Rhynchosia reticulata (Sw.) DC., Prodr.

Bezerra, Luísa Maria De Paula Alves, Cândido, Elisa Silva, Vargas, Wanderleia De, Torke, Benjamin Marland, Lewis, Gwilym Peter & Perez, Ana Paula Fortuna, 2024, Taxonomic revision of Rhynchosia Lour. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Phaseoleae) in South America, Phytotaxa 643 (1), pp. 1-67 : 55-57

24. Rhynchosia reticulata (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 2: 385. 1825. ( Fig. 14 E–H )

Basionym: — Glycine reticulata Sw. Prodr. 105. 1788. Arcyphyllum reticulatum (Sw.) Elliott, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1(2): 372. 1818. Dolicholus reticulatus (Sw.) Millsp., Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser. 2(1): 53. 1900. Type: JAMAICA, s.loc., s.d. (fl./ fr.), O. P. Swartz s.n. (Lectotype, first-step designated by Grear [1978]; second-step designated here: S-R-2423 [digital image!]; isolectotypes: LD 1263465 [digital image!], S10-36527 [digital image!], S10-36528 [digital image!], S10-36529 [digital image!]). Iconography: Rodriguésia 70: 17. 2019.

Glycine macrophylla Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. 6: 426–427. 1823. Rhynchosia macrophylla (Kunth) DC., Prodr. 2: 385. 1825. Rhynchosia reticulata var. macrophylla (Kunth) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 204. 1891. Type: CUBA, Havana, s.d. (fl.), A. J. A Bonpland s.n. (Lectotype, first-step designated by Grear [1978], second-step designated here: P 00660119 [digital image!]; isolectotype: P 02748653 [digital image!]).

Rhynchosia aequinoctialis Duchass. & Walp. Linnaea 23: 743. 1850. Type: GUADELOUPE, s.loc., 1832 (fl.), A. Duchassaing s.n. (Lectotype, designated by Grear [1978]: P 00709024 [digital image!]; isolectotype: A 00063818 [digital image!]).

Rhynchosia reticulata var. latifolia (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 204. 1891. Type: ST. THOMAS, s. loc., February 1874 (fl./fr.), O. Kuntze s.n. (Lectotype, designated here: NY 00026937 [!]; isolectotype: K 000502989 [digital image!]).

Rhynchosia reticulata var. elliptica Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 204. 1891. Type: CUBA, s. loc., s.d. (fl.), J. Linden 2071 (Lectotype, first-step designated by Grear [1978], second-step designated here: K 000502987 [digital image!]; isolectotypes: BM 000931750 [digital image!], BM 000931751 [digital image!], BM 000931752 [digital image!], G 00367755 [digital image!], G 00367760 [digital image!], K 000502991 [digital image!], NY 00026936 [!]).

Dolicholus kuntzei Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 61. 1898. Rhynchosia kuntzei Harms, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 61. 1898. Rhynchosia reticulata var. kuntzei (Kuntze) Grear, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 31(1): 116. 1978. Type: BRAZIL, Mato Grosso, Jacobina, July 1892 (fl./fr.), O. Kuntze s.n. (Lectotype, designated here: US 00004681 [digital image!]).

Dolicholus hondurensis Rose, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10(3): 101. 1906. Rhynchosia hondurensis (Rose) Donn. Sm., Enum. Pl. Guatem. 8: 172. 1907. Type: HONDURAS, Santa Barbara, near San Pedro Sula , May 1888 (fl.), C. Thieme & J. D. Smith 5200 (Holotype: US 00004679 [digital image!]; isotypes: G 00367758 [digital image!], GH 00066353 [digital image!], US 00997213 [digital image!]).

