Tiphia Fabricius, 1775

Han, Qian, Wang, He-Sheng, Chen, Bin & Li, Ting-Jing, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the nominotypical subgenus Tiphia Fabricius, 1775 (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Tiphiinae) from China, with three new species and a key to the Chinese species, Zootaxa 5284 (1), pp. 1-43 : 3-8

Subgenus Tiphia Fabricius, 1775

Tiphia Fabricius, 1775: 354 ; Allen 1975: 5; Tsuneki 1985: 3, 10; Tsuneki 1986a: 5, 9; Boni Bartalucci 2011: 342; Belokobylskij & Lelej 2017: 150.

Type species Tiphia femorata Fabricius, 1775 .

Diagnosis. Lateral surface of propodeum dorsally with oblique wrinkles ( Figs 58 , 76 , 92 , 99 ); T1 anteriorly without a transverse row of short longitudinal striae, without subposterior margin, or not extending and covering subapical puncture groove in lateral view ( Figs 14 , 16 , 40 , 49 , 67 ) ( Tsuneki 1985, 1986a; Han et al. 2021).

Key to the Chinese species of the subgenus Tiphia Fabricius, 1775

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1. Inner face of hind basitarsus medially without longitudinal groove ( Figs 4 , 107 , 139 )................................ 2

- Inner face of hind basitarsus medially with longitudinal groove ( Fig. 119 )....................................... 19

2. Lateral carina and medial longitudinal carina of propodeal areola with duplicate carina ( Fig. 6 in Gussakovskij, 1938)............................................................................. T. (T.) duplicata Gussakovskij, 1938

- Lateral carina and medial longitudinal carina of propodeal areola without duplicate carina........................... 3

3. Propodeal dorsal face laterally with one short, transverse carina outside of areola...................................................................................................... T. (T.) brevicarinata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Propodeal dorsal face laterally without short, transverse carina outside of areola................................... 4

4. Tegula more than 1.5× as long as middle width.............................................................. 5

- Tegula ( Figs 1 , 37 ) atmost slightly longer than middle width................................................... 7

5. Propodeal areola with one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina ( Fig. 2C in Chen, 1995)........................................................................... T. (T.) mutata Chen, 1995

- Propodeal areola without one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina......... 6

6. Lateral groove of S1 longer than posterior half, reaching the anterior apex...................... T. (T.) yangi Chen, 1995

- Lateral groove of S1 shorter than posterior half....................................... T. (T.) yushana Tsuneki, 1986

7. Propodeal areola with one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal and lateral carinae (Plate 2, Fig. 12 in Allen & Jaynes, 1930)........................................................... T. (T.) lyrata Magretti, 1892

- Propodeal areola without one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal and lateral carinae, only with medial longitudinal carina.................................................................................... 8

8. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse impressed line ( Fig. 1H in Han & Kim, 2009)............................. 9

- Posterior margin of tegula without transverse impressed line ( Fig. 37 )........................................... 12

9. Apex of clypeus medially truncated (Fig. 159 in Tsuneki, 1985).................... T. (T.) yonaguniensis Tsuneki, 1985

- Apex of clypeus medially emarginated................................................................... 10

10. Subposterior area of T1 with 2–3 transverse rows of punctures ( Fig. 40 in Tsuneki, 1986a).... T. (T.) ilanensis Tsuneki, 1986

- Subposterior area of T1 with one transverse row of punctures................................................. 11

11. Vertex, pronotum and mesoscutum with smooth interspaces between punctures.............................................................................................. T. (T.) rufomandibulata rufomandibulata Smith, 1873

- Vertex, pronotum and mesoscutum with coriaceous interspaces between punctures........ T. (T.) r. taipeiana Tsuneki, 1986

12. Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove connecting notaulus................................................. 13

- Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove separated from notaulus ( Figs 37 , 60 )................................... 14

13. Mid and hind femora bright red; pygidium anteriorly with dense punctures................... T. (T.) scutensis Allen, 1975

- Mid and hind femora black; pygidium anteriorly with a few scattered punctures.... T. (T.) totopunctata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

14. Pronotum latero-ventrally with distinct groove in middle ( Figs 106 , 140 )........................................ 15

- Pronotum latero-ventrally without distinct groove in middle...................... T. (T.) cilicincta Allen & Jaynes, 1930

15. Apex of clypeus medially truncated or rounded ( Figs 2 , 104 ).................................................. 16

- Apex of clypeus medially emarginated ( Figs 61 , 137 )........................................................ 18

16. S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina............................. T. (T.) sternocarinata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- S1 ( Figs 6 , 109 ) anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina................................................. 17

17. Wings completely transparent ( Fig. 1 ); anterior half of pygidium ( Fig. 7 ) with sparse small punctures mixed with some big ones............................................................ T. (T.) flavobrunnea Han, Chen & Li , sp. nov.

