Orasema minutissima Howard, 1894

Burks, Roger A., Heraty, John M., Dominguez, Chrysalyn & Mottern, Jason L., 2018, Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae), Zootaxa 4401 (1), pp. 1-107 : 62-71

Orasema minutissima Howard

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9A9EEE2A-2326-4D0F-911C-5B160B1B4872 ( Figs 4C, J ; 139–146)

Orasema minutissima Howard, 1894: 84 . Type material: St. Vincent (1 ♀, BMNH: type no. 5.371), designated by Heraty (2002).

Orasema smithi Howard, 1896: 134 . n. syn. Type material: Grenada: Balthazar ( Windward side), W.I. H.H. Smith. W. Indies. 99–331 . 1 ♀, BMNH: type no. 5.372).

Diagnosis. Head and mesosoma mostly or entirely blue to purple. Mesoscutal midlobe and mesoscutellar disc mostly reticulate. Axillula with parallel longitudinal carinae, with some reticulate sculpture as well. Fore femur with brown coloration.

Small specimens of this species are easily recognized, due to the distinctive dark multiporous plate sensilla of the antennal flagellum ( Fig. 141 ). They are also recognizable by gestalt, in having protruding mesoscutal sidelobes and reticulate mesoscutal and mesoscutellar sculpture ( Figs 142, 143 ). Large specimens have a distinctive mesoscutal midlobe ( Fig. 143 ), but are rarely collected and do not closely resemble small specimens. Orasema costaricensis and O. rapo differ in that their mesoscutal sidelobes are not protruding ( Figs 45 , 190–192 ). Orasema evansi differs in having pale multiporous plate flagellar sensilla ( Figs 63 , 71 ), and in lacking reticulate sculpture on its axillula ( Figs 65 , 73 ). However, smaller specimens of these species (about 2.5 mm in length) can be very difficult to distinguish from O. minutissima .

Description. Female. Length 1.2–3.1 mm. Females of the "small" morph are up to 1.5 mm long. Females of the medium/large morph are 2.3 mm and longer.

Color: Head and mesosoma in larger specimens blue green dorsally, becoming purple to black laterally, but in smaller specimens mainly brown with faint metallic luster; pronotum reddish brown in smaller specimens. Pedicel yellow to yellowish-brown; anellus yellow to yellowish-brown; flagellum yellow to yellowish-brown. Coxae brown with faint metallic luster dorsally, becoming yellow apically; fore femur brown; mid femur yellow or brown; hind femur yellow. Fore wing hyaline; venation yellowish to pale brown. Petiole blue-green, almost entirely brown in smaller specimens; gaster pale brown to dark brown, with blue-green luster, acrosternite dark brown to black.

Head: Head width:head height 1.1–1.2; face reticulate; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus present, indistinct in larger specimens; eyes bare, inter-ocular distance:eye height 1.4–1.5; malar space:eye height 0.6–0.7; supraclypeal area longer than broad, smooth in ventral triangular area, otherwise weakly sculptured; clypeus weakly sculptured. Flagellum length:head height 1.2–1.4; F2 1.8–2.5× as long as broad, 1.0–1.3× as long as F3; following funiculars subequal in width, progressively shorter in larger specimens, progressively shorter and broader in smaller specimens.

Mesosoma: Mesosoma length:height 1.3–1.4. Mesoscutal midlobe areolate-reticulate, with minute setae; lateral lobe areolate-reticulate. Axilla areolate-reticulate; mesoscutellar disc areolate-reticulate; frenal line regularly foveate; frenum areolate-reticulate; axillular groove anteriorly absent, broad and foveate posteriorly; axillula areolate-reticulate, with parallel longitudinal carinae. Propodeum with irregular median carina; propodeal disc areolate-reticulate; callus areolate-reticulate, with 3–5 setae. Mesepisternum areolate-reticulate laterally, areolate ventrally, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa. Upper mesepimeron smooth; lower mesepimeron reticulate to very weakly reticulate; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally smooth dorsally, reticulate ventrally. Hind coxa 1.8–2.6× as long as broad; hind femur 5.2–6.3× as long as broad. Fore wing 2.3– 3.4× as long as broad, 2.4–2.8× as long as mesothorax; stigma with 4 sensilla in a row or separated into pairs. Hind wing costal cell with a broad bare area.

Metasoma: Petiole 1.5–2.3× as long as broad, 0.7–1.0× as long as hind coxa, areolate, anterior carina moderate. Antecostal sulcus crossed by minute carinae; acrosternite posteriorly angulate.

Male. Length 1.3–2.0 mm. Head width:head height 1.2–1.3; scape yellow; flagellum length:head height 1.7– 1.9, F2 1.7–2.1× as long as broad. All femora and tibiae yellow. Petiole 5.1–6.2× as long as broad, petiole length:hind coxa length 1.8–1.9.

Immature Stages ( Figs 4C, J ). First Instar ( Fig. 4C ). Unfed planidum similar to O. evansi (cf. Fig. 21 ), but with more extensive surface wrinking on tergites. Pupa ( Fig. 4J ) with three dorsal tubercles over petiolar region; metasomal tergites with single transverse raised bands, with a sublateral tubercle on Mt1. Other stages, which are known but not described herein appear the same as in O. evansi .

