Dasyphyllum Kunth (1820: 17)

Ferreira, Paola De Lima, Antonelli, Alexandre & Groppo, Milton, 2021, Touch me carefully: a step towards understanding morphological diversity in the South American spiny sunflowers (Compositae, Barnadesioideae), Phytotaxa 518 (2), pp. 109-142 : 125-127

5. Dasyphyllum Kunth (1820: 17)

Type: — Dasyphyllum argenteum Kunth

Shrubs, trees or woody vines, up to 15 m tall, commonly mutistemmed. Stems erect, decumbent or scandent, muchbranched, lenticelate, cylindrical, with or without scales imbricate at base, glabrous, villous, sericeous, tomentose or velutinous, unarmed or with axillary spines in pairs or fascicles, straight or curved, convergent or divergent, glabrous or sparse pubescent at base and becoming glabrous towards the apex. Leaves alternate, spiral, rarely in fascicles, subsessile or petiolate, persistent or deciduous, blade narrow elliptical, obovate or orbiculate, chartaceous or coriaceous, pale or lustrous, glabrous or pubescent, villous, tomentose, lanose in both surfaces, base acute or obtuse, margin flat or revolute, glabrous or cilate, apex unarmed, mucronate or spiny; venation actinodromous with 3 or more basal or suprabasal main nerves. Capitulescence terminal or axillary, monocephalous, racemose, paniculiform, corymbiform or umbelliform. Capitula 5–60-flowered, homogamous, discoid, sessile to pedunculate, involucre cylindrical to campanulate, 6–14-seriate, phyllaries scarious or commonly coriaceous, green, yellow-golden, brown or black, erect or reflexed, glabrous or densely villous, ovate—triangulate grading to lanceolate, apex unarmed, mucronate or spiny, margin flat, ciliate. Receptacle flat, pilose. Flowers isomorphic, bisexual or pistilate by the gynoecium atrophy, corolla tubular (5+0), ligulate (5+0), subbilabiate (4+1), or bilabiate (3+2), 5-lobed, white to cream, externally glabrous or sericeous, internally sericeous. Anthers 5, apical appendage bilobed, basal appendage lanceolate, acute to rounded, caudate or ecaudate, calcarate, inserted at the base or between the base and the throat, filaments free, glabrous. Style cylindrical, cream to yellow. Cypsela cylindrical or fusiform, densely villous or rarely glabrous. Pappus plumose, shorter than or equal to corolla length, bristles whitish. Pollen with or rarely lacking intercolpal depressions, sparsely microechinate (Suessy & Urtubey 2007). Chromosome number = 27 ( Watanabe et al. 2007).

Fig. 6 ; 10a .

Distribution and habitat: — Dasyphyllum is the largest genus of Barnadesioideae , comprising 27 species. The last revision of the genus was by Saavedra (2011), who recognized 33 species—two of them were later transferred to Archidasyphyllum ( Ferreira et al. 2019, see above), plus four probably new species remain undescribed (not counted here). Species of the genus are distributed throughout South America in two main centers of diversity: the first, in the Andes, from Venezuela to northern-western Argentina, occurring in environments such as the Puna (highlands and steppe, till 3,700 m high) or in dry to tropical to subtropical mixed (deciduous-evergreen) montane forests; and the second, in Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay, in savannas, such as the Brazilian Cerrado, in dry to tropical to subtropical mixed (deciduous-evergreen) forests, such as the Atlantic Forest, in the Caatinga (Brazilian thorn forest and shrubs), in the Chaco (dry forests and open woodland), in the Brazilian Campos Rupestres (open vegetation in rocky outcrops), in gallery forests ( Cabrera 1959, Sagástegui 1980, Sagástegui & Dillon 1985, Saavedra et al. 2014, Ferreira et al. 2019, Saavedra 2020)

Notes: — Dasyphyllum can be distinguished from the other genera by the following characters: arching shrubs, trees, or woody vines, discoid capitula, cream to white corolla, bisexual or pistilate by the gynoecium atrophy and bilobed apical appendage.

The circumscription of Dasyphylllum presented here correspond to the species of Dasyphyllum subgenus Dasyphyllum ( Dasyphyllum “ sensu stricto ”) since the other subgenus— Dasyphyllum subgenus Archidasyphyllum — was erected to the generic rank after Ferreira et al. (2019). Differences between these two groups are discussed above under Archidasyphyllum .