- Wings infuscate ( Fig. 103 ); anterior half of pygidium ( Fig. 110 ) with dense and continuous punctures................................................................................................ T. (T.) lawrencei Allen, 1975

18. Mid and hind femora ( Fig. 136 ) bright red; propodeal areola ( Fig. 142 ) irregularly pitted along inner and outer margins of both lateral and medial longitudinal carinae............................................ T. (T.) weismani Krombein, 1982

- Mid and hind femora ( Fig. 60 ) black; propodeal areola ( Fig. 66 ) normal, not pitted along inner and outer margins of both lateral and medial longitudinal carinae............................................... T. (T.) wuyiana Chen & Yang, 2003

19. Propodeal areola with one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina.......... 20

- Propodeal areola without one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina, only with medial longitudinal carina............................................................................. 21

20. Propodeal dorsal face laterally with one obliquely longitudinal carina outside of areola....... T. (T.) compressa Smith, 1855

- Propodeal dorsal face laterally without longitudinal carina outside of areola............... T. (T.) wushensis Tsuneki, 1986

21. Apex of clypeus medially triangular ( Fig. 62 in Tsuneki, 1986a)....................... T. (T.) triangulata Tsuneki, 1986

- Apex of clypeus medially truncated or emarginated ( Figs 9 , 82 , 127)........................................... 22

22. Propodeal dorsal face laterally (Fig. 131) with regularly strong sculpture outside of areola................................................................................................... T. (T.) toreuta Boni Bartalucci, 2010

- Propodeal dorsal face laterally without regularly strong sculpture outside of areola................................ 23

23. Tegula ( Fig. 13 ) more than 1.5× as long as middle width..................................................... 24

- Tegula ( Figs 16 , 25 ) atmost slightly longer than middle width................................................. 27

24. Subposterior area of T1 close to middle, and ( Fig. 14 ) medially with one transverse row of short longitudinal striae......................................................................... T. (T.) longistria Han, Chen & Li , sp. nov.

- Subposterior area of T1 close to apex, and without one transverse row of short longitudinal striae..................... 25

25. Frons with medial longitudinal impunctate area............................ T. (T.) longitegulata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Frons without medial longitudinal impunctate area.......................................................... 26

26. Apex of clypeus medially truncated; T1 slightly longer than middle width, semicircular shape.................................................................................................... T. (T.) alishana Ishikawa, 1967

- Apex of clypeus medially slightly emarginated; T1 distinctly less than 0.5× as long as middle width, subrectangle shape ( Fig. 49 in Tsuneki, 1986a)........................................................ T. (T.) tsukengensis Tsuneki, 1986

27. Pygidium impunctate, only with dense long striae reaching posterior apex....................................... 28

- Pygidium anteriorly and medially with dense or sparse punctures, posteriorly smooth or coriaceous ( Figs 20 , 27 , 44 , 88 , 124 ) .................................................................................................. 31

28. Lower frons with dense punctures....................................................................... 29

- Lower frons with sparse punctures....................................................................... 30

29. Pronotal dorsal face medially with one transverse row of big and deep punctures..... T. (T.) ordinaria ordinaria Smith, 1873

- Pronotal dorsal face medially with one transverse row of small and shallow punctures........ T. (T.) o. atayal Tsuneki, 1986

30. S6 posteriorly with medial short longitudinal carina................ T. (T.) brevilineata brevilineata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- S6 posteriorly without medial short longitudinal carina............................ T. (T.) b. formosana Tsuneki, 1986

31. Mandible with distinct medial transverse groove ( Fig. 1K in Han & Kim 2009).......... T. (T.) popilliavora Rohwer, 1924

- Mandible ( Figs 17 , 23 , 41 , 82 , 118 ) without distinct medial transverse groove, atmost with obsolete intermittent impressed line............................................................................................... 32