Biology. Orasema minutissima is by far the most commonly collected species of Orasema from the West Indies ( Fig. 3 , insets for small and medium to large forms). The majority of specimens are female, and of the specimens documented below, 1107 are female and only 22 male (19 small and 3 medium). Males are known from a diverse geographic area throughout the Caribbean. No males are present among the relatively few O. minutissima collected from outside of the Caribbean. Size variation of O. minutissima falls into three apparent classes associated with different hosts. The small morph is a known parasitoid of Wasmannia auropunctata ( Mann 1918; Heraty 1994b) and Wasmannia sigmoidea ( Heraty 1994b; Wetterer & Porter 2003) in the Caribbean. The larger morphs are likely associated with different castes or gynes of the polymorphic Pheidole , with the largest morphs assumed to parasitize developing queens or soldiers. We were able to rear and sequence the largest morph from an unidentified species of Pheidole ( Dominica) . The small morphs are common throughout the Caribbean including Trinidad. We were able to sequence two specimens from Gorgona Island off the coast of Colombia that are identical in genotype to Caribbean populations in Cuba, Dominica, St. Lucia, Tortola and Trinidad. Medium to large sized morphs with an identical genotype are known from Dominica, Guadeloupe and St. Lucia. Beyond size and host differences, there are behavioral differences that have been observed for populations in Dominica. JMH has collected both the medium and small sized morphs in the same vicinity, but never on the same host plant and never together in the same collection (can be separated by as little as 10 meters and with high populations in both areas). The small morph has been found in Dominica ovipositing on ferns ( Cyathea tenera (J.E. Smith) Moore , Cyathaceae; Nephrolepis biserrata Schott , Nephrolepidaceae ; Thelypteris opposita (Vahl) Ching , Thelypteridaceae ), whereas the larger size morphs preferentially oviposit on a variety of short (6-12” high) broadleaf plants ( Coccoloba uvifera L., Polygonaceae ; Simarouba amara Aublet , Simaroubaceae ; miscellaneous Fabaceae and Rubiaceae ). Other potential host plants (of the small morph) include Zapoteca ? formosa (Kunth) H.M. Herm. ( Fabaceae ) and Gynerium sagittatus (Aubl.) P.Beaub. (Poaceae) from Jamaica.

Distribution ( Fig. 2 ). Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Jamaica, Martinique, Nevis, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Maarten, St. Thomas, St. Vincent, Tortola, Trinidad.

Material examined. Lectotype: ST. VINCENT. [♀, BMNH: type no. 5.371], designated by Heraty (2002) . Paratypes: ST. VINCENT: 13°15'16"N, 61°11'11"W [4 ♀, USNM: Paratype no. 27300 ( UCRCENT00400715 , UCRCENT400740 , UCRCENT00424494–95 )] .