Dolicholus ovatus Rusby, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4(14): 346. 1907. Type: BOLIVIA, La Paz, Yungas, Coripata, March 1894 (fl./fr.), M. Bang 2098 (Lectotype, first-step designated by Grear [1978], second-step designated here: NY 00007795 [!]; isolectotypes: BM 000931744 [digital image!], E 00296691 [digital image!], GH 00066348 [digital image!], GH 00066355 [digital image!], K 000530056 [digital image!], K 000530057 [digital image!], MICH 1107268 [digital image!], MO 277414 [digital image!], NY 00007796[!], PH 00009636 [digital image!], US 00004691 [digital image!], US 00997229 [digital image!]).

Dolicholus angulatus Standl., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18(3): 107. 1916. Type : PANAMA, between Miraflores and Pedro Miguel, Canal Zone, January 1911 (fl.), H. Pittier 2510 (Holotype: US 00004669 [digital image!]; isotype: NY 00007783[!]).

Vine herbaceous or suffrutescent, twining, stems simple, pubescent, indumentum white to yellow, with yellow vesicular glands, but lacking bulbous-based trichomes. Stipules 3–10 × 1–6 mm, free, persistent to falling late, lanceolate or ovate, externally pubescent with yellow vesicular glands, but lacking bulbous-based trichomes. Leaves trifoliolate; petiole 2–7 cm long; leaf rachis 0.8–2.9 cm long; stipels persistent; leaflets 1.8–11.3 × 1–7 cm, ovate, obovate, elliptical, or rhombic, surface not bullate, cuneate, attenuate, or acuminate at apex, obtuse to rounded at base, margins entire, pubescent or tomentose, with yellow vesicular glands on abaxial surface. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, racemose, 4.5–29 cm long, many-flowered, exceeding the length of the subtending leaf; bracts caducous; pedicels 0.2–0.6 mm long. Flowers 6–11 mm long excluding the pedicel; calyx 8–11 mm long, pubescent with yellow vesicular glands, but lacking bulbous-based trichomes, lobes lanceolate, all of them equaling or exceeding the corolla in length; standard petal 5–8.4 × 3.8–5.6 mm, obovate to rounded, apiculate or rounded at apex, glabrous to puberulous, with sparse yellow vesicular glands, but lacking bulbous-based trichomes, claw 1–2 mm long, auricle ca. 0.5 mm long; wing petals 4.8–8.1 × 1–2 mm, oblong, claw 1–1.5 mm long, auricle ca. 0.5 mm long; keel petals 5–8.3 × 1–2.5 mm, falcate, claw 1–2.3 mm long; stamens 7–9 mm long; ovary 2.9–3.7 mm long, pubescent, with yellow vesicular glands. Fruits 1.8–3 × 0.5–0.9 cm, brownish to dark brown, without constrictions between the seeds, oblong, elliptical, or obovate, pilose, with yellow vesicular glands and sparse bulbous-based trichomes. Seeds 4–5 × 3–5 mm, oblong to suborbicular, unicolored, brown to black.

Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes:— Rhynchosia reticulata has a wide distribution in the American continent and exhibits a remarkable morphological diversity, which together explain of the number of published synonyms.

In the protologue of G. reticulata the author only mentioned the country of collection ( Jamaica), and did not provide any other type information. Grear (1978) selected the gathering Swartz s.n. at S as the lectotype, but there are four duplicates of that collection at S (S-R-2423, S10-36527, S10-36528 and S10-36529) and he did not designate a particular specimen as lectotype. Thus, his type designation should be treated as a first-step lectotypification and we select here the specimen with barcode number S-R-2423 as the second-step lectotypification of G. reticulata (see Turland et al. 2018, Art. 9.17). For this same reason we designate here the specimens with barcode number P 00660119, K 000502987, and NY 00007795 as the required second-step lectotype of Glycine macrophylla , Rhynchosia reticulata var. elliptica , and Dolicholus ovatus , respectively.

Kuntze (1891) described R. reticulata var. latifolia based on a collection from “St. Thomas, Portorico”. There are two duplicates of this collection deposited in different herbaria and the author did not specify a particular specimen as type. Thus, we designate here the specimen at NY with barcode number NY 00026937 as the lectotype of R. reticulata var. latifolia .