Cabrera (1959) recognized two sections in his Dasyphyllum subgenus Dasyphyllum ( Dasyphyllum “ senso stricto ”): sections Microcephala (23 species) and Macrocephala (11 species). Saavedra et al. (2018) recognized only six species in section Macrocephala . The two sections are distinguished by their involucre size and capitula arrangement, with section Macrocephala having involucre longer than 20 mm in length and arranged in a solitary or small group of heads and section Microcephala having heads arranged in synflorescence (corymbiform cymes) smaller than 18 mm in length. Ferreira et al. (2019) investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Dasyphyllum based on molecular data. In this study, both sections were rejected and further studies are necessary to propose a new infrageneric classification.

Iconography: — Cabrera (1959), Harling (1991), Ferreyra (1995), Saavedra et al. (2014, 2018).

Accepted species ( Saavedra 2011):—5.1 Dasyphyllum argenteum Kunth ; 5.2 Dasyphyllum armatum (J.Kost.) Cabrera ; 5.3 Dasyphyllum brasiliense (Spreng.) Cabrera ; 5.4 Dasyphyllum brevispinum Sagást. & Dillon ; 5.5 Dasyphyllum colombianum (Cuatr.) Cabrera ; 5.6 Dasyphyllum cryptocephalum (Baker) Cabrera ; 5.7 Dasyphyllum diamantinense Saavedra & M.Monge ; 5.8 Dasyphyllum donianum (Gardner) Cabrera ; 5.9 Dasyphyllum ferox (Wedd.) Cabrera ; 5.10 Dasyphyllum flagellare (Casar.) Cabrera ; 5.11 Dasyphyllum floribundum (Gardner) Cabrera ; 5.12 Dasyphyllum fodinarum (Gardner) Cabrera ; 5.13 Dasyphyllum hystrix (Wedd.) Cabrera ; 5.14 Dasyphyllum inerme (Rusby) Cabrera ; 5.15 Dasyphyllum lanceolatum (Less.) Cabrera ; 5.16 Dasyphyllum leiocephalum (Wedd.) Cabrera ; 5.17 Dasyphyllum leptacanthum (Gardner) Cabrera ; 5.18 Dasyphyllum maria-lianae Zardini & Soria ; 5.19 Dasyphyllum popayanense (Hieron.) Cabrera ; 5.20 Dasyphyllum reticulatum (DC.) Cabrera ; 5.21 Dasyphyllum retinens (S.Moore) Cabrera ; 5.22 Dasyphyllum spinescens (Less.) Cabrera ; 5.23 Dasyphyllum sprengelianum (Gardner) Cabrera ; 5.24 Dasyphyllum trichophyllum (Baker) Cabrera ; 5.25 Dasyphyllum vagans (Gardner) Cabrera ; 5.26 Dasyphyllum varians (Gardner) Cabrera ; 5.27 Dasyphyllum vepreculatum (D.Don) Cabrera.