32. Posterior half of pronotum medially with short, shallow and longitudinal line ( Fig. 1L in Han & Kim 2009)........................................................................................... T. (T.) vernalis Rohwer, 1924

- Posterior half of pronotum medially without short, shallow and longitudinal line.................................. 33

33. Each of tibiae with two spurs apically........................................... T. (T.) unicolor ( Lepeletier, 1845)

- Fore tibia with one spur apically, mid tibia with one to two spurs apically, hind tibia with two spurs apically............ 34

34. Mid and hind femora bright red ( Fig. 80 ); lateral carina of propodeal areola almost parallel posteriorly, providing rectangular shape ( Fig. 86 )...................................................................................... 35

- Mid and hind femora black or light brown ( Figs 16 , 22 , 40 , 117 ); lateral carina of propodeal areola convergent posteriorly or subparallel, providing subtrapezoidal or subrectangular shape ( Figs 21 , 25 , 43 , 121 )............................... 40

35. Subposterior area T1 with one transverse row of punctures................................................... 36

- Subposterior area of T1 with irregularly scattered punctures................................................... 38

36. Frons and vertex with smooth interspaces between punctures; tegula red and semitransparent...... T. (T.) agilis Smith, 1873

- Frons and vertex with coriaceous interspaces between punctures; tegula dark red and opaque........................ 37

37. Pronotum latero-ventrally with complete groove and deep punctures in middle...... T. (T.) pigmentata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Pronotum latero-ventrally with interrupted groove in middle, without deep punctures....... T. (T.) taiwana Ishikawa, 1967

38. Lower frons with dense punctures ( Fig. 82 )........................................... T. (T.) dayi Krombein, 1982

- Lower frons with sparse punctures....................................................................... 39

39. Head, mesosoma and metasoma with coriaceous interspaces between punctures in dorsal view.................................................................................................. T. (T.) femorata ( Fabricius, 1775)

- Head, mesosoma and metasoma with smooth interspaces between punctures in dorsal view......................................................................................... T. (T.) femorata biseculata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

40. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse weak, impressed line............................................... 41

- Posterior margin of tegula without transverse weak, impressed line ( Figs 25 , 43 ).................................. 42

41. Mesopleuron with coriaceous interspaces between punctures............................. T. (T.) alticola Tsuneki, 1986

- Mesopleuron with smooth interspaces between punctures.............................. T. (T.) takasago Tsuneki, 1986

42. Apex of clypeus medially truncated...................................................................... 43

- Apex of clypeus medially emarginated or slightly emarginated ( Figs 17 , 23 , 41 , 118 )............................... 50

43. T1 anteriorly with dense and minute punctures........................................ T. (T.) tibetana Turner, 1908

- T1 anteriorly without dense and minute punctures.......................................................... 44

44. S1 without lateral groove........................................................ T. (T.) minutostriata Ma, 1936

- S1 with lateral groove on posterior half................................................................... 45

45. Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove connecting notaulus.............................. T. (T.) frater Parker, 1935

- Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove separated from notaulus.............................................. 46

46. Pygidium posteriorly smooth...................................................... T. (T.) sternata Parker, 1935

- Pygidium ( Fig. 44 ) posteriorly with a few longitudinal striae.................................................. 47

47. Frons with medial longitudinal narrow carina or impunctate area............................................... 48

- Frons without medial longitudinal narrow carina or impunctate area............................................ 49

48. Frons with medial longitudinal narrow carina; vertex laterally with dense punctures along inner margin of eye................................................................................ T. (T.) inconspicua Allen & Jaynes 1930

- Frons ( Fig. 41 ) with medial longitudinal narrow impunctate area; vertex laterally ( Fig. 42 ) with sparse punctures along inner margin of eye............................................................... T. (T.) mongolica Tsuneki, 1986

49. Anterior carina of pronotum complete and strong.......................... T. (T.) minutopunctata Allen & Jaynes 1930

- Anterior carina of pronotum incomplete, medially weak.............................. T. (T.) choui Chen & Yang, 1991

50. Second intercubital vein of forewing nearly straight ( Fig. 22 )................................................. 51

- Second intercubital vein of forewing strongly or slightly sinuous ( Figs 16 , 117 )................................... 52