Additional material examined. SMALL MORPH (1051 specimens, 1032 ♀, 19 6) Colombia: Cauca: Isla Gorgona, 3°24'00"S, 76°23'00"W, 9–17.viii.2001 [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00126530–31 , UCRCENT00126534 ]. PNN Gorgona El Saman, 5m , 2°58'00"N, 78°11'00"W, 12–27.viii.2001, H. Torres, Malaise Trap [6 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00456214, UCRCENT00479144–48]. PNN Gorgona El Saman, 5m, 2°58'00"N, 78°11'00"W, 15.vii– 9.viii.2001, H. Torres, malaise trap [8 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00456207–13, UCRCENT00479150]. PNN Gorgona El Saman , 5m, 2°58'00"N, 78°11'00"W, 6–22.iii.2001 , H. Torres, malaise trap [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00447075 (D4208)]. PNN Gorgona El Saman , 5m, 2°58'00"N, 78°11'00"W, 9–27.viii.2001 , H. Torres, malaise trap [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00456215–16, UCRCENT00479149]. PNN Gorgona, El Saman, 5m, 2°58'00"N, 78°11'00"W, 7–25.v.2001, H. Duque, malaise trap [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00447074 (D4207)]. Chocó: PNN Utría Centro de Visitantes , 2m, 6°01'09"N, 77°20'55"W, 15.viii–7.ix.2000, J. Perez, malaise trap [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00456204], 1–15.vi.2000 [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00446705], 7–28.ix.2000 [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00312158 ]. Costa Rica: Alajuela: Chiles de Aguas Zarcas , Café, 300m, 10°23'56"N, 84°20'20"W, xii.1989, R. Cespedes [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00252343 ]. Guanacaste: Estac. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia , 700m, 10°59'22"N, 85°25'33"W, v.1989, I. Gauld [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT00237641 ] Limon: sur de Iroquois , 300m, 10°07'12"N, 83°37'12"W, 23.v.1987 , Paul Hanson [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00237649 ]. Cuba: 16 km NE Caney , 145m, 20°09'23"N, 75°39'51"W, 13.xii.1995 , L. Masner [20 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00425920–26 , UCRCENT00425930–42 ]. 16 km NE Caney , 200m, 20°09'23"N, 75°39'51"W, 13.xii.1995 , L. Masner [3♂ 25 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00412311–38 ]. 16 km NE of Caney , 145m , 21°46'00"N, 79°31'00"W, 13.xii.1995, L. Masner [10 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00091310–13, UCRCENT00091403, UCRCENT00091404 (D0194) UCRCENT00091405–08]. Caretara Gran Piedro km 4, 20°00'39"N, 75°37'39"W, xii.1995, L. Masner [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00247614–15]. Mina Carlota Trinidad Mts., 21°56'00"N, 80°00'00"W, 1917, W.M. Mann, [mounted with host Wasmannia auropunctata, det. E.O. Wilson] [3 ♀ 2 pupae, USNM: UCRCENT00248512–13 , UCRCENT00416860 ]. 12 km SE Moa , 50m, 20°35'00"N, 74°51'00"W, 22.viii.2001, P.S. Ward, ex Wasmannia auropunctata [3 ♀ UCRCENT00252280, UCRCENT00252285, UCRCENT00252291]. 6 km NE of Siboney ; Tres Arroys, 150m, 20°00'58"N, 75°39'60"W, 16.xii.1995, L. Masner, creekbed, yellow pan trap [23 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00425838–43 , CNC: UCRCENT00425916–19 ; UCRC: UCRCENT00412298–310 ] . Santiago, Jardin Botanico, 145m, 20°01'00"N, 75°49'00"W, 4–17.xii.1995, L. Masner, yellow pan trap [3 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00425927–29 ] . Dominica: Castle Bruce, 55m, 15°26'31"N, 61°15'30"W, 12.ix.1965, DL. Jackson [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT00248516]. Castle Comfort, 21m, 15°17'06"N, 61°22'27"W, 12.ix.1965, DL Jackson [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT00248515 ]. St. Joseph Parish , Central Forest Reserve , 15°25'60"N, 61°23'44"W, 24.xi.1994, L. Masner, rain forest, screen sweep [14 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00252295–304 , UCRCENT00252306 , UCRCENT00479178–80 ] . Tiperie , 15°25'14"N, 61°21'42"W, 23.ix.1965 , DL Jackson [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT00248517 . St. John Parish, Cabrits Natl. Park, East Cabrits Trail , nr. Commandant’s House, 15°35'00"N, 61°28'00"W, 2–13.vi.2004, TAMU Study Abroad Class, malaise traps [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243258 ] . St. John Parish, Cabrits Natl. Park, West Cabrits Hill, 15°35'06"N, 61°28'37"W, 22– 30.v.2000, L. Benavides, E. Chavez, J. Dye, and E. Kretsch, malaise [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243262–63 ]. Central Forest Reserve , 337m, 15°26'29"N, 61°19'40"W, 15.v.2009, J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00235970 (D2762)]. Central Forest Reserve , 359m, 15°26'28"N, 61°19'33"W, 21.v.2009, J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep [19 ♀, UCRC: UCRENT00001429 , UCRENT00001439–43, UCRENT00001450–56, UCRENT00001463–68]. Central Forest Reserve , 359m, 15°26'29"N, 61°19'40"W, 21.v.2009, J. Heraty, rainforest, yellow pan trap [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRENT00000936]. Northern Forest Reserve Sympa trail (upper site), 390m, 15°31'55.4"N, 61°21'35.7"W, 14.v.2010 , J. Heraty [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00271392 (D2830)]. La Haut Estate , 15°16'37"N, 61°22'03"W, 2.i.1979 , A.T. Finnamore [1 ♀, LEMQ: UCRCENT00317218]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 11.vi.1994, J.B. Woolley [8 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426409–13 , TAMU: UCRCENT00426415–17 ]. Springfield , 251m, 15°20'46"N, 61°22'24"W, 31.v–14.vi.2002 , Marable, Wolman, Police, Bridegam, and Schwarzlose, aerial and ground malaise [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243233 ]. Springfield , 294m , 15°20'45"N, 61°22'09"W, 31.v–14.vi.2002, Marable, Wolman, Police, Bridegam, and Schwarzlose, aerial and ground malaise [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243255–57]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°20'48"N, 61°21'51"W, 25.v– 7.vi.1998, J.B. Woolley, Malaise [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243266, UCRCENT00426275]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 11.vi.1994, J.B. Woolley [10 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426561–67, UCRCENT00426572–74]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 24.v–8.vi.1996, J. Doolittle, J. Killian, and L.A. Wilson, Malaise [26 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243237–45, UCRCENT00243247–53, UCRCENT00426424, UCRCENT00426575–83]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 24.v–8.vi.1996, TAMU Class, Malaise [19 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243304–09, UCRCENT00243311, UCRCENT00243316–24, UCRCENT00426555–56, UCRCENT00426602]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v–11.vi.1994, J.B. Woolley, Malaise [12 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243277, UCRCENT00243280, UCRCENT00426266–68, TAMU: UCRCENT00426449–55]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v–12.vi.1994, class, Malaise [23 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426229–30, UCRCENT00426232–52]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v–12.vi.1994, J. B. Woolley, Malaise [17 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426214–28, UCRCENT00426231, UCRCENT00426264]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v.1994, J. B. Woolley, Malaise [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426599]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 30.v– 11.vi.1995, Eden, Stieber, and Woolley, Malaise [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426601]. Springfield, ATRC, Checkhall River , 294m, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 24.v–4.vi.2003 , T. Decker and W. Wells, yellow pan trap site 4 [20 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426612–31]. Springfield, ATRC, disturbed vegetation nr. garden, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 6.vi.2003, W. Wells, 17 yellow pan traps [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426643–45]. Springfield, ATRC, Fifi Trail , 398m, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 23.v–4.vi.2003 , T. Decker and W. Wells, yellow pan trap site 1 [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426646–47]. Springfield, ATRC, Mt. Joy nr. burned house, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 6.vi.2003 , T. Decker, 17 yellow pan traps [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426640–42]. Springfield, ATRC, Mt. Joy Trail , 424m, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 23.v–4.vi.2003 , T. Decker and W. Wells, yellow pan trap site 3 [4 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426636–39]. Springfield, ATRC, Mt. Joy Trail , 424m, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 25.v– 4.vi.2003 , T. Decker and W. Wells, MT site 3 [4 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426609–11, UCRCENT00426763]. Springfield, ATRC, Mt. Joy Trail , 497m, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 28.v–4.vi.2003 , T. Decker and W. Wells, yellow pan trap site 5 [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426632, UCRCENT00426634, UCRCENT00426635]. St. Paul Parish, Archbold Trop. Res. Educ. Center, Mt. Joy, 15°20'54"N, 61°21'50"W, 1–13.vi.2004, TAMU Study Abroad