Paravima Caporiacco, 1951

Garcia, Andres F. & Villarreal, Osvaldo, 2023, Looks are deceiving: a cladistic analysis, three new species, and a new diagnosis of Paravima Caporiacco, 1951 (Opiliones: Agoristenidae), Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81, pp. 409-437 : 409

3.3.1. Paravima Caporiacco, 1951

Figs 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19

Paravima Caporiacco 1951: 11; Soares & Avram 1981: 76; González-Sponga 1987: 469; Kury 1997: 344; Kury 2003: 31.

Paraavima (incorrect subsequent spelling): Soares & Avram 1981: 76.

Type species.

Paravima goodnightorum Caporiacco, 1951, by monotypy.

Placement.

Originally in Tricommatinae . Transferred to Leiosteninae by Soares & Avram (1981).

Diagnosis.

The genus can be diagnosed within Leiosteninae by the placement of the ocularium, located close to the anterior half margin of the carapace and the absence of a longitudinal dorsal keel in the stylus of the penis, and additionally by the combination of characters presented in the description.

Description.

DS outline Epsilon type 3, with posterior border distinctly wider than anterior border, giving an ovoid appearance. Ocularium low, very close to the anterior margin of DS, smooth (granulate in P. lokura sp. nov.), and with median concavity. Interocular distance half of carapace width (except in P. magistri sp. nov. that is one third). Mesotergum concolor with the rest of the DS (except in P. magistri sp. nov., P. plana comb. nov., and P. quirozi comb. nov., with a dark spot). Mesotergal area III with paramedian ornamentation (except in P. plana comb. nov. and P. quirozi comb. nov., smooth). Long legs (FeIV length at least 3.7 times DS length). Penis with tips of LP sharp, not differentiated and not curved; subdistal depression between MS-E2 and horned LP; malleus with three pairs of branched MS-A (except in P. magistri sp. nov. where it has two pairs); MS-C and MS-E1 absent; stylus sinuous (except in P. magistri sp. nov., P. plana comb. nov., P. quirozi comb. nov., and P. totoro sp. nov., where it is straight), and without dorsal keel or process.

Derivatio nominis.

From Greek παρά (beside) and the pre-existing genus Vima . Gender: feminine.

Distribution.

Venezuela: Cordillera de la Costa mountain range (Distrito Capital, Aragua, Carabobo, Miranda, Guárico and Yaracuy states); Colombia: P.N.N Tamá (Norte de Santander department) and San Antonio del Tequendama (Cundinamarca department).

Included species.

Paravima goodnightorum Caporiacco, 1951; Paravima locumida González-Sponga, 1987; Paravima lokura sp. nov.; Paravima magistri sp. nov.; Paravima morritomacairensis González-Sponga, 1987; Paravima plana (Goodnight & Goodnight, 1949) comb. nov.; Paravima propespelunca González-Sponga, 1987; Paravima quirozi ( González-Sponga, 1981) comb. nov., and Paravima totoro sp. nov.

Figures

Figure 1. Paravima flumencaurimarensis Gonzalez-Sponga, 1987 (MAGS 1115, MIZA 0105921) female. Habitus: A Dorsal view; B lateral view; C anterior view; D posterior view; E ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 2. Paravima goodnightorum Caporiacco, 1951 (MNRJ 18301 *) male. Habitus: A Panoramic view; B dorsal view; C ventral view; D lateral view; E anterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 3. Habitus, male genitalia and leg of Paravima goodnightorum Caporiacco, 1951. Males, dorsal view: A From Caurimare river, Caracas (MIZA 0105918, paratype of P. flumencaurimarensis); B from Colonia Tovar, Aragua state (MIZA 0105920, paratype); C from Cerro El Volcan, south of Caracas, Miranda state (MIZA 0105904); D from El Limon, near Colonia Tovar, La Guaira state (MIZA 0105911). Apical portion of the penis under SEM (MNRJ 18301 *): E Lateral view; F dorsal view; G ventral view. Drawings of the apical part of the penis under optical microscopy: H From El Volcan (MIZA 0105904); I paratype of P. flumencaurimarensis (MIZA 0105918); J paratype from Colonia Tovar, Aragua state (MIZA 0105920); K leg IV, patella and tibia, retrolateral view (MIZA 0105918); L - P variation of the paramedian tubercles of area III, in lateral view: males (L, M) and females (N-P) (MAGS 237). Macrosetae A-E follows the Kury and Villarreal (2015) system. Abbreviations: LP = Lamina Parva, MS = Macrosetae. Scale bars: E-G = 50 μm; A-D, H-K = not scaled. SEM photos courtesy of Adriano B. Kury.