51. Propodeal areola with complete sharp medial longitudinal carina approaching posterior margin of areola.................................................................................... T. (T.) nervidirecta Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Propodeal areola ( Fig. 25 ) with interrupted medial longitudinal carina reaching posterior 1/2 of areola............................................................................................ T. (T.) chihpenchia Tsuneki, 1986

52. Surface of propodeal areola smooth ( Fig. 121 )............................................................. 53

- Surface of propodeal areola coriaceous ( Fig. 21 )............................................................ 55

53. Lower frons with sparse punctures............................................ T. (T.) pempuchiensis Tsuneki, 1986

- Lower frons ( Fig. 118 ) with dense punctures............................................................... 54

54. Propodeal areola ( Fig. 121 ) normal, not pitted along inner margin of lateral carina............ T. (T.) s-secunda Allen, 1975

- Propodeal areola irregularly pitted along inner margin of lateral carina.............. T. (T.) retincisura Chen & Yang, 1991

55. Pronotum latero-ventrally without distinct groove in middle............................. T. (T.) hohrai Tsuneki, 1986

- Pronotum latero-ventrally with distinct groove in middle..................................................... 56

56. Pygidium ( Fig. 20 ) with medial longitudinal carina..................... T. (T.) mediocarinata Han, Chen & Li , sp. nov.

- Pygidium without medial longitudinal carina.............................................................. 57

57. S1 anteriorly with coarse punctures............................................. T. (T.) jinana Yang & Chen, 1988

- S1 anteriorly without coarse punctures................................................................... 58

58. Anterior half of pronotum with sparse punctures...................................... T. (T.) horiana Tsuneki, 1986

- Anterior half of pronotum with dense punctures.................................... T. (T.) malayana Cameron, 1910

♁♁

1. Tegula more than 1.5× as long as middle width.............................................................. 2

- Tegula ( Fig. 48 ) atmost slightly longer than middle width..................................................... 6

2. T1 1.7× longer than wide, and its lateral margin elongated ( Fig. 53 in Tsuneki, 1986a; Fig. 1I in Chen, 1995)............ 3

- T1 slightly longer than wide, and its lateral margin elliptic or hemispheric........................................ 4

3. S1 anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina and punctures............................... T. (T.) yangi Chen, 1995

- S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina, and with a few scattered punctures............ T. (T.) yushana Tsuneki, 1986

4. Lateral carina of propodeal areola strongly convergent posteriorly, providing inverted triangular shape..................................................................................... T. (T.) longitegulata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Lateral carina of propodeal areola slightly convergent posteriorly, providing subtrapezoidal shape..................... 5

5. Pronotum latero-ventrally with oblique striae............................................ T. (T.) mutata Chen, 1995

- Pronotum latero-ventrally without oblique striae..................................... T. (T.) alishana Ishikawa, 1967

6. S5 without lateral denticle ( Fig. 95 )....................................................................... 7

- S5 with lateral denticle ( Figs 32 , 53 , 71 , 79 , 101 , 115 )....................................................... 16

7. Propodeal dorsal face laterally with one oblique carina outside of areola.............. T. (T.) wuyiana Chen & Yang, 2003

- Propodeal dorsal face laterally without oblique carina outside of areola........................................... 8

8. Propodeal dorsal face ( Fig. 93 ) densely with minute striae mixed with punctures, more or less reticulate.................................................................................................. T. (T.) dutti Allen, 1975

- Propodeal dorsal face almost impunctate and with several sparse punctures, or with irregular striae.................... 9

9. Apex of marginal cell of forewing equal to or only slightly exceeding second submarginal cell....................... 10

- Apex of marginal cell of forewing distinctly exceeding second submarginal cell................................... 13

10. Lower frons with sparse punctures..................................... T. (T.) brevilineata formosana Tsuneki, 1986

- Lower frons with dense punctures, somewhat reticulate...................................................... 11

11. Apex of clypeus truncated in middle............................................... T. (T.) vallicola Tsuneki, 1986

- Apex of clypeus deeply emarginated in middle ( Fig. 69 in Tsuneki, 1986a)....................................... 12

12. S1 anteriorly with dense and coarse punctures, posteriorly smooth........................ T. (T.) ordinaria Smith, 1873

- S1 wholly smooth, with a few scattered punctures................................. T. (T.) lihyuehtana Tsuneki, 1986

13. Frons with medial longitudinal narrow carina.............................................................. 14

- Frons without medial longitudinal narrow carina........................................................... 15