Class, secondary forest, malaise [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243260, TAMU: UCRCENT00243261]. St. Paul Parish, ATRC, Springfield , 536m, 15°20'58"N, 61°21'50"W, 21–22.v.2000 , L. Benavides, E. Chavez, J. Dye, and E. Kretsch, malaise trap [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243235]. St. Paul Parish, ATRC, Springfield , 536m, 15°20'58"N, 61°21'50"W, 22–30.v.2000 , L. Benavides, E. Chavez, J. Dye, and E. Kretsch, malaise [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243229–31 ]. trail to Mornes Trois Pitons , 609m, 15°22'30"N, 61°19'48"W, 27.v–8.vi.1996 , J. Doolittle & L.A. Wilson, malaise trap [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426365]. trail to Mornes Trois Pitons, 609m, 15°22'30"N, 61°19'48"W, 27.v–8.vi.1996, L.A. Wilson and J. Doolittle, malaise trap [1♂ 4 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243282, UCRCENT00243302, UCRCENT00426444–46]. Saint Patrick Parish, 1 mi. W. La Plaine, 500–1000m, 15°19'51"N, 61°14'54"W, 30.v.1994, J.B. Woolley [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426590–92 ] . Saint Paul Parish, Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 24.v–8.vi.1996 , J. Doolittle, J. Killian, and L.A. Wilson, Malaise [22 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426375–83, UCRCENT00426456–67, UCRCENT00426469]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 26.v–8.vi.1996, Doolittle and Woolley, Malaise [4 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426593–96]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v–12.vi.1994, TAMU class, Malaise [24 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426384–407]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 30.v–11.vi.1995, Eden, Stieber, and Woolley, forest understory, Malaise [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426418, UCRCENT00426420]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 31.v–10.vi.1995, Eden, Stieber, and Woolley, Malaise [8 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426421–23 , TAMU: UCRCENT00426584–88 ]. St. John Parish, Syndicate Trail , 1850m, 15°31'13"N, 61°21'52"W, 27.v–5.vi.1998 , J.B. Woolley, Malaise [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426273 , UCRCENT00426274 ]. St. Joseph Parish, Springfield Plantation , 430m, 15°22'08"N, 61°20'30"W, 28–30.vii.2005 , M.E. Irwin et al., Malaise Trap [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00479182–83 ]. St. Patrick Parish, 1 km W La Plaine, trail to Sari Sari Falls , 156m, 15°19'38"N, 61°15'30"W, 1.vi.1996 , J.B. Woolley [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243281]. St. Paul Parish, Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 25.v–12.vi.1994 , J.B. Woolley, Malaise [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426408, UCRCENT00426597–98]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v– 12.vi.1994, J. B. Woolley, Malaise [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243325–27]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v–4.vi.1994, TAMU Class, malaise trap [6 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243284–85, UCRCENT00243333–34, UCRCENT00426364, UCRCENT00426600]. Springfield, ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°23'00"W, 29.v.1994, J.B. Woolley [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426447–48 ]. Sulphur Springs ; pools trail, 290m , 15°14'21"N, 61°20'50"W, 20.v.2009, J. Heraty, H09-025, rainforest, sweep [16 ♀, UCRC: UCRENT00000905 , UCRENT00000907–09, UCRENT00002120–28, UCRENT00002130, UCRENT00002133, UCRCENT00235969 (D2763)]. Titou Gorge, Boiling Lake trail, 570m , 15°19'45"N, 61°19'26"W, 27.v.2009, J. Heraty, rainforest, yellow pan trap [5 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00446790 , UCRCENT00446796–97 , UCRCENT00446822 , UCRCENT00479181 ]. Dominican Republic: Barahona, 4km N Paraiso , 150m, 18°12'28"N, 71°05'57"W, 22.iii.1991, L. Masner [4 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00425943–46]. 6 km N Castillo , 19°15'27"N, 70°01'50"W, 8.viii.1978, R.O. Schuster [1 ♀, CASC: UCRCENT00243426 ] . Barahona, 4km N Paralgo , 150m, 18°12'35"N, 71°06'02"W, 22.iii.1991, L. Masner, coffee plant., screen sweep [20 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00237642–48 , UCRCENT00237654 , UCRCENT00237658–63 , UCRCENT00237665–69 , UCRCENT00252276 ] . Durate, 20 km NE San Francisco de Macoris ; Loma Quite Espuela, 300m, 19°20'31"N, 70°12'15"W, 18.iii.1991, L. Masner, coffee plant. along creek, screen sweep [18 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00237650–51 , UCRCENT00237655–57 , UCRCENT00237664 , UCRCENT00237670–74 , UCRCENT00237688 , UCRCENT00252319–20 , UCRCENT00252329–32 ] . Ecuador: Orellana: Tiputini Biodiversity Station nr Yasuni National Park, 220–250m, 0°37'55"S, 76°08'39" W, T.L. Erwin et al., terre firme forest, Fogging [1♂, USNM: UCRCENT00416828 ] . Pinchincha: Rio Palenque Stn. , 47km S. Ste. Domingo, 180m, 0°34'56"S, 79°20'42"W, 29.iv–5.v.1987, Brown & Coote, lowland-rainforest, Malaise 1 [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00416341 ] . Grenada: Balthazar (Windward side), W.I. H.H. Smith. W. Indies. 99–331. [1 ♀, BMNH: type no. 5.372, BMNH: UCRCENT309993 ] . Guadeloupe: Les Mamelles, 5 km. W. Barbatteau, 16°10'14"N, 61°43'55"W, 24.vi.1977, E.E. Grissell [2 ♀, FSCA: UCRCENT00411905–06 ] . Guyana: Rupununi Dist. , Kurupukari, Essequibo R., 61m, 5°50'28"N, 58°32'48"W, 13.x.1990, L. Coote, old citrus grove rainforest, s.s. [1♂ 72 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00184078–82; UCRC: UCRCENT00237459–71, UCRCENT00237476–484, UCRCENT00237745, UCRCENT00237759–83, UCRCENT00282351–53, UCRCENT00446813–17, UCRCENT00446826–32, UCRCENT00446851, UCRCENT00479127–29, UCRCENT00479698]. Jamaica: Port Ecclesdown , 1500m, 18°03'00"N, 76°20'00"W, 10.viii.1974 , S. Peck [8 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00240895, UCRCENT00240897–898, UCRCENT00240900–901, UCRENT00240910–12]. Sedburgh, 18°09'36"N, 77°29'30"W, Broomfield, on Zapoteca ?formosa [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT00239061]. Oxford , 18°12'25"N, 77°37'33"W, 30.xi.1972 , J. Peck [1 ♀, CNC: UCRENT00240909 ]. Olive Mt. nr. Durham , 18°08'00"N, 76°31'40"W, 3.iv.1975 , E.E. Grissell, on Gynerium sagittatum [6 ♀, FSCA: UCRCENT00411929–34]. 1 mi. S. Oracabessa, 122m, 18°23'11"N, 76°56'48"W, 17.iii.1987, J.A. Shuey [1♂, MTEC: UCRCENT00242545]. 6 km S Montego Bay , near Mocho Cave, 300m, 18°23'32"N, 77°51'35"W, 12.xii.1975, Gary F. Hevel [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT00248511 ] . Nevis: Dasents Estate , 220m, 17°07'00"N, 62°34'00"W, 28.viii–21.ix.1985 , Coote & Blanchette, citrus, malaise trap [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00236023 ]. Greenhill , 17°21'00"N, 62°44'00"W, 12–31.vii.1985 , L. Coote, grass, malaise trap [1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00240878]. Greenhill, 300m, 17°21'00"N, 62°44'00"W, 1–27.viii.1985, Coote, rainforest, malaise trap [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00236024–26 ]. Puerto Rico: Humacao, 10 km SSW San Lorenzo , 550m, 18°08'60"N, 65°49'38"W, 26.vii.1989, R.R. Snelling & J.A. Torrres [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00237687, UCRCENT00237695, UCRCENT00435884]. El Yunque, 1200m, 18°17'30"N, 65°48'06"W, 7.viii.1981, L. Masner, rain forest [2 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00240913, UCRCENT00247576]. Guanyanabo: Bo. Sonadora, 42m, 18°17'22"N, 66°07'25"W, J.A. Torres [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00237689]. Bo. Sonadora, 18°17'31"N, 66°07'24"W, 2.vi.1991, J.A. Torres, ex: Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) det: Snelling 1991 [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00184070, UCRCENT00184072–73]. Maricao: Maricao Forest , rd 120 km 17.9, 18°10'51"N, 66°58'48"W, 22.x.2002, Gates, rd edge and shrubs, sweep [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00252275 , UCRCENT00456205 ] . St. Kitts: Greenhill, 300m, 17°21'00"N, 62°44'00"W, 12–31.vii.1985, Coote, grass [4 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00240879–81 , UCRCENT00240887 ] . Philips Level, 430m, 17°21'00"N, 62°46'00"W, Coote, rain forest, malaise trap [41 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00235960–61, UCRCENT00235972–74, UCRCENT00235976–88, UCRCENT00235990– 6000, UCRCENT00236002–11, UCRCENT00237570, UCRCENT00479137]. Phillips Level, 430m, 17°21'55"N, 65°49'42"W, 19.vii–31.viii.1985, L. Coote, rain forest, malaise trap [11 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00236012–22 ]. Wingfield Mt. , 400m, 17°20'35"N, 62°45'21"W, 1–31.x.1985, L. Coote, old field/ forest, malaise trap [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00446793–94, UCRCENT00479142]. St. Lucia : 13°54'34"N, 60°58'44"W, ii.1978, S.A. Marshall [10 ♀, DEBU: UCRCENT00251177–81 , UCRCENT00251189–90 ; UCRC: UCRCENT00251176 , UCRCENT00251191–92 ] . Edmund Forest Reserve, 13°50'11"N, 60°59'47"W, 1.iii.2000, L. Masner, s.s. [26 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00252260–61, UCRCENT00252268–74, UCRCENT00252278, UCRCENT00446790–92, UCRCENT00446800–04, UCRCENT00446806–07, UCRCENT00446809, UCRCENT00446823, UCRCENT00479134, UCRCENT00479140, UCRCENT00479141, UCRCENT00479143]. Edmund Forest Reserve, 500m, 13°49'45"N, 60°59'31"W, 1.iii.2000, L. Masner, ss [8 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00320777–81 ; UCRC: UCRCENT00278120–22 ]. 