Selected specimens examined: — ARGENTINA. Misiones: Cainguás, ruta 14, 5 km E de Aristóbulo del Valle, 29 July 1987, R. Vanni 836 (K; 5.3). BRASIL. Bahia: Caraíbas , próximo à cancela, 13°05’S, 41°22’W, 15 August 2005, E.C. Oliveira 111 (HUEFS; 5.23). Coribe, estrada vicinal partindo da estrada São Félix do Coribe-Coribe, ca. 28km de São Félix do Coribe, cerca de 4km após o distrito de Colônia do Formoso, entrar a direta por 2km até as margens do Rio Formoso, 448 m, 13°34’53’’S, 44°19’36’’W, 20 July 2009, M.M. Saavedra 997 (RB; 5.11). Entre Rios, Fazenda do Rio do Negro, área antropizada, próximo a plantio de eucalipto, 143 m, 12°01’04’’S, 38°02’56’’W, 04 September 2009, M.M. Saavedra 934 (RB; 5.15). Érico Cardoso, localidade da porteira, estrada para Capão, ca. 15 km de Érico Cardoso, 851 m, 13’18’5’’S, 42’08’31’W, 23 July 2009, M.M. Saavedra 1000 (RB, SPFR; 5.3). Jacaraci, 18 September 2010, J.G. Carvalho-Sobrinho 2864 (RB; 5.8). Mucugê, Capão do Correia, estrada vicinal saindo de Caraíba a 17.5 Km da BA-142, base de campo rupestre com solo pedregoso, 1221 m, 13°6’38’S, 41°22’39’W, 11 July 2009, M.M. Saavedra 968 (RB; 5.7). Palmeiras, Morro do Pai Inácio, ao redor da trilha iniciada para a torre de transmissão, 1103 m, 12°27’21.6’’S, 41°28’23’’W, 17 May 2013, P.L. Ferreira 09 (SPFR; 5.7). Piatã, Fazenda Dragão Verde, 1318 m, 13°05’45’’S, 41°51’12’’W, 07 July 2017, N. Roque 5012 (ALCB; 5.23). Rio dos Pires, beira do riacho da Forquilha, 1500 m, 13°54’S, 42°29’W, 24 July 1993, W. Ganev 1945 (HUEFS, K; 5.7). São Desidério, assentamento Thainá, ca. 40 km da BA- 467, 732 m, 12°35’46’’S, 44°50’28’’W, 16 July 2009, M.M. Saavedra 993 (RB, SPFR; 5.8). Ceará: Crato, estrada para casa do guarda, Belmonte, 1010 m, 07°16’27’’S, 39°27’03’’W, 26 October 2010, M. Mata 2241 (HUEFS; 5.23). Crato, Estrada Crato-Exu, Carrasco, 964 m, 07.1457 S, 39.2940 W, 13 October 2011, M.I.B. Loiola 1372 (EAC; 5.23). Distrito Federal: Áreas da FERCAL, A 6,7 km da fábrica de cimento da CIPLAN, na DF-250 Leste, 850 m, 26 July1990, L.B. Bianchetti 891 (HUFU; 5.25). Brasília, Bacia do Rio São Bartolomeu, 06 May 1981, E.P. Heringer 6908 (RB; 5.15). Recanto das EMAS, Núcleo Rural Monjolo, 11 August 2009, A.E. Ramos 1903 (RB; 5.8). Brasília, condomínio Mini Chácaras , próximo à barragem do Paranoá, 1100 m, 15º48’20’’S, 41º47’32’’W, 05 October 2001, G. Pereira da Silva 5507 (CEN; 5.23). Brasília, Brasilândia, Fazenda do Sr. Pereira, 1200 m, 15º36’19’’S, 48º06’02’’W, 08 October 2015, B.T.P.M. Goes 87 (IBGE; 5.23). Brasília, bacia do Rio São Bartolomeu, 05 August 1981, E.P. Heringer 7323 (MO; 5.3). Espírito Santo: Afonso Cláudio, três pontões, 1018 m, 20º31’28’’S, 41º07’14’’W, 09 September 2007, M.M. Saavedra 520 (RB, SPFR; 5.3). Castelo, Distrito de Forno Grande, localidade Rio Manso, 1480 m, 20º31’28’’S, 41º07’14’’W, 20 September 2008, M.M. Saavedra 825 (RB; 5.22). Castelo, Forno Grande, localidade Balança, 1250–1600 m, 20º31’37’’S, 41º06’06’’W, 18 July 2008, M.M. Saavedra 796 (RB; 5.10). Várzea Alegre, mata do Fausto, próximo ao colégio, 