14. Subposterior area of T1 with two transverse rows of punctures ( Fig. 59 in Tsuneki, 1986a).... T. (T.) puliensis Tsuneki, 1986

- Subposterior area of T1 with one transverse row of or a few scattered punctures...... T. (T.) cilicincta Allen & Jaynes, 1930

15. Frons laterally with dense punctures along inner margin of eye..................... T. (T.) kotoshensis Yasumatsu, 1938

- Frons laterally with sparse punctures along inner margin of eye........................... T. (T.) flavipes Tsuneki, 1986

16. S5 with lateral denticle obsolete......................................................................... 17

- S5 with lateral denticle strong ( Figs 32 , 53 , 71 , 79 , 101 , 115 ).................................................. 25

17. Apex of clypeus medially truncated...................................................................... 18

- Apex of clypeus medially emarginated................................................................... 19

18. Lateral carina of propodeal areola distinctly convergent posteriorly, providing trapezoidal shape; propodeal areola with indistinct medial longitudinal carina, atmost reaching posterior 2/3 of areola......................... T. (T.) lyrata Magretti, 1892

- Lateral carina of propodeal areola almost parallel posteriorly, providing rectangular shape; propodeal areola with complete medial longitudinal carina, extending posterior margin of areola...................... T. (T.) unicolor ( Lepeletier, 1845)

19. Subposterior area of T1 distinctly with one transverse row of punctures ( Fig. 87 in Tsuneki, 1986a)................................................................................................... T. (T.) piqua Tsuneki, 1986

- Subposterior area of T1 with 2–3 transverse rows of punctures or irregularly scattered punctures..................... 20

20. Subposterior area of T1 not depressed.................................................................... 21

- Subposterior area of T1 depressed....................................................................... 22

21. S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina...................................... T. (T.) chinensis Morawitz, 1889

- S1 anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina..................................... T. (T.) femorata Fabricius 1775

22. Surface of S1 with coarse punctures................................................. T. (T.) bunun Tsuneki, 1986

- Surface of S1 with sparse punctures, interspaces smooth..................................................... 23

23. Lateral carina of propodeal areola distinctly convergent posteriorly, providing trapezoidal shape........................................................................................... T. (T.) inconspicua Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Lateral carina of propodeal areola subparallel posteriorly, providing subrectangular shape........................... 24

24. Lower frons with big punctures mixed with dense minute punctures..................... T. (T.) mongolica Tsuneki, 1986

- Lower frons with moderate punctures, without minute punctures........................... T. (T.) sternata Parker, 1935

25. S5 with one deep orifice ( Fig. 1N in Han & Kim 2009)...................................................... 26

- S5 without one deep orifice ( Figs 32 , 53 , 71 , 79 , 101 , 115 )................................................... 30

26. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse impressed line..................................................... 27

- Posterior margin of tegula without transverse impressed line.................................................. 28

27. Tegula black............................................... T. (T.) rufomandibulata rufomandibulata Smith, 1873

- Tegula dark brown or red brown................................................ T. (T.) r. taipeiana Tsuneki, 1986

28. Subposterior area of T1 depressed.............................................. T. (T.) porata Chen & Yang, 1990

- Subposterior area of T1 not depressed.................................................................... 29

29. T3–T5 posteriorly with sparse punctures..................................... T. (T.) singularis Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- T3–T5 posteriorly with dense punctures............................................ T. (T.) ilanensis Tsuneki, 1986

30. Apex of marginal cell of forewing open ( Fig. 67 ); T2–T6 and S2–S5 posteriorly with rows of conspicuous dark–orange setae ( Figs 67, 71 )..................................................................... T. (T.) aurata Allen, 1975

- Apex of marginal cell of forewing closed ( Figs 28 , 45 , 50 , 55 , 73 , 81 , 96 , 111 , 126); T2–T6 and S2–S5 posteriorly without rows of conspicuous dark–orange setae....................................................................... 31

31. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse impressed line..................................................... 32

- Posterior margin of tegula without transverse impressed line ( Fig. 48 )........................................... 35

32. T1 antero-laterally with obtuse prominence ( Fig. 3D in Yang & Chen 1988)......... T. (T.) brachypoda Yang & Chen, 1988

- T1 antero-laterally without obtuse prominence............................................................. 33

33. Clypeus only with dense big punctures, without minute punctues................... T. (T.) yonaguniensis Tsuneki, 1985