1–5 km N Praslin , Pelouze Riv. , 13°54'34"N, 60°58'44"W, 1–2.iii.2000, L. Masner, yellow pan trap [13 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00252294 , UCRCENT00252305 , UCRCENT00252307–309 , UCRCENT00252311–12 , UCRCENT00252316–18 , UCRCENT00252326–28 ] . 13°53'38"N, 60°58'06"W, 14– 21.v.1973, Univ. of Waterloo [5 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00240891–94 , CNC: UCRCENT00240902 ] . Barre de I’Isle , 13°54'59"N, 60°56'57"W, 28.ii.2000 , L. Masner, rainforest creek [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00252313–15 ]. Barre del Isle , 13°52'23"N, 60°58'01"W, 2.iii.2000 , L. Masner, forest trail, ss [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00235964 (D0437)]. Praslin, Mamiku Riv. Valley , 13°52'00"N, 60°53'00"W, 27.ii.2000, L. Masner, yellow pan trap [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00252277 ] . U. Waterloo R.S., 13°53'38"N, 60°58'06"W, 22–27.v.1973 [5 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00240883–85, CNC: UCRCENT00240896, UCRCENT00240903]. St. Maarten: Philipsburg, 100m, 18°01'49"N, 63°02'45"W, vii.1979, N. Krauss [3 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00240906–08 ] . Philipsburg, 100m, 18°01'22"N, 63°02'23"W, vii.1979, N.L.H. Krauss [2 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00240882, CNC: UCRCENT00240886]. St. Thomas ( U.S. Virgin Islands): 1500m, 18°20'17"N, 64°53'39"W, 11.x.1982, J.D. LaSalle [3 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00240899 , CNC: UCRCENT00240904–905 ] . St. Vincent: Belmont, 125m, 13°09'00"N, 61°10'00"W, 6.vii.1976, J.S. Noyes, wasteground [5 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300394 , UCRCENT00300454–57 ] . Leeward side, 555m, 13°15'11"N, 61°10'05" W, H.H. Smith [3♂ 6 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300388–93 , UCRCENT00300408–10 ]. Hermitage Forest, E of Spring Village , 360m, 13°14'51"N, 61°12'46"W, 16–27.viii.2006, S.&J. Peck, forest, flight intercept trap [5 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00320772–76 ]. Maloney , 13°13'11"N, 61°13'57"W, 12.vii.1976 , J.S. Noyes, edge of rainforest [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00309429–30 ]. Mesopotamia , 232m, 13°10'01"N, 61°10'02"W, 8.vii.1976 , J.S Noyes, wasteground [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00309432 ]. Montreal , 474m, 13°12'28"N, 61°11'14"W, 8.vii.1976 , J.S Noyes, edge of rainforest [6 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300395, UCRCENT00300458–62]. Mt. Perseverance , 13°16'26"N, 61°07'53"W, 11.vii.1976 , J.S. Noyes, edge of rainforest [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300453 ]. Lowrt , 13°12'19"N, 61°13'59"W, 7.vii.1976 , J.S. Noyes, edge of rainforest [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300398 ]. Richmond Beach , 14m, 13°18'42"N, 61°14'03"W, 10.vii.1976 , J.S Noyes, coastland [4 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300464–67 ]. Symons Bow , 14m, 13°14'41"N, 61°15'26"W, 10.vii.1976 , J.S Noyes, wasteground [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300396–97]. Parish St. Andrews, Kingstown Botan Gard., 13°09'47"N, 61°13'41"W, 10–15.x.1991, R.R. Woodruff, malaise trap [5 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00252321–25 ]. Tortola ( British Virgin Islands): Mt. Sage Nat. Pk. , Sage Mt. , 18°24'14"N, 64°39'39"W, 10.xii–8.i.1993, M.A. Ivie & T. Hughes, nr. toilets, flight intercept trap #4 [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00235958 (D0424)]. Sage Mtn. N. Pk, 87m , 18°24'13"N, 64°39'38"W, 28– 29.viii.1986, J. LaSalle, screen sweep [52 ♀, 1♂, TAMU: UCRCENT00184062, UCRCENT00184065, UCRCENT00184074–77; UCRC: UCRCENT002374755, UCRCENT00235975, UCRCENT00236028, UCRCENT00237652, UCRCENT00237675–79, UCRCENT00237714–44, UCRCENT00237748–57, UCRCENT00467865, UCRCENT00486843]. Sage Mt. Natl. Pk., 18°24'00"N, 64°39'00"W, 26–29.viii.1988, J. LaSalle, yellow pan trap [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426512–14]. Trinidad: St. George , Caura, 10°42'51"N, 61°21'09"W, 29.vi.1976, J.S. Noyes, edge of rain forest and grassland [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300476 ] . Arima Valley, 4th mile, 165m, 10°40'29"N, 61°17'24"W, 13.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes, rainforest [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300468–69 ] . Guanapo Valley , 10°35'36"N, 61°15'49"W, 29.vii.1976, J.S. Noyes, rainforest [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300472 ] . Maracas Valley , 10°41'49"N, 61°24'19"W, 23.vi.1976 , J.S. Noyes, edge of rainforest [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300471 ]. Gasparillo , 10°18'57"N, 61°25'07"W, 5–15.xi.1987 , R. Borneo, grass/forest edge, malaise trap [1 ♀, ROME: UCRCENT00364799]. Curepe, CIBC lab grounds, 10°38'48"N, 61°24'56"W, 14–29.iii.1974, F.D Bennett [1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00425733]. Curepe, Santa Margarita, 10°39'07"N, 61°23'59"W, 8–14.vi.1972, B.R. Pitkin, malaise trap [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300433 ]. Curepe , 10°38'48"N, 61°24'56"W, 23.iii.1979 , malaise trap [1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00425735 ]. Curepe , 10°38'48"N, 61°24'56"W, 16.vii.1978 , Malaise Trap [1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00425734]. Curepe, Santa-Margarita Circular Road, 10°39'30"N, 61°24'12"W, 15–25.v.1978, F.D. Bennett [1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00425737 ]. Maracas Falls , 190m, 10°43'28"N, 61°24'32"W, 16.vii.2013 , Heraty, forest, swp [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00412118 (D3800), UCRENT00412119 (D3801), UCRCENT00412120 (D3802)]. Maracas Falls , 190m , 10°43'28"N, 61°24'32"W, 23.vii.2013, Heraty&Baker, forest, YPT/PB bait [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00412127 (D3809), UCRC: UCRCENT00412131 (D3814), UCRCENT00412132 (D3810)]. Mayaro, Trinity Hills Reserve, 170m, 10°07'01"N, 61°07'01"W, 5.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes, rainforest [6 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300452 , UCRCENT00300477–80 , BMNH: UCRCENT00300482 ] . Nariva Co., Nariva Reservoir, 4m, 10°25'18"N, 61°03'22"W, 17.vii.1976, J.S. Noyes, secondary forest [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300483 ] . St. George , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, ix.1976, F.D. Bennett [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300430 ] . Tumpuna Reserve, 61m, 10°30'38"N, 61°14'03"W, 7.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes, Caribbean pine plantation [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300404, UCRCENT00300481]. Tumpuna Reserve, 61m, 10°30'38"N, 61°14'03"W, 9.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes, Caribbean pine plantation [5 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300400, UCRCENT00300405–07, UCRCENT00309431]. St. Augustine , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, 18.vi.1976, J.S. Noyes, wasteground [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300463 ] . Arena Reserve, 65m, 10°33'41"N, 61°14'01"W, 3.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes, rainforest [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300474]. Arena Reserve, 65m, 10°33'41"N, 61°14'01"W, 31.vii.1976, J.S. Noyes, rainforest [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300473]. Arima Valley, 4th mile, 165m, 10°40'29"N, 61°17'24"W, 17.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes, edge of rainforest [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300470 ] . Lopinot, 178m, 10°41'30"N, 61°19'31"W, 10.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes, cacao plantation and rainforest [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300403]. Oropuche, 20m, 10°13'26"N, 61°30'60"W, 28.vi.1976, J.S. Noyes, cocoa and banana plantations [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300475]. St. Augustine , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, 1.xi.1976, F.D. Bennett [3 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300415–17 ] . St. Augustine , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, 15.vii–15.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes, malaise trap [8 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300418 , UCRCENT00300420–23 , UCRCENT00300426–27 , UCRCENT00300429 ] . St. Augustine , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, 20.vi.1976, J.S. Noyes, wasteground [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300402 ] . St. Augustine , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, viii.1976, F.D. Bennett, malaise trap [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300399 ] . Textel Station , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46" 7.vii.1981, J. Heraty [1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00425736 ] .