Grear (1978) commented that he had “not seen” the holotype of Dolicholus kuntzei deposited in B. The curator of the B herbarium informed us that this material is not available and was probably destroyed by fire in the Berlin Botanical Museum in 1943. Therefore, we designate here an isotype collection in herbarium US (barcode number US 00004681) as the lectotype of D. kuntzei .

Rhynchosia reticulata is characterized by having discolorous leaflets, racemose inflorescences which exceed the length of the subtending leaves, calyx lobes longer than the corolla and oblong, elliptical to obovate fruits ( Fig. 14 E–H ). Morphologically, it resembles R. calycosa , having similar twining stems and fruit shape, but the two species differ by the characters listed in the taxonomic notes of R. calycosa .

Reproductive phenology: — Rhynchosia reticulata flowers throughout the year and fruits from January to March and May to November.

Distribution and habitat: —The species has a wide distribution in the American continent. In South America it occurs in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela ( Fig. 15 ). Although the tropicos database (www.tropicos.org) mentions that R. reticulata also occurs in Argentina, French Guiana and Guyana, these occurrences are not confirmed in our study. Rhynchosia reticulata grows in secondary vegetation, areas of cerrado, on forest edges, along roadsides and in pastures.

Conservation status: — Least Concern ( LC). Rhynchosia reticulata has an EOO of 23,049,718 km 2 (GeoCAT, accessed in May 2022) and a wide distribution through Central and South America. It is well represented in herbaria and commonly collected in ruderal areas .