- Clypeus with dense big punctures mixed with minute punctures ( Fig. 75 in Tsuneki, 1986a)......................... 34

34. T1 about as wide as long, subposterior area with two transverse rows of punctures ( Figs 79 , 80 in Tsuneki, 1986a)...................................................................................... T. (T.) hokkien Tsuneki, 1986

- T1 wider than long, subposterior area with one transverse row of punctures............. T. (T.) fortidentata Tsuneki, 1986

35. Apex of marginal cell of forewing equal to or only slightly exceeding second submarginal cell ( Figs 28 , 50 , 111 )........ 36

- Apex of marginal cell of forewing ( Figs 45 , 55 , 73 , 81 , 96 , 126) distinctly exceeding second submarginal cell........... 43

36. Mandible with preapical denticle ( Fig. 112 )........................................ T. (T.) pulchaukiae Allen, 1775

- Mandible without preapical denticle ( Figs 29 , 51 )........................................................... 37

37. Posterior half of S1 with dense minute punctures...................... T. (T.) femorata biseculata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Posterior half of S1 smooth ( Figs 33 , 54 ).................................................................. 38

38. Tegula red and semitransparent; fore and mid tibiae bright red................................................. 39

- Tegula opaque, dark brown, reddish brown or black; fore and mid tibiae brown, reddish brown or black ( Figs 28 , 50 )..... 40

39. Subposterior area of T1 not depressed; clypeus with dense punctures close to apex.............. T. (T.) agilis Smith, 1873

- Subposterior area of T1 slightly depressed; apex of clypeus medially impunctate ( Fig. 2A in Yang & Chen, 1988)................................................................................. T. (T.) decorosa Yang & Chen, 1988

40. Pronotal dorsal face with protruding corner at shoulder ( Fig. 3B in Chen & Yang, 1990).. T. (T.) oxycera Chen & Yang, 1990

- Pronotal dorsal face without protruding corner at shoulder.................................................... 41

41. S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina..................................... T. (T.) popilliavora Rohwer, 1924

- S1 anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina ( Figs 33 , 54 )................................................. 42

42. Apex of clypeus strongly narrow, CAW equal to IAD ( Fig. 29 )........................ T. (T.) choui Chen & Yang, 1991

- Apex of clypeus relatively wider, CAW distinctly wider than IAD ( Fig. 51 )........ T. (T.) pigmentata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

43. Mandible with preapical denticle ( Figs 83 , 97 , 128)......................................................... 44

- Mandible without preapical denticle ( Figs 46 , 56 , 74 )........................................................ 48

44. Lateral surface of propodeum without long oblique wrinkles............................................................................................................................. T. (T.) nana Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Lateral surface of propodeum ( Fig. 99 ) dorsally with strong long oblique wrinkles, ventrally without wrinkles........... 45

45. Lower frons ( Fig. 97 ) with medial longitudinal narrow carina................................................. 46

- Lower frons (Fig. 128) without medial longitudinal narrow carina.............................................. 47

46. S1 ( Fig. 100 ) with lateral groove approaching anterior apex.............................. T. (T.) incisa Cameron, 1897

- S1 without lateral groove................................................... T. (T.) orientalis Chen & Yang, 2003

47. Posterior transverse carina of propodeal areola (Fig. 132) absent.................... T. (T.) toreuta Boni Bartalucci, 2010

- Posterior transverse carina of propodeal areola ( Fig. 87 ) present.......................... T. (T.) dayi Krombein, 1982

48. S1 with lateral groove on posterior half ( Fig. 47 )........................................................... 49

- S1 without lateral groove ( Fig. 78 )....................................................................... 58

49. S1 anteriorly smooth............................................................... T. (T.) frater Parker, 1935

- S1 anteriorly with coarse or deep or shallow punctures....................................................... 50

50. Subposterior area of T1 not depressed.................................................................... 51

- Subposterior area of T1 slightly or distinctly depressed...................................................... 52

51. Subposterior area of T1 distinctly with one transverse row of punctures ( Figs 81–82 in Tsuneki, 1986a)........................................................................................... T. (T.) chihpenchia Tsuneki, 1986

- Subposterior area of T1 with a few scattered punctures............................ T. (T.) pempuchiensis Tsuneki, 1986