27 September 2000, V. Demuner 1305 (RB; 5.15). Goiás: Caiaponia, Rio Borá, 24 July 1977, G. Hatschbach 40069 (MO; 5.3). Corumbaíba, margem esquerda do rio Corumba, 300 m montante da alternativa 4, 24 April 1993, S.P. Cordovil 289 (UEC; 5.25). Doverlândia, Conglomerado, GO-561, subunidade 2, subparcela 1, individuo 11, 12 June 2018, G. Allegretti IFN 522 (CEN; 5.23). Niquelândia, Macedo, ca 18 km de Niquelândia, 24 August 1994, T.S. Filgueiras (RB; 5.8). Piranhas, Serra do São João, estrada para a cachoeira São Domingos a partir da zona urbana de Piranhas, 35.6 km da zona urbana, 748 m, 16º35’44.5’S, 51º55’57.7’W, 06 November 2012, B. Loeuille 770 (SPF; 5.23). Pirenópolis, Parque Estadual dos Pirineus, 15 km da base da Serra. Cerrado com campo rupestre, afloramentos de quartzito, 1273 m, 15º48’8’S, 48º51’11’W, 19 July 2007, M.M. Saavedra 425 (RB; 5.8). Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães: road to radarstation, 11 July 1994, B. Dubs 1502 (K; 5.21). Nobres, cerca de 30 km NE, em linha reta, BR-242, ca. 2 km do entroncamento com a linha BR 364/163, crista da serra do Caixa Furada, 14°42’ S, 56°11’W, 19 May 1997, V.C. Souza 16463 (ESA; 5.23). Mato Grosso do Sul: Três Lagoas, Km 85 da estrada para o alto Sucuriu, Fazenda Barreirinho, 24 July 1983, F. Barros 858 (UEC; 5.25). Minas Gerais: Alto do Caparaó, Parque Nacional campo de altitude ao lado da trilha, 2200 m, L. S. Leoni 3970 (RB; 5.10). Araporã, Reserva vegetal da usina Alvorada, 07 June 2001, A.A. Arantes s.n. (RB; 5.25). Baependi, Toca dos Urubus, face sudeste da serra de Sta. Maria, 08 October 2006, F.M. Ferreira 1167 (RB; 5.15). Botumirim, no barranco à beira da estrada de retorno da Serra do Botumirim, próximo a cidade, 1021 m, 16°51’59’’S, 43°00’52’’W, 10 July 2007, M.M. Saavedra 578 (RB, SPFR; 5.24). Botumirim, trilha para o Cruzeiro, na entrada da cidade, pelo acesso a partir de Cristália, 16°51’26’’S, 43°00’46’’W, 07 July 2001, P.Fiaschi 851 (SPFR; 5.24). Brazilândia de Minas-MG, 17°04’24’’S, 45°54’16’’W, 11 July 2000, J.A. Lombardi 3963 (SPF; 5.3). Cata altas, RPPN Santuário do Caraça, trilha para o tanque grande, 1166 m, 20°06’10’’S, 43°29’38’’W, 26 April 2010, L.L. Giacomin 1139 (RB; 5.12). Cristália, Morro da Antena de Televisão, 1200 m, 16°43’28’’S, 42°55’42’’W, V.C. Souza 25816 (ESA; 5.24). Diamantina, Estrada Diamantina- Datas, próximo ao km 602 da estrada, 1367 m, 18°18’26’’S, 43°41’04’’W, 26 May 2009, M.M. Saavedra 888 (RB; 5.20). Felício dos Santos, APA Felício dos Santos, Interior de Mata semidecidua, 27 August 2008, N.F.O. Mota 1414 (RB; 5.12). Jaboticatubas, PARNA Serra do Cipó, cachoeira da farofa, portaria do retiro, coletas realizadas ao longo da encosta após a bifurcação para a cachoeira da farofa até o riacho, 883 m, 19°20’56’’S, 43°34’38’’W, 16 October 2013, M. Verdi 6717 (SPFR; 5.20). Lima Duarte, Distrito de Conceição do Ibitipoca, Serra do Ibitipoca, estrada para o Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, próximo a Pousada dos Manacas, 1370 m, 21°42’32’S, 43°54’12’W, 09 May 