Selected Specimens Examined:— BOLIVIA. Beni: Vaca Diez, along road between Rurrenabaque and Riberalta, between Porto Yata and jct. of hwy to Cobija , 13 August 2000 (fl./fr.), T. B. Croat, A. C. Acebey & T. Kroemer 84869 ( NY) . Santa Cruz: Nuflo de Chaves, between kms 15and 35 from Ascención de los Guarayos to Urubicha , 3 August 1983 (fl./fr.), M. J. G Hopkins et al. 120 ( NY) . BELIZE. Cayo: San Ignacio . Camino de terracería 3.5 km al SW de San Ignacio, 07 March 1985 (fl.), C. P. Cowan & R. Durán 5115 ( MEXU 458416 ) . Orange Walk: Savanna ca. 5 km N of August Pine Ridge on the road to Trinidad , 19 March 1987 (fl.), G. Davidse & A. E. Brant 32799 ( MEXU 446578 ) . BRAZIL. Bahia: a 8 km de Tapiramutá, 31 August 1981 (fl./fr.), L. M. C. Gonçalves 151 ( RB) ; Jacobina: BR 324 - Itaitu , 26 June 1999 (fr.), E. M. França & M. Silva 3175 ( CEN, UB) ; ibid., ramal a direita a 5 km na rodovia BA-052, fazendinha do Boquierad , 28 August 1990 (fl.), J. L. Hage et al. 2288 ( MBM, UEC) . Goiás: Alvorada do Norte, Rod. Belém—Brasilia 10 km E Alvorada, 23 August 1978 (fl./fr.), A. Allem & G. Vieira 2100 ( UEC) ; Jaraguá, BR 153 Brasília—Belém , 21 August 1978 (fr.), A. Allem & G. Vieira 2072 ( CEN) ; ibid., 21 August 1978 (fr.), A. Allem & G. Vieira 2074 ( UEC) ; Niquelândia, nas margens do Rio Tocantinzinho , 21 July 1995 (fl./fr.), T. B. Cavalcanti et al. 1516 ( CEN) ; Nova Roma, estrada entre Nova Roma e Montes Belos , ca. 7 km de Nova Roma , 30 July 2000 (fr.), V. C. Souza et al. 24660 ( UEC) . Mato Grosso: 96 km. S. of Xavantina , 18 June 1966 (fl.), H. S. Irwin et al. 17412 ( UB) ; Drainage of the upper Rio Araguaia , 18 June 1966 (fl.), H. S. Irwin et al. 17412 ( NY, UB) . Minas Gerais: Antônio Carlos, Serra da Mantiqueira , 7 February 1972 (fl.), P. L. Krieger 11495 ( RB) ; Belo Horizonte, Vila Cruzeiro do Sul , 9 January 1933 (fl./fr.), M. Barreto 5417 ( SP) ; Caeté, Pico Aceso , 11 November 1942 (fl./fr.), M. Magalhães 2589 ( UB) ; Conceição da Barra de Minas , 21 February 2012 (fl./fr.), M. Sobral 14688 ( RB) ; Jacuí, Fazenda São José. 3 August 1981 (fr.), A. M. G. Azevedo 13240 ( UEC) ; Minduri , 1947 (fr.), J. G. Kuhlmann s.n. ( RB) ; Ouro Preto, Distrito de Cachoeira do Campo , 16 May 2017 (fl./fr.), L. M. P. A. Bezerra 88 ( BOTU) ; ibid., Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Calais , 22 January 2004 (fl.), V. F. Dutra et al. 172 ( RB) ; ibid., 18 March 2004 (fl.), V. F. Dutra & F. C. P. Garcia 198 ( RB) ; ibid., próximo a entrada do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi , 12 December 1990 (fl.), H. C. Lima et al. 4050 ( RB) ; Paraopeba, Faz.do Barro Vermelho - Rod. Cordsburgo , 10 June 1957 (fl./fr.), E. P. Heringer 5621 ( UB) ; Ressaquinha , 2 December 1946 (fl.), C. C. Duarte 742 ( NY, UB) . Paraná: Jaguariaiva , perímetro urbano, 03 February 2011 (fl.), S. T. S. Miotto et al. 2562 ( ICN) . Pernambuco: Bonito, Reserva Ecológica da Mata Estadual de Bonito , agreste de PE, 10 October 1997 (fl.), A. Sacramento et. al 153 ( UEC) . Rondônia: Cacoal, BR 354, rodovia Cuiabá—Porto Velho , ao norte da cidade, morro da torre da EMBRATEL, 23 Jun 1984 (fl./fr.), C. A. Cid et al. 4745 ( NY, RB) . Roraima: Normandia, Fazenda Alvorada , 08 October 1995 (fr.), I. S. Miranda 965 ( UEC) . São Paulo: Campinas , s.d. (fl.), C. Novaes 280 ( SP) ; Carapicuíba , 29 April 1934 (fl.), A. Gehrt s.n. ( SP) ; Jundiaí , 14 March 1915 (fl./fr.), A. C. Brade s.n. ( SP) . COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Liborina , 3 km N de Liborina, 8 March 