Figure 4. Paravima locumida Gonzalez-Sponga, 1987 (MAGS 324) male. Habitus: A Dorsal view; B lateral view; C anterior view; D posterior view; E ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 5. Paravima lokura sp. nov. (ICN-Ao- 1490 *) male holotype. Habitus: A Panoramic view; B dorsal view; C ventral view; D lateral view; E anterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 6. Paravima lokura sp. nov. (ICN-Ao- 1490 *) male holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view; B lateral view; C left coxa I, ventral view; D chelicera, anterior view. Apical part of the penis: E Dorsal view; F ventral view; G lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (penis with not scaled figures). Abbreviation: Macrosetae (MS).

Figure 7. Paravima magistri sp. nov. (ICN-Ao- 1671.1) male holotype. Habitus: A Panoramic view; B dorsal view; C lateral view; D ventral view; E anterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 8. Paravima magistri sp. nov. (ICN-Ao- 1671.1) male holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view; B lateral view; C left coxa I, ventral view; D chelicera, anterior view; E Pedipalp, mesal view. Apical part of the penis: F Dorsal view; G ventral view; H lateral view. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C-E = 0.5 mm; F-H = 0.05 mm. Abbreviation: Macrosetae (MS).

Figure 9. Paravima morritomacairensis Gonzalez-Sponga, 1987 (MAGS 504, MIZA 0105923) male. Habitus: A Dorsal view; B lateral view; C anterior view; D posterior view; E ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 10. Paravima plana (Goodnight & Goodnight, 1949) comb. nov. (MNRJ 9328 *) male. Habitus: A Panoramic view; B dorsal view; C lateral view; D anterior view; E ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 11. Paravima propespelunca Gonzalez-Sponga, 1987 (MAGS 103) male. Habitus: A Dorsal view; B lateral view; C anterior view; D posterior view; E ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 12. Paravima propespelunca, variation of the paramedian tubercles of area III, in lateral view. A - D, F: From Quebrada Cambural, Birongo (MAGS 103); E from 8 Km N of Guatire (MAGS 109). Males: A, B, E; Females: C, D, F. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 13. Paravima quirozi (Gonzalez-Sponga, 1981) comb. nov. (MCNC 757) male holotype. Habitus: A Dorsal view: B panoramic view; C lateral view; D anterior view; E posterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 14. Paravima totoro sp. nov. (MNRJ 9255 *) male holotype. Habitus: A Panoramic view; B dorsal view; C lateral view; D ventral view; E anterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 15. Paravima totoro sp. nov. (MNRJ 9255 *) male holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C left coxa I, ventral view; D left chelicera, frontal view. Apical part of the penis in E dorsal view, F ventral view, and G lateral view. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 0,5 mm (penis with not scaled figures). Abbreviation: Macrosetae (MS).

Figure 16. Phylogenetic relationship of Leiosteninae based on cladistic analyses using morphological data (in the left tree the terminals of Globibuninae and Agoristeninae are not shown; Globibuninae (Rivetinus) and Agoristeninae branches are condensed; the right tree is a continuation of the left tree). Sensitivity plots (' Navajo rugs') indicate the recovery of the nodes in the analyses under implied weights with K values of 1, 2, 4 and 8. Clear circles represent homoplastic synapomorphies and filled circles represent non-homoplastic synapomorphies.

Figure 17. Simplified phylogenetic trees showing the relationships of Paravima Caporiacco, 1951 based on cladistic analyses using morphological data. A Consensus tree of the analysis using equal weights and implied weights with K values of 2, 4, 8 and 6.4844 (the dashed lines represent the unresolved relationships of other Leiosteninae under equal weights). B Analysis using implied weights with K = 1. The numbers in the nodes represent the bootstrap (above) and bremer relative (under) supports.

Figure 18. Map showing the geographic distribution of Paravima in Northern South America. The background colored shapes refer to the biogeographic provinces of Morrone et al. (2022).

Figure 19. Living specimens and habitats of some Paravima spp. A, B P. quirozi from Yaracuy, Venezuela; C, D P. goodnightorum, from Cerro El Volcan, Miranda, Venezuela (MIZA 0105871); E, F P. goodnightorum, from La Guaira, Venezuela; G P. magistri sp. nov., from San Antonio del Tequendama, Cundinamarca, Colombia; H La Guaquira, Yaracuy, habitat of P. quirozi; I Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela, habitat of P. totoro sp. nov.; J, K Los Tunos Natural Reserve, Cundinamarca, Colombia, habitat of P. magistri sp. nov.