2002, R. Marquete 3258 (RB; 5.10). Mato Verde, estrada Mato verde—Rio Pardo de Minas, ca de 8 km de entrocamento Rio Pardo/Mato verde/Mentezuma em direção a Rio Pardo, 1030 m, 15°26’08’’S, 42°39’36’’W, 20 July 2005, R.C. Forzza 4110 (RB, SPFR; 5.8). Ouro Preto, Serra de Ouro Preto, Fazenda brigida, 1538 m, 20°21’51’’S, 43°31’02’’W, 17 May 2011, R.C. Forzza 6343 (RB; 5.12). Santa Bárbara, Serra do Caraça, estrada para a Capelinha, 23 May 1983, J.R. Pirani 716 (SPF; 5.24). Santana do Pirapama, Serra do Cipó, acesso pela fazenda Inhame, afloramento rochoso e mata seca ao norte da fazenda Inhame, 750 m, 18°55’54’’S, 43°48’33’’W, 14 March 2009, D.C. Zappi 2124 (RB; 5.25). Santana do Riacho, estrada para Conceição do Mato Dentro (MG 10), lado esquedo do morrote, 940 m, 19°18’31.8’’S, 43°36’23’’W, 23 August 2006, R. Marquete 3806 (RB; 5.20). Santana do Riacho, morro de calcário na base da Serra do Cipó, 24 May 2009, M.M. Saavedra 869 (RB; 5.25). Santana do Riacho, Serra do Cipó, Morro da Pedreira, 3° grupo de calcário, 935 m, 19°18’18.4’’S, 43°36’47.9’’W, 17 June 2007, M. Groppo 1452 (SPFR; 5.23). São Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, 1307 m, 20°15’13.7’’S, 46°24’17.2’’W, 29 October 2016, P.L. Ferreira 57 (SPFR; 5.23). Paraná: Arapoti, Rio das Perdizes, 06 April 1970, G. Hatschbach 24104 (RFA; 5.10). Bituruna, Faxinal, 12 February 1966, G. Hatschbach 13853 (MBM; 5.22). Campina Grande do Sul, Serra do Capivari, 14 July 1986, J.M. Silva 121 (MBM; 5.22). Curitiba, Jardim das Américas, próximo à fábrica da Coca-Cola, esquina das ruas S. Saza Lattes e Dr. Paulo Assumpção, M.M. Saavedra 521 (RB, SPFR; 5.3). Morretes, Zoador, 20–50 m, 21 July 1987, G. Hatschbach 51270 (WU; 5.3). Pernambuco: Moreilândia, Mata Agreste, 07 August 1999, F.S. Cavalcante 528 (EAC; 5.23). Moreilândia, Serra do Catolé, refúgio das abelhas Professor Paulo Nogueira Neto, 880 m, 7.2751 S, 39.28132 W, V.M. Mascena 54C (EAC; 5.23). Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, Sítio Vista linda, 750 m, 22°15’00’’S, 44°34’00’’W, 13 September 1994, M.P.M. de Lima 278 (RB; 5.17). Itatiaia, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Três picos, área perturbada, 1200 m, 22°15’00’’S, 44°34’00’’W / 22°28’00’’S, 44°45’00’’W, 37 March 1995, R.R. Guedes 2533 (NY; 5.22). Nova Friburgo, subida para o Pico da Caledônia, trilha de acesso ao Pico, 2190 m, 22°21’11.56’’S, 42°35’4.83’’W, 20 April 2009, L.L. Giacomin 951 (RB; 5.17). Nova Friburgo, Reserva Ecológica Municipal de Macaé de Cima, estrada para Sitio Sophronites, 1000 m, 22º00’S, 42º03’W, 03 June 1990 S.V.A. Pessoa 522 (NY; 5.22). Paraty, pico do Cairuçu, acesso pela Praia Negra, 25 November 1990, C. Farney 2558 (RB; 5.10). Petrópolis, Vale das Videiras, Morro do Cuca, 1500–1750m, 10 October 1979, G. Martinelli 6148 (RB; 5.6). Petrópolis, Araras, Pico da Maria Comprida, Vertente NE, 1900 m, 22°24’22’’S, 43°12’62’’W, G. Martinelli 10696 (RB, SPFR; 5.6). Petrópolis, Vale das Videiras, Morro do Cuca, esqueda da trilha próximo ao topo do morro, 1636 m, 22°24’57.9’’S, 43°16’09.6’’W, 03 May 2013, P.L. Ferreira 01 (SPFR; 5.17). Petrópolis, entre Araras e Vale das Videiras, morro do cuca, 1050–1200 m, 02 June 1984, G. Martinelli 9884 (RB; 5.10). Reserva Biológica de Araras, Vale das Videiras, Pedra Comprida, 22°25’25’’S, 43°15’58’’W, 28 March 2018, T.M. Portugal 139 (RB; 5.6). Rio de Janeiro, 1874, A.F.M. Glaziou 7697 (NY; 5.25). Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, trilha para a Pedra do Sino, 2118 m, 22°27’54’’S, 43°01’56’’W, 19 November 2006, E.J. Lucas 556 (RB, K; 5.17). Rio Grande do Sul: Bom Jesus, Fazenda do Cilho, 1050 m, 28º31’45’’S, 50º26’37’’W, 25 February 1999, M. Rossato 24 (NY; 5.22). Encruzilhada do Sul, fazenda Xafri, ca. 20 km distante do centro da cidade, 17 April 2004, C. Giongo 353 (ICN; 5.22). Jaquirana, beira da mata, 800 m, 01 July 1989, R. Wasum s.n. (MO; 5.3). Santa Catarina:Anita Garibaldi, Portão de entrada da UHE Barra Grande, sentido Anita Garibaldi, 1006 m, 27°46’21’’S, 51°10’36’’W, 02 February 2006, E.S.G. Guarino 972 (CEN; 5.22). Lages, 10 April 2008, M. Verdi 22695 (FURB; 5.22). São Paulo:Altinópolis, Morro do Forno, 762 m, 21°05’47.3’’ S, 47°20’01.0’’ W, 18 August 2014, P.L. Ferreira 34 (SPFR; 5.23). Anhembi, sítio Ribeirão Bonito, 22°48’43.5’’ S, 48°12’51.6’’ W, 22 March 1994, K.D. Barreto 2194 (SPF; 5.25). Campinas, Santa Genebra Forest Reserve, Barão Geraldo near Campinas, 22º52’S, 46º05’W, 550 m, 26 August 1987, A. Gentry 58680 (MO; 5.3). Campos do Jordão, Horto Florestal, 22º42’31’’S, 45º27’58’’W, 22 September 1993, K.D. Barreto 1240 (ESA; 5.22). Cunha, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, picada do rio bonito, 18 August 1994, G.A.D.C. Franco 1242 (HRCB; 5.12). Cruzeiro, estrada da fazenda Boa Vista, 22º29’02’’S, 45º02’00’’W, 05 April 1995, J.L.A. Moreira 32 (UEC; 5.22). Jundiaí, Reserva Biológica Municipal da Serra do Japi, trilha Base/Mirante/DAE/Rua Bauru/Cidinho/Base, 850–1178 m, 23º13’49’’S, 46º56’8’’W, 24 June 2008, J.A. Lombardi 7443 (RB; 5.10). Ilha Solteira, Fazenda São José, 05 August 1995, M.R. Pereira-Noronha 1379 (HRCB; 5.26). Itaporanga, Patrimônio do Mosteiro Santa Cruz, 19 July 1949, A.B. Joly s.n. (SPF; 5.25). Ribeirão Preto, Estação Ecológica de Santa Tereza, 582m, 21°13’30.5’’S, 47°50’57.7’’W, 13 September 2016, P.L. Ferreira 67 (SPFR; 5.15). São Paulo, cidade jardim, August 1941, W. Hoehne s.n. (SPF; 5.15). Tocantins: Dianópolis, Serra do Ouro, fazenda Cachoeira do Sr. Martins, 15 July 1963, A.L. Costa s.n. (RB; 5.21). BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Padilla, ca. 10 km west of Padilla, 9 April 1994, J.R.I. Wood 8219 (K; 5.2). Zudañez, on ascent c. 20 km SE of Icla on road to Cordillera de los Sombreros and Azurduy, 3000 m, 13 March 1999, J.R.I. Wood 14663 (SPF, K; 5.13). Cochabamba: Ayopaya, ca. 1 km above Independencia in wooded valley above ford and footbridge, 2500 m, 11 March 2000, J.R.I. Wood 16012 (K; 5.2); Pasorapa, ca. 36 km de Pasorapa, y unos 4 km antes de Buena Vista, 2426 m, 18º31’S, 64º33’W, 24 March 2003, J.R.I. Wood 19461 (K; 5.2). La