1986 (fl./fr.), R. Calejas et al. 2214 ( NY) . Cesar: Valledupar, Inspección de Atanquéz , 13 November 1985 (fr.), J. H. Torres y P. Pinto 2862 ( NY) . Nariño: Imués , El Pedregal, 2 May 1985 (fl.), O. de Benavides 5090 ( NY) ; Tangua , entre Tangua y El Placer, 01 January 1977 (fl./fr.), O. de Benavides 779 ( NY) . Valle del Cauca: Cali, Restrepo, vereda de Río Grande entre Pavas y Restrepo abajo del puente, margen derecha, 01 November 1987 (fl.), J. E. Ramos 839 ( NY) ; Dagua, Cañón del Rio Grande , antes de cruzar el puente sobreel río, 25 August 1987 (fl./fr.), M. D. Heredia & L. M. Alvaré 388 ( NY) ; Patía , alrededores de Mojarras, 20 May 1989 (fl.), B. R. Ramírez 1525 ( NY) . COSTA RICA. Inter-american Hwy, near the Buenos Aires turnoff, 26 January 1967 (fl./fr.), W. Burger & G. Matta 4681 ( NY) . CUBA. Havana: Municipio Habana del Este, Playa de Cojimar , March 1906 (fl./fr.), A. S. Hitchcock s.n. (US 875055) . DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Barahona: Hispaniola, May 1910 (fl), P. Fuertes 311 (US 875069); ibid. Montiada Nueva , SE of Polo, August 1946 (fl.), R. A. Howard & E. S. Howard 8424 (US 875071) . ECUADOR. Loja: Bosque “El Tundo”, propriedad de la fundación ARCOIRIS, on track of road Sozoranga—Maracá km 1, 12 Jun 1996 (fl./fr.), B. Stahl et al. 184 ( NY) . EL SALVADOR. Morazán: Northeast of finca of General J. T. Calderón, Montes de Cacaguatique , 6 January 1942 (fl./fr.), J. M. Tucker 738 ( NY) . GUATEMALA. Huehuetenango: Chiantla , La Zeta, 20 July 2003 (fl./fr.), M. Veliz et al. 14865 ( MEXU 1205094 ) . Petén: La Cumbre, on Chacte abajo, 15 February 1971 (fl.), E. Contreras 10519 ( MEXU 297183 ) . HAITI. Hispaniola: Massif de la Selle, Port-au-Prince , Montfleury , 27 October 1927 (fl.), E. L. Ekman 9179 (US 875057) . HONDURAS. Olancho: El Zarzal , Valle Lepaguare , 21 November 1936 (fl./fr.), A. Molina 13397 ( NY) . JAMAICA. Saint Andrew, Hope River valley above Gordon Town , 31 January 1960 (fl./fr.), G. R. Proctor 20550 (US 875047) . MEXICO. Jalisco: La Huerta, Rancho Cuixmala , 3 November 1991 (fl./fr.), E. J. Lott et al. 4049 ( NY) . PANAMA. Coclé: Penonome , March 1908 (fr.), R. S. Williams 580 ( NY) . PERU. Cajamarca: San Pablo , 22 May 1975 (fl.), A. Sagástegui, J. Cabanillas & O. Dios 8013 ( NY) . PUERTO RICO. Maricao ad margines sylvanum, 20 November 1984 (fl.), P. Sintenis 375 (US 520709) . NICARAGUA. Zelaya: Between El Muelle delos Bueyes , 6 April 1961 (fr.), G. S. Bunting & L. Licht 1076 ( NY) . URUGUAY. Montevideo, 3 September 1870 (fl./fr.), Ewernberg 311 (P) . VENEZUELA. Barinas: near Barinitas , 28 January 1965 (fr.), F. J. Breteler 4437 ( NY) . Bolivar: Sifontes, 3-12 km al SEdel Campto, CVG Las Flores , September 1989 (fr.), M. Colella, G. Molina & J. Penott 1467 ( NY) . Falcon: Sierra de San Luis, entre Curimaga y la bifurcación del caminho al Hotel Parador , 20 July 1967 (fl.), J. A. Steyermark 99237 ( NY) . Merida: Merida, 01 January 1893 (fl./fr.), Mocquerys 1237 (P) . Monagas: Carretera Quirequire , Aragua de Maturín, 10 km al O de Quierequire, después de Buenavista , 30 January 1981 (fl./fr.), R. Schultze-Kraft & A. Flores 52-4 ( NY) .

Figures

FIGURE 14. Rhynchosia species. A–C. R. phaseoloides. D. R. platyphylla. E–H. R. reticulata. I–J. R. schomburgkii. K–L. R. senna. (A, E–H, L by L. M. P.A. Bezerra), (B, C, K by T. C. Monteiro), (D by C. Martins) and (I–J by A. P. Fortuna-Perez).

FIGURE 15. Geographical distribution of Rhynchosia reticulata, R. rojasii, R. schomburgkii and R. senna in South America.