Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890

Suzuki, Yuya, Hidaka, Ryota & Tatsuta, Haruki, 2023, Revision of goblin spiders (Araneae: Oonopidae) in the Nansei Islands, Southwest Japan, with description of a new species, Zootaxa 5323 (2), pp. 216-242 : 221-223

Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890

[New Japanese Name: Nettai-Danigumo]

Fig. 2

Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890: p.391 , female syntypes from Sumatra, Indonesia; not examined.

See the World Spider Catalog (2023) for the complete taxonomic list.

Materials examined. Okinoerabu Is. (Kagoshima Pref.): 2 males 2 females, Masana (27°22’16.2”N, 128°31’30.4”E), China Town, Ōshima District, 9-XII-2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Okinawa Is. (Okinawa Pref.) : 1 male 1 female, besides Naha Port Facility , Kakinohana Town (26°12’19.8”N, 127°40’04.0”E), Naha City, 26-II-2022, Y. Suzuki leg. Kume Is. (Okinawa Pref.) : 1 male 2 females, Ifu Beach , Higa (26°19’53.7”N, 126°48’33.2”E), Kumejima Town, Shimajiri District, 3-XII-2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Tarama Is. (Okinawa Pref.) : 1 female, Shiokawa (24°38’41.8”N, 124°43’00.7”E), Tarama Village , Miyako District, Okinawa Pref., 18-XI-2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Iriomote Is. (Okinawa Pref.) : 2 females (1 female: NSMT-Ar 21908), Haiminaka (24°17’31.1”N, 123°52’25.6”E), Taketomi Town, Yaeyama District, 20-III-2019, Y. Suzuki leg. Yonaguni Is. (Okinawa Pref.) : 1 male (NSMT-Ar 21907), Yonaguni (24°27’03.3”N, 122°57’29.2”E), Yonaguni Town, Yaeyama District, 15-X-2021 Y. Suzuki leg.

Diagnosis. This species resembles X. loricata (L. Koch, 1873) in the morphology of male palp, but can clearly be distinguished by internal female genitalia: globular appendix (gap) shorter and thicker, posterior margin of A1 exceeds that of globular appendix in X. parmata ( Fig. 2L, R ; also see Fig. 5D in Tong & Li 2009; Fig. 3G, H in Burger 2011).

Description. Based on a male and a female specimen from Yonaguni and Iriomote Islands.

Male (NSMT-Ar 21907). Carapace almost oval, longer than wide. Palp ( Figs. 2D–F, M–O ): distal tip of palpal bulb branched into two long processes, shorter one (arrow 1 in Figs. 9 , 17, 18) referred to as “conductor” in Burger (2011) and Eichenberger et al. (2012); longer one bifurcate with one part twisted (referred to as “median apophysis” in Eichenberger et al. 2012; arrows 2 in Fig. 2E, F, M–O ) and the other part with blunt and membranous tip (referred to as “embolus” in Eichenberger et al. 2012; arrows 3 in Fig. 2E, F, M–O ). Abdomen oval, longer than wide, surface smooth, dorsum and venter covered with large scuta. Coloration ( Fig. 2A–C ): carapace, palps and abdomen reddish orange, legs pale yellowish brown, lacking annulations. Abdomen lacking markings.

Measurements. BL 2.25, CL 0.96, CW 0.80, CH 0.43. Eye size: ALE 0.099, PME 0.087, PLE 0.073. Leg length: leg I, 0.60 + 0.33 + 0.46 + 0.37 + 0.25 = 2.00; leg II, 0.59 + 0.31 + 0.45 + 0.36 + 0.21 = 1.92; leg III, 0.43 + 0.30 + 0.33 + 0.33 + 0.26 = 1.65; leg IV, 0.68 + 0.27 + 0.50 + 0.55 + 0.25 = 2.24. AL 1.25, AW 0.92, AH 0.54.

Female (NSMT-Ar 21908). Carapace and abdomen as same as those of the male. Posterior side of ventral scutum of abdomen with upper scutuml ridge, paired scutuml ridges and book lung covers ( Fig. 2J, P ). Genitalia ( Fig. 2L, R ): external genitalia lacking characteristic structures; Vulva: globular appendix winding, A1 and A3 well developed, A2 shallow. Coloration ( Fig. 3A ): same as male.

Measurements. BL 2.61, CL 1.05, CW 0.82, CH 0.44. Eye size: ALE 0.106, PME 0.100, PLE 0.072, Leg length: leg I, 0.76 + 0.35 + 0.50 + 0.5 + 0.22 = 2.35; leg II, 0.70 + 0.36 + 0.49 + 0.49 + 0.25 = 2.30; leg III, 0.59 + 0.29 + 0.37 + 0.30 + 0.19 = 1.74; leg IV, 0.78 + 0.32 + 0.45 + 0.60 + 0.29 = 2.45. AL 1.54, AW 1.15, AH 0.74.