Paz: Calamarca, on Antiplano, 55 km South of La Paz, 4200 m, 16º59’S, 68º07’W, 28 September 1947, F.R. Fosberg 28698 (MO; 5.9). Larecaja, along road Caranavi-Guanay, outskirts of Guanay, 600m, 05 August 1998, D.C. Wasshausen 2204 (K; 5.21). Trail from Cota Cota to Muela del Diablo, 3500–3800 m, 16º32’S, 68º03’W, 13 April 1982, J.C. Solomon 7473 (MO; 5.9). Potosi: Charcas, Toro Toro, Sendero bajando al Cañon del Vergel, 2558m, 18º07’S, 65º46’W, 26 February 2003, J.R.I. Wood 19231 (K; 5.16). Cornélio Saavedra, Betanzos area, in the valley NW of Ticoya, 3500–3700 m, 28 December 1994, J.R.I. Wood 9046 (SPF, K; 5.13). Santa Cruz: Andres Ibanez, along road from Santa Cruz to Samaipata, 2–4 km SW of Angostura, 700 m, 18º10’S, 63º32’W, 12 July 1987, M. Nee 35138 (GB; 5.3). Caballero, Comarapa, ca. 2 km E de Comunidad Candelaria, subiendo unos 200m hacia cerro Empinao, 2275 m, 17º54’S, 64º34’W, 27 March 2004, M. Mendoza 936 (K, NY). Ñuflo de Chávez, ca. 3–4 km SW of San Javier on road to San Ramon, 500 m, 24 July 2000, J.R.I. Wood 16507 (K; 5.21). Tarija: Tarija, 3000–3500 m, 04 February 1904, K. Fiebrig 3038 (K; 5.13). COLOMBIA. Boyacá: Valle del Cocuy, toward southeast, 2880–3000 m, J. Cuatrecasas 1735 (P; 5.5). Norte de Santander: Between Mutiscua and Pamplona, 2700–3400 m, 23 February 1927, E.P. Killip 19690 ( US; 5.5). Valle del Cauca: Cordillera Central, vertiente occidental, hoya del río Bugalagrande, Loma de Barragám, Hacienda de San José, 2580–2600 ft. (c. 786–792m), 15 March 1946, J. Cuatrecasas 20005 (F; 5.5). Cordillera Central, vertiente occidental, márgenes del río Bugalagrande, entre El Puente y Salinas, 2000 m, 27 March 1946, J. Cuatrecasas 20468 (F; 5.5). ECUADOR. Azuay: 7 kms N of Nabon on road toward Cuenca, 2720 m, 26 August 1991, T.F. Stuessy 12464 ( US; 5.1). Km 86 out of Cuenca en route to Loja, 3000 m, 25 September 1959, B. Maguire 44308 (GB; 5.1). Between Oña and Cuenca, 2700–3300 m, 9–10 September 1923, A.S. Hitchcock 21589 ( US; 5.1). Vicinity of Nabón, 26 September 1918, A. Pachano 23055 ( US; 5.1). Carchi: El Angel, Carretera entre San Isidro y Chulte, 3200 m, 00°36’S, 78°02’W, 08 April 1991, W. Palacios 7016 (MO; 5.19). Imbabura: Selva Alegre-Otavalo, W side of pass, 2800–3000 m, 00°15’S, 78°25’W, 04 December 1988, P.M. JØrgensen 65606 (QCA; 5.19). Loja: on road from Loja to Cuenca, 2900 m, 01 October 1961, C.H. Dodson 858 (MO; 5.1). Loja-Gonzanama, 8 km SW of Gonzanama, 1 km along track from sign to PREDESUR, 1750 m, 04°14’9.09’’S, 79°28’5.91’’W, 13 May 1997, G.P. Lewis 3277 (QCA; 5.19). Pichincha: Camino al Hospital entre el Mauca Quito y el Sincholagua, 2400–2750 m, 00°05’S, 78°30’W, 21 May 1988, C.E. Cerón 3769 (MO; 5.19). Ca 2 kms W of Calacali on dirt rd to Nebli, Just outside Reserva Pululahua, 3020 m, 14 August 1991, T.F. Stuessy 12308 (WU; 5.19). Piura: Ayabaca, 3.6 kms W of Arreipite Norte, 16.6 kms W of Ayabaca, 21 July 1992, T.F. Stuessy 12700 (WU; 5.19). PARAGUAY. Amambay: Parque Nacional Cerro Corá, cerro Trébol, table mountain, 22°37’10’’S, 56°02’36’’W, 13 June 