52. S1 posteriorly with transverse depressed groove..................................... T. (T.) wushensis Tsuneki, 1986

- S1 ( Fig. 47 ) posteriorly without transverse depressed groove.................................................. 53

53. Clypeus ( Fig. 46 ) apically smooth........................................ T. (T.) nervidirecta Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Clypeus apically with coarse and dense punctures........................................................... 54

54. Frons with medial longitudinal carina or groove............................................................ 55

- Frons without medial longitudinal carina and groove........................................................ 56

55. Frons with medial longitudinal carina; pronotum antero-ventrally with irregular pits......... T. (T.) vernalis Rohwer, 1924

- Frons with medial longitudinal groove; pronotum antero-ventrally smooth............... T. (T.) chungshani Tsuneki, 1986

56. S6 with medial longitudinal narrow impunctate area......................................................... 57

- S6 without medial longitudinal narrow impunctate area................................. T. (T.) changi Tsuneki, 1986

57. Lateral surface of propodeum dorsally with dense long oblique wrinkles................. T. (T.) malayana Cameron, 1910

- Lateral surface of propodeum dorsally with sparser long oblique wrinkles than the above species............................................................................................. T. (T.) fukiensis Allen & Jaynes, 1930

58. T1 distinctly elongate, 1.6× as long as wide.......................................... T. (T.) tibetana Turner, 1908

- T1 ( Figs 55 , 73 ) not distinctly elongate, 1.3× as long as wide.................................................. 59

59. Subposterior area of T1 with one transverse puncture groove ( Fig. 1S in Han & Kim 2009).................................................................................... T. (T.) brevilineata brevilineata Allen & Jaynes, 1930

- Subposterior area of T1 without transverse puncture groove ( Figs 55 , 73 )........................................ 60

60. Lateral carina of propodeal areola slightly convergent posteriorly, providing subtrapezoidal shape................................................................................................ T. (T.) wangpeisunana Ma, 1936

- Lateral carina of propodeal areola almost parallel posteriorly, providing rectangular or square shape ( Figs 59 , 77 )........ 61

61. Upper frons almost impunctate................................................... T. (T.) compressa Smith, 1855

- Upper frons with sparse punctures ( Figs 56 , 74 )............................................................ 62

62. Vertex ( Fig. 57 ) with coriaceous interspaces between punctures......................... T. (T.) taiwana Ishikawa, 1967

- Vertex ( Fig. 75 ) with smooth interspaces between punctures.......................... T. (T.) borneana Cameron, 1907

Figures

FIGURES 55–59. Tiphia (Tiphia) taiwana Ishikawa, ♁. 55. Habitus, dorsal view; 56. Head, frontal view; 57. Vertex, dorsal view; 58. Mesosoma, lateral view; 59. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view.

FIGURES 73–79. Tiphia (Tiphia) borneana Cameron, ♁. 73. Habitus, dorsal view; 74. Head, frontal view; 75. Vertex, dorsal view; 76. Mesosoma, lateral view; 77. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 78. S1, ventral view; 79. S5, lateral view (ld: lateral denticle of S5).

FIGURES 89–95. Tiphia (Tiphia) dutti Allen, ♁. 89. Habitus, dorsal view; 90. Head, frontal view; 91. Vertex, dorsal view; 92. Mesosoma, lateral view; 93. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 94. S1, ventral view; 95. S5, lateral view.

FIGURES 96–102. Tiphia (Tiphia) incisa Cameron, ♁. 96. Habitus, dorsal view; 97. Head, frontal view (pd: preapical denticle of mandible); 98. Vertex, dorsal view; 99. Mesosoma, lateral view; 100. S1, ventral view; 101. S5, lateral view (ld: lateral denticle of S5); 102. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view.

FIGURES 8–15. Tiphia (Tiphia) longistria sp. nov., holotype, ♀. 8. Habitus, dorsal view; 9. Head, frontal view; 10. Vertex, dorsal view; 11. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view;12. Pronotum and mesoscutum, lateral view; 13. Tegula, dorsal view; 14. T1, dorsal view (sls: short longitudinal striae of T1); 15. Pygidium.

FIGURES 16–21. Tiphia (Tiphia) mediocarinata sp. nov., holotype, ♀. 16. Habitus, dorsal view; 17. Head, frontal view; 18. Vertex, dorsal view; 19. S1, ventral view; 20. Pygidium; 21. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view.