MEDIUM MORPH (100 specimens, 97 ♀, 36): Dominica: Central Forest Reserve , 359m, 15°26'28"N, 61°19'33"W, 21.v.2009 , J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRENT00001438, UCRENT00002132]. Central Forest Reserve , 359m, 15°26'29"N, 61°19'40"W, 21.v.2009, J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep [1 ♀, Heraty: UCRCENT00237288 ] . Clark Hall Est. , 300m, 15°24'28"N, 61°23'44"W, 3.v.1966, R.J. Gagne [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT00248514 ] . Northern Forest Reserve Sympa trail (upper site), 390m, 15°31'55"N, 61°21'35"W, 14.v.2010, J. Heraty [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00271393 (D2831), UCRCENT00271394 (D2832)] . Northern Forest Reserve, Sympa trail (upper site), 390m, 15°31'55"N, 61°21'35"W, 20.v.2010, J. Heraty [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00271611 ] . St. Paul Parish, ATRC, Springfield , 251m, 15°20'46"N, 61°22'24"W, 31.v–14.vi.2002 , Marable, Wolman, Police, Bridegam, and Schwarzlose, aerial and ground malaise [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243232, UCRCENT00243234]. Sulphur Springs , pools trail, 290m, 15°14'21"N, 61°20'50"W, 16.v.2009 , J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00235966 (D2766), UCRCENT00235967 , UCRENT00001323]. Sulphur Springs , pools trail, 290m, 15°14'21"N, 61°20'50"W, 19.v.2009 , J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep [5 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00237289 , UCRCENT00237291–92 , UCRENT00000903, UCRENT00000922]. Sulphur Springs , pools trail, 290m, 15°14'21"N, 61°20'50"W, 20.v.2009 , J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00235968 (D2764)]. Sulphur Springs , pools trail, 290m, 15°14'21"N, 61°20'50"W, 25.v.2009 , J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00278198–200]. Sulphur Springs , pools trail, 290m, 15°14'21"N, 61°20'50"W, 25.v.2009, J. Heraty, rainforest, yellow pan trap [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00278197 ] . Sulphur Springs ; pools trail, 290m, 15°14'21"N, 61°20'50"W, 16.v.2009 , J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRENT00000904 , UCRENT00002131]. Titou Gorge trail, 590m, 15°19'45"N, 61°19'23"W, 13.v.2010 , Heraty, Varone, Murray, yellow pan trap [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00278202]. Titou Gorge trail, 610m, 15°19'43"N, 61°19'21"W, 13.v.2010, J. Heraty, yellow pan trap [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00278201 ] . Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 24.v–8.vi.1996 , J. Doolittle, J. Killian, and L.A. Wilson, Malaise [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243286, UCRCENT00426372]. Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 24.v– 8.vi.1996 , TAMU Class, Malaise [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243267–68]. Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v–11.vi.1994 , J.B. Woolley, Malaise [4 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243278–79, UCRCENT00243331, UCRCENT00426269]. Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v–12.vi.1994 , J. B. Woolley, Malaise [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426212]. Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v.1994 , J. B. Woolley, Malaise [1♂, TAMU: UCRCENT00426211]. Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 30.v–11.vi.1995 , Eden, Stieber and Woolley, Malaise [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243138, UCRCENT00426261, UCRCENT00426265]. Springfield, ATRC, Mt. Joy Trail , 424m, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 23.v–4.vi.2003 , T. Decker and W. Wells, yellow pan trap site 3 [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426604–05]. Springfield, ATRC, Mt. Joy Trail , 424m, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 23.v–4.vi.2003 , T. Decker and W. Wells, yellow pan trap site 1 [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426606]. Springfield, ATRC, Mt. Joy Trail , 424m, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 25.v–4.vi.2003 , T. Decker and W. Wells, flight intercept trap site 3 [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426603]. Springfield, ATRC, Mt. Joy Trail , 424m, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'00"W, 25.v–4.vi.2003 , T. Decker and W. Wells, MT site 3 [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426607–08 ]. Tareau Cliffs , La Franchette , 15°22'27"N, 61°21'44"W, 27.iii.1966 , R.J. Gagne [1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00248619 ]. St. John Parish, Cabrits Natl. Park, East Cabrits Trail , nr. Commandant’s House , 15°35'00"N, 61°28'00"W, 2–13.vi.2004 , TAMU Study Abroad Class, malaise traps [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243236]. trail to Mornes Trois Pitons , 609m, 15°22'30"N, 61°19'48"W, 27.v–8.vi.1996, L.A. Wilson and J. Doolittle, malaise trap [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426271 ] . Saint Paul Parish, Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 30.v–11.vi.1995 , Eden, Stieber, and Woolley, forest understory, Malaise [3 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426371, UCRCENT00426419, UCRCENT00426589]. Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 31.v–10.vi.1995 , Eden, Stieber, and Woolley, Malaise [9 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243272–76, UCRCENT00426208–10, UCRCENT00426262]. Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 31.v–10.vi.1995 , Eden, Stieber, and Woolley, understory, Malaise [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426370 ]. St. Paul Parish, Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00426369]. Springfield , ATRC, 15°21'00"N, 61°22'60"W, 27.v–12.vi.1994 , J. B. Woolley, Malaise [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00243328–29]. Dominican Republic: Barahona, 4km N Paraiso , 150m, 18°12'28"N, 71°05'57"W, 22.iii.1991, L. Masner [2 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00278123 , UCRCENT00278124 ] . Barahona, 4km N Paralgo , 150m, 18°12'35"N, 71°06'02"W, 22.iii.1991, L. Masner, coffee plant., screen sweep [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00184068 , UCRCENT00184069 ] . Barahona: Sva . Bahoruco East Loma Remigio , 800m, 18°12'28"N, 71°05'59"W, 27.iii.1991, L. Masner, cloud forest, screen sweep [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT00237683 ] . Guadeloupe: Bas. Ter. Pigeon, Trace Poirier, 350m, 16°08'50"N, 61°45'13"W, 14–31.v.2012 , S. Peck [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT00412511 ]. Martinique: 4 km SW Le Marin, Morne Aca , 260m , 14°27'48"N, 60°53'54"W, 13– 28.vii.2012, S. Peck, humid forest, hilltop clearing, FIT [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00408470, UCRCENT00408471]. St. Lucia: Edmund Forest Reserve, 13°50'11"N, 60°59'47"W, 1.iii.2000, L. Masner, s.s. [4 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00446805 , UCRCENT00446810 , UCRC: UCRCENT00479124–25 ] . Edmund Forest Reserve, 500m, 13°49'45"N, 60°59'31"W, 1.iii.2000, L. Masner, ss [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00456206 ]. St.