1996, E.M. Zardini 45013 (MO; 5.23). Cordillera: in regione lacus Ypacaray, E. Hassler 11862 (MO; 5.26). Guairá: Mbocayaity-Melgarejo, cerro Naville, 25°43’S, 56°21’W, 06 July 1992, E.M. Zardini 32470 (MO; 5.18). Paraguarí: Pirajú, 25°30’S, 57°15’W, 15 May 1984, W. Hahn 2572 (MO; 5.3). Ybicui, Parque Nacional Ybycu’i, alrededores de la administración, 15–20 m, 15 August 1984, L. Pérez 257 (MO; 5.3). San Pedro: Laguna Blanca, 23°48’46’’S, 56°16’39’’W, 01 August 1996, E.M. Zardini 45480 (MO; 5.18). PERU. Ancash: Sihuas, road from Sihuas to Yanac, before Pomabamba turnoff, 3500–3800 m, 10 March 2001, M. Weigend 5078 (B; 5.9). Huaraz, 10 km by road from Cachabamba, 2870 m, 09°27’S, 77°51’W, 6–8 June 1985, D.N. Smith 10850 (MO; 5.9). Recuay, en ladera abierta, 3300 m, 25 May 1970, A. Lopez M. 7488 (MO; 5.9). Apurimac: Andahuaylas: 2 km south of chincheros, 26 February1939, H.E. Stork 10737 (K; 5.16). Cajamarca: Contumazá, 16 kms S of Contumazá, 2530 m, 17 July 1992, T.F. Stuessy 12689 (WU; 5.4). Desvío al Bosque de Cachil (Cascas-Contumazá), 2200–2300 m, 25 June 1982, A. López M. 9136 (F; 5.4). Cajamarca, Namora, Ladera oeste que converge a La Laguna San Nicolás, 2800 m, 05 March 2002, I. Sánchez Veja 11276 ( US; 5.13). Cusco: Canchis, Sicuani, beira da Estrada a caminho de Uyumiri, 06 February 2016, G. Ccapatinta 58 (SPFR; 5.9). Urubamba, Urubamba, trilha para a lagoa Yanacocha, 3372 m, 13°18’04.4’’S, 72°03’08.4’’W, 10 January 2016, G. Ccapatinta 55 (SPFR; 5.16). km 34, road between Cusco and Urcos (near town of Huaro), along Río Urubamba, 3100 m, 25 May 1977, J.C. Solomon 3091 (MO; 5.9). Vilcabamba, Chuanquiri camino a resistencia, 1000 m, 12°50’30’’S, 73°09’10’’W, 19 October 2006, J. Farfán 1117 (MO; 5.3). Junín: Tarma, 3200 m, 27 January 1968, H.W. Schwabe s.n. (B; 5.9). La Libertad: Otuzco, Abajo de José Balta, ruta hacia Agallpampa, 2540 m, 09 June 1994, S. Leiva G. 1133 (GB; 5.9). VENEZUELA. Anzoátegui: forested rocky slopes along Río Querecual southwest of Bergantín, 500 m, 14 March 1945, J.A. Steyermark 61489 ( US; 5.27). Bolívar: Pira, Isla en el Lago de Guri, Sector Danto Machado, 40 km al S de la Presa R. Leoni, 270 m, 07°35’S, 62°58’W, 24 February 1992, G. Aymard 10166 (NYBG; 5.27). Distrito Capital: lado norte de la Cordillera de La Costa, Osma, 7 km de distancia aerea al este de Los Caracas, a lo largo del río, 200 m, Mayo 1992, W. Meier 2107 (B; 5.27).

Figures

FIGURE 6. Dasyphyllum. A: Dasyphyllum lanceolatum. Capitulescence. B: Dasyphyllum reticulatum. Capitulum. C: Dasyphyllum sprengelianum. Capitulum. D: Dasyphyllum vagans. Capitulescence. E: Dasyphyllum leiocephalum. Habit. Photos by Carolina Ferreira (A and D), Mauricio Mercadante (B), Paola Ferreira (C), and Gari Ccana-Ccapatinta (E).

FIGURE 10. Geographical distribution for the genera of Barnadesioideae. A: Dasyphyllum. B: Chuquiraga. C: Barnadesia (red dots) and Huarpea (blue triangle). D: Doniophyton (blue triangles); E: Archidasyphyllum (blue triangles); Fulcaldea (blue triangles)—these words (triagle) in plural (triangles).