FIGURES 40–44. Tiphia (Tiphia) mongolica Tsuneki, ♀. 40. Habitus, dorsal view; 41. Head, frontal view; 42. Vertex, dorsal view; 43. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 44. Pygidium.

FIGURES 45–49. Tiphia (Tiphia) nervidirecta Allen & Jaynes, ♁. 45. Habitus, dorsal view; 46. Head, frontal view; 47. S1, ventral view 48. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 49. T1, dorsal view.

FIGURES 67–72. Tiphia (Tiphia) aurata Allen, ♁. 67. Habitus, dorsal view; 68. Head, frontal view (pd: preapical denticle of mandible); 69. Vertex, dorsal view; 70. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 71. S5, lateral view (ld: lateral denticle of S5); 72. S1, ventral view.

FIGURES 1–7. Tiphia (Tiphia) flavobrunnea sp. nov., holotype, ♀. 1. Habitus, dorsal view; 2. Head, frontal view; 3. Vertex, dorsal view; 4. Hind basitarsus, ventral view; 5. Propodeum, dorsal views; 6. S1, ventral view; 7. Pygidium.

FIGURES 103–110. Tiphia (Tiphia) lawrencei Allen, ♀. 103. Habitus, dorsal view; 104. Head, frontal view; 105. Vertex, dorsal view; 106. Pronotum and mesoscutum, lateral view; 107. Hind basitarsus, ventral view; 108. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 109. S1, ventral view; 110. Pygidium.

FIGURES 136–143. Tiphia (Tiphia) weismani Krombein, ♀. 136. Habitus, dorsal view; 137. Head, frontal view; 138. Vertex, dorsal view; 139. Hind basitarsus, ventral view; 140. Pronotum and mesoscutum, lateral view; 141. Pygidium; 142. Metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 143. S1, ventral view.

FIGURES 117–124. Tiphia(Tiphia) s-secunda Allen, ♀. 117.Habitus, dorsal view;118.Head, frontalview; 119.Hind basitarsus, ventral view; 120. Vertex, dorsal view; 121. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 122. Pronotum, lateral view; 123. S1, ventral view; 124. Pygidium.

FIGURES 34–39. Tiphia (Tiphia) cilicincta Allen & Jaynes, ♀. 34. Habitus, dorsal view; 35. Head, frontal view; 36. Vertex, dorsal view; 37. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 38. S1, ventral view; 39. Pygidium.

FIGURES 60–66. Tiphia (Tiphia) wuyiana Chen & Yang, ♀. 60. Habitus, dorsal view; 61. Head, frontal view; 62. Vertex, dorsal view; 63. Pronotum, dorsal view; 64. S1, ventral view; 65. Pygidium; 66. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view.

FIGURES 80–88. Tiphia (Tiphia) dayi Krombein, 80, 82, 84–86, 88, ♀; 81, 83, 87, ♁. 80. Habitus, dorsal view; 81. Habitus, dorsal view; 82. Head, frontal view; 83. Head, frontal view (pd: preapical denticle of mandible); 84. Vertex, dorsal view; 85. Pronotum and mesoscutum, lateral view; 86. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 87. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 88. Pygidium.

FIGURES 22–27. Tiphia (Tiphia) chihpenchia Tsuneki, ♀. 22. Habitus, dorsal view; 23. Head, frontal view; 24. Vertex, dorsal view; 25. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 26. Pronotum, lateral view; 27. Pygidium.

FIGURES 50–54. Tiphia (Tiphia) pigmentata Allen & Jaynes, ♁. 50. Habitus, dorsal view; 51. Head, frontal view; 52. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 53. S5, lateral view (ld: lateral denticle of S5); 54. S1, ventral view.

FIGURES 28–33. Tiphia (Tiphia) choui Chen & Yang, ♁. 28. Habitus, dorsal view; 29. Head, frontal view; 30. Vertex, dorsal view; 31. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 32. S5, lateral view (ld: lateral denticle of S5); 33. S1, ventral view.

FIGURES 111–116. Tiphia (Tiphia) pulchaukiae Allen, ♁. 111. Habitus, dorsal view; 112. Head, frontal view (pd: preapical denticle of mandible); 113. Vertex, dorsal view; 114. Mesoscutellum, metanotum and propodeum, dorsal view; 115. S5, lateral view (ld: lateral denticle of S5); 116. S1, ventral view.