Vincent : Maloney, 13°13'11"N, 61°13'57"W, 12.vii.1976, J.S. Noyes, edge of rainforest [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300347–48 ] . Tortola ( British Virgin Islands): Sage Mtn. N. Pk, 87m, 18°24'13"N, 64°39'38"W, 28–29.viii.1986, J. LaSalle, screen sweep [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT00184066 ] . Trinidad: St. George , St. Augustine , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, ix.1976, F.D. Bennett [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300412–13 ]. St. Augustine , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, 18.vi.1976, J.S. Noyes, wasteground [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300450– 51 ]. St. Augustine , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, 15.vi.1976, J.S. Noyes, wasteground [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300449 ]. St. Augustine , 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, 15.vii–15.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes, malaise trap [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300432 ]. St. Augustine, 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, 21.vi.1976, J.S. Noyes, wasteground [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300446 ]. St. Augustine, 10°38'19"N, 61°23'46"W, viii.1976, F.D. Bennett, malaise trap [1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00300414 ].

Large morph (1 specimen, ♀). Dominica: Northern Forest Reserve Sympa trail (upper Site), 390m, 15°31'55.4"N, 61°21'35.7"W, 14.v.2010, J. Heraty, taken in nest of Pheidole sp. [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00271395 (D2833)].

