Kratochvil, J. 1934: 13

1934

Ischyropsalis (Odontopalpa) triglavensis Hadži, 1931: 113

Martens, J. 1969: 236

Hadzi, J. 1931: 113

1931

Ischyropsalis apuanus

Martens, J. 1969: 205

Caporiacco, L. di 1930: 125

1930

Ischyropsalis pectinifera Hadži, 1928: 30

Martens, J. 1969: 197

Hadzi, J. 1954: 159

Hadzi, J. 1928: 30

1928

Ischyropsalis taunica Müller, 1924: 418

Martens, J. 1969: 197

Martens, J. 1965: 144

Muller, A. 1924: 418

Roewer, C. F. 1923: 683

1924

Ischyropsalis plicata

Martens, J. 1969: 197

Hadzi, J. 1954: 159

Roewer, C. F. 1923: 692

1923

Ischyropsalis lusitanica

Martens, J. 1969: 233

Roewer, C. F. 1923: 692

1923

Ischyropsalis helvetica

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 4

Roewer, C. F. 1916: 152

1916

Ischyropsalis dacica

Starega, W. 1966: 148

Roewer, C. F. 1916: 153

1916

Ischyropsalis bosnica

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 26

Hamann, O. 1898: 535

Simon, E. 1881: 128

Simon, E. 1879: 129

1879

Ischyropsalis robusta

Simon, E. 1879: 276

1879

Ischyropsalis pyrenaea

Bedel, L. & Simon, E. 1875: 128

1875

Ischyropsalis ianotai

Rafalski, J. 1961: 15

Wajgel, L. 1874: 36

1874

Ischyropsalis adamii

Martens, J. 1969: 205

Roewer, C. F. 1950: 33

Canestrini, G. 1873: 50

1873

Ischyropsalis dentipalpis

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 4

Simon, E. 1872: 484

Lucas, P. H. 1866: 44

1866

Ischyropsalis herbstii C.L. Koch, 1847: 68

Martens, J. 1969: 196

Koch, C. L. 1847: 68

1847

Ischyropsalis C.L. Koch, 1839b: 23

Koch, C. L. 1839: 23

1839

Ischyropsalis helwigii

Koch, C. L. 1839: 24

1839

Ischyropsalis kollari C.L. Koch, 1839b: 24

Koch, C. L. 1840: 19

Koch, C. L. 1839: 24

1839

Phalangium hellwigii

Panzer, G. W. F. 1794: 18

1794