See Saaristo (2001), Burger (2011) and Brescovit et al. (2019) for further details.

Remarks. This species was originally described by Thorell (1890) based on a female specimen obtained from Sumatra, Indonesia. Brescovit et al. (2019) examined type specimens of Gamasomorpha bipeltis Thorell, 1895 , G. insularis Simon, 1907 , G. lutzi Petrunkevitch, 1929 , and considered them as junior synonyms of X. parmata .Another similar species is G. lalana Suman, 1965 , described in Hawaii and recorded only once in the Ogasawara Islands, Japan after its original description ( Ono 2009). This species particularly resembles X. parmata , especially in the morphology of the male palp ( Fig. 2M–O vs. Suman 1965: Figs. 24, 25). Further examination of their morphology, including female internal genitalia, and molecular analysis are required to assess their taxonomic relationships.

For etymology of the new Japanese name, see the remarks section of the genus Xestaspis .

Distribution. Myanmar, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Lombok). Introduced to USA to Panama, Caribbean, Venezuela, Brazil, Madeira, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), S„o Tomé and Príncipe, St. Helena, Mauritius, Seychelles, Yemen, Japan (the Nansei Islands). See also Fig. 11 and Table 2 for details of distribution in the Nansei Islands.

Habitat. In Japan, this species was collected from litter layers and soils at coastlines, croplands, grasslands and secondary forest floors.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890 (A–F, M–O male: NSMT-Ar 21907 from Yonaguni Island and G–L, P–R female: NSMT-Ar 21908 female from Iriomote Island).A, G Habitus, dorsal view. B, H Habitus, lateral view. C, I Habitus, ventral view. D, M Left palp, retrolateral view. E, N, Embolic part, retrolateral view. F, O Left palp, prolateral view. J, P Abdomen, frontal view. K, Q Epigastric region, ventral view. L, R Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A–C, G–I); 0.5 mm (J, P); 0.2 mm (K–L, Q, R); 0.1 mm (D–F, M–O). Abbreviations: A1—apodeme 1, A2—apodeme 2, A3—apodeme 3, bc—book lung covers, gap—globular appendix, na—nail like process, psc—paddle like sclerite, psr—paired scutuml ridges, usr—upper scutuml ridge, re—receptaculum.Arrows 1, 2, 3 indicate shortest process, twisted tip of bifurcated process, and blunt tip of bifurcated process, respectively.

FIGURE 3. Xyphinus karschi (B̂senberg & Strand, 1906) (A–E male: NSMT-Ar 21909 and F–H female: NSMT-Ar 21910 from Okinawa Island, I female from Kumamoto Prefecture). A, F Habitus, dorsal view. B Habitus, lateral view. C, G Habitus, ventral view. D Left palp, dorso-prolateral view. E Left palp, retrolateral view. H, I Epigastric region, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–C, F, G); 0.1 mm (D, E, H, I).

FIGURE 5. Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891 (A–C male: NSMT-Ar 21912 from Okinawa Island and D–F female: NSMT-Ar 21913 from Yonaguni Island) and Opopaea syarakui (Komatsu, 1967) (G–K male: FB, per. coll., from Izena Island and L–P female: NSMT-Ar 21915 from Kumamoto Prefecture).A, D, G, L Habitus, dorsal view. B Prosoma, lateral view. H, M Habitus, lateral view. I, N Habitus, ventral view. C, J Left palp, retrolateral view. E, O Epigastric region, ventral view. F, K, P Abdomen, frontal view. Abbreviations: cb—cymbiobulbus, fm—femur, pt—patella, pds—pedicel tube dorsolateral spikes, psr—paired scutuml ridges. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, D, G–I, L–N); 0.25 mm (B, F, K, O, P); 0.1 mm (C, E, J).

FIGURE 9. Ischnothyreus ogatai sp. nov. (A–C Holotype female: NSMT-Ar 21921 and D–J Paratype male: NSMT-Ar 21922 from Iriomote Island) A, D Habitus, dorsal view. B Epigastric region, ventral view. E Habitus, lateral view. C Epigastric region, clarified, ventral view. F Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. G Chelicerae, ventral view. H Left palp, prolateral view. I Left palp, dorsal view, J Left palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: ap—apodeme, atr—atrium, fsp—finger-shaped sclerotized process, sr—sclerotized ridge, wt—winding tube, vpr—ventral protuberance. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, D, E); 0.1 mm (B, C, F–J). Arrows 1, 2 indicate two processes on distal part of palp.

FIGURE 11. Geographic localities of the Nansei Islands examined in this study.