Planidia. Dominica: Sulphur Springs , pools trail, 290m, 15°14'21"N, 61°20'50"W, 19.v.2009, J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep, H09-023, host: Wasmannia auropunctata [6 slides: UCRC: UCRCENT00000898 , UCRCENT00237293–6 , UCRCENT00237298 ] . Puerto Rico: Bo , Sonadora, Guayanabo, 2.vi.1991, J.A. Torres, #589, host: Wasmannia auropunctata [1 slide, UCRC: UCRCENT00478803 ] .

Prepupa. Cuba: Holguin: 12 km SE Moa , 50m, 20°35'00"N, 74°51'00"W, 22.viii.2001, P.S. Ward [2?, UCRC: UCRCENT00252283–84 ].

Pupae. Cuba: Holguin: 12 km SE Moa , 50m, 20°35'00"N, 74°51'00"W, 22.viii.2001, P.S. Ward host: Wasmannia auropunctata [11 ♀ 3♂, UCRC: UCRCENT00252257–59 , UCRCENT00252267 , UCRCENT00252279 , UCRCENT00252281–82 , UCRCENT00252286–90 , UCRCENT00252292–93 ] . Dominica: Sulphur Springs , pools trail, 290m, 15°14'21"N, 61°20'50"W, 19.v.2009, J. Heraty, rainforest, sweep, H09-023, host: Wasmannia auropunctata [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00275439 ] . Puerto Rico: Humacao, 10 km SSW San Lorenzo, 550m, 18°08'60"N, 65°49'38"W, 26.vii.1989, R.R. Snelling & J.A. Torres, 89-37, host: Wasmannia auropunctata [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00237694 ]; Guanyanabo: Bo. Sonadora, 42m, 18°17'22"N, 66°07'25"W, J.A. Torres, host: Wasmannia auropunctata [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00237693 ].

Figures

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the Orasema stramineipes species group. Branch color indicates major ecological regions, separating Neotropical (green), Nearctic (red) and southern subtropical to temperate (blue). Numbers associated with branchesindicate bootstrap valuesabove 50.Blue lettersrefer to host associationswithin a clade:P = Pheidole, S = Solenopsis, W = Wasmannia. Species names are associated with the molecular voucher number and sex; vertical tan lines group specimenscollected from the same locality.Inset figures are of the dorsalmesosoma and species distribution maps based on all material examined.

FIGURE4. Orasema evansi(Texas), immature stages and hosts:A.Stalkedegg.B.Unfed planidium(first instar),D. Pheidole dentata larva with internal and swollen (fed) planidium indicated by arrow; posterior apex open to outside by entrance hole in cuticle.E. P.dentata pupa with external planidium(larval exuvium shed).F. O. evansi2nd instar larva.G. P.dentata pupa with third instar O. evansi larva attached. H. O. evansi prepupa. I. O. evansi pupa. K. Metasoma of pupa Orasema minutissima (Puerto Rico):C. Unfed planidium larvae.J. Unparasitized, but fed-upon, pupa of P.dentata (psithergate).

FIGURES 139–144. Orasema minutissima. ♀: Dominica: 139. Habitus. 140. Head. 141. Antenna, with F2 plus pedicel, and F6–F7 inset. 142. Mesosoma of “small” form, dorsal view. 143. Mesosoma of “large” form, dorsal view. 144. Axillula.

FIGURES 41–52. Orasema costaricensis. ♀: 41. Habitus. 42. Head. 43. Antenna, with F2 and F6–F7 inset. 44. Antenna of slide-mounted adult syntype.45. Mesosoma, dorsal view.46. Stigma and postmarginal vein.

FIGURES187–192. Orasema rapo. ♀: 187.Habitus.188 Head.189. Antenna, with F2 and F6–F7 inset.190. Argentina form, Mesosoma, dorsal view. 191. Trinidad form, mesosoma, dorsal view.192. Ecuador form, mesosoma, dorsal view.

FIGURES 61–66. Orasema evansi. ♀: form from banana in Costa Rica: 61. Habitus. 62. Head. 63. Antenna, with F2 and F6– F7 inset.64. Mesosoma,dorsal view.65. Axillula. 66. Stigma and postmarginal vein.

FIGURES 69–74. Orasema evansi. ♀: USA form: 69. Habitus. 70. Head. 71. Antenna, with F2 and F6–F7 inset. 72. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 73. Axillula. 74. Stigma andpostmarginal vein.

FIGURES 21–26. Orasema carchi. ♀: 21. Habitus. 22. Head. 23. Antenna, with F2 and F6–F7 inset. 24. Mesosoma, dorsal view.25. Axillula. 26. Stigma and postmarginal vein.

FIGURES 1, 2. Orasema stramineipes group biology. 1. Orasema freychei (Argentina) ovipositing on underside of leaf of Tecoma stans; leaf covered with oviposition scars. 2. Orasema evansi (Costa Rica) oviposition scars on banana (USDA-SEL archive photo).