Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758

Jouladeh-Roudbar, Arash, Ghanavi, Hamid Reza & Doadrio, Ignacio, 2020, Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 21. Sesarmops mora n in Paralbunea dayriti, Zoological Studies 59 (21), pp. 1-303 : 275-277

Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 – Native/ Translocate ( Fig. 503 )

Mugil cephalus Linnaeus [C.] 1758: 316; Type locality: European sea, Europe. Possible syntypes: NRM 43 (1), 44 (2), 143 (1).

Mugil crenilabis our Forsskål [P. S.] 1775: 74, xiv; Type locality: [No locality stated] Red Sea. Holotype (unique): ZMUC P71372 (dry skin).

Mugil albula Linnaeus [C.] 1766: 520; Type locality: Jamaica and Bahamas. Syntypes: Linn. Soc. Lond. 139 (left half-skin).

Mugil plumieri Bloch [M. E.] 1794: 173; Type locality: St. Vincent Island, West Indies. No types known.

Mugil tang Bloch [M. E.] 1794: 171; Type locality: Red Sea. Lectotype: ZMB 1785. Paralectotypes: ZMB (1, missing).

Mugil cephalus var. cestreo Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810: 33, 56; Type locality: Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known.

Mugil cephalus var. chelone Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810: 33, 56; Type locality: Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known.

Mugil cephalus var. myxone Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810: 33, 56; Type locality: Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known.

Mugil provensalis Risso [A.] 1810: 346; Type locality: Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known.

Mugil borbonicus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836: 113; Type locality: Réunion, western Mascarenes , southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MNHN A–3660.

Mugil cephalotus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836: 110; Type locality: Malabar and Puducherry, India. Syntypes: MNHN 0000–8102 (1) Malabar, A–4645 (1, dry) Puducherry, A–4698 (1, dry) Puducherry.

Mugil ciliilabis Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836: 151; Type locality: Lima, Peru. Syntypes: MNHN A–3627 (7), A–3628 (6, poor condition).

Mugil constantiae Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836: 107; Type locality: Freshwaters near Constance. Syntypes: MNHN A–3663 to 3664 (1, 1); ZMB 1832 [ex MNHN] (1).

Mugil lineatus Valenciennes [A.] (ex Mitchill) in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836: 96; Type locality: New York, U.S.A. Syntypes: MNHN 0000–5485 (3).

Mugil japonicus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1845: 134; Type locality: Nagasaki, Japan. Lectotype: RMNH D1166 (stuffed). Paralectotypes: RMNH D1161–1165 (5, dry),?ZMB 7193 (1).

Mugil rammelsbergii Tschudi [J. J. von] 1846: 20; Type locality: San Lorenzo Island, Peru. Syntypes:?MSNG 13911 [ex ZMB] (2); ZMB 1853–54 (1, 1).

Mugil chaptalii Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Souleyet [F. A.] 1850: 171; Type locality: Hawaiian Islands . Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000– 8100.

Mugil berlandieri Girard [C. F.] 1858: 167; Type locality: St. Joseph Island, Indianola, Brazos Santiago, Brazos, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A. Syntypes: USNM 763 to 767 (4, 12, 5, 8, 12).

Mugil dobula Günther [A.] 1861: 420; Type locality: Australia and Aneiteum, Vanuatu. Syntypes: (at least 11) BMNH 1844.2.15.51–52 (2, dry half skin), 1847.6.17.23 (1, dry half skin), 1848.10.25.30 (1, dry half skin), 1848.10.25.32 (1, stuffed), 1851.2.20.7–8 (2) Australia, Macgillwray coll., 1860.7.18.3 (1).

Mugil ashanteensis Bleeker [P.] 1863: 91; Type locality: Ashantee , Guinea [now Ghana]. Holotype (unique): RMNH 1631 .

Myxus superficialis Klunzinger [C. B.] 1870: 831; Type locality: Al- Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Syntypes: MCZ 3813 (2); SMF 1869 (2 or 3); SMNS 1743 or 1738 (3); ZIN 2640 (2, lost); ZMB 10511 (1), 7999 (3).

Mugil gelatinosus Klunzinger [C. B.] 1872: 35; Holotype (unique): SMNS 1563 .

Mugil mexicanus Steindachner [F.] 1875: 86 [58]; Type locality: Acapulco , western Mexico. Holotype (unique): NMW 67346 .

Mugil trichilus Vaillant [L. L.] & Sauvage [H.-E.] 1875: 281; Type locality: Hawaiian Islands. Syntypes: MNHN 0000–8073 (3), 0000–8074 (3), A–0467 (2).

Myxus caecutiens Günther [A.] 1876: 397; Type locality: Rodrigues Island, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Syntypes: BMNH 1876.3.11.31–32 (2).

Mugil grandis Castelnau [F. L.] 1879: 386; Type locality: Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown.

Mugil muelleri Klunzinger [C. B.] 1879: 259; Type locality: King George Sound, Western Australia. Holotype (unique): SMNS 2572 (not found, probably lost).

Mugil tongae Günther [A.] 1880: 58; Type locality: Tongatabu , Tonga Islands, Polynesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1879.4 .14.497.

Mugil marginalis De Vis [C. W.] 1885: 870; Type locality: Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Syntypes:?QM I.121 (1), I.9774 (1).

Sparus cetaceus Cabrera y Corro [A.], Pérez [L.] & Hänseler [F.] in Graells 1887: 179; Type locality: Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic.

Mugil hypselosoma Ogilby [J. D.] 1897: 74; Type locality: Port Jackson and Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Syntypes: (2) QM.

Myxus barnardi Gilchrist [J. D. F.] & Thompson [W. W.] 1914: 83; Type locality: Durban Bay , KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAM 12428 .

Myxus flavus Mohr [E.] 1927: 182; Type locality: Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Lectotype: ZMH H58. Paralectotypes: (4) ZMH H395 (1).

Myxus lepidopterus Mohr [E.] 1927: 181; Type locality: Peru. Holotype (unique): ZMH H127 [ex ZMH 2704 ].

Myxus niger Mohr [E.] 1927: 183; Type locality: Lima, Peru. Lectotype: ZMH H174. Paralectotypes: (2).

Myxus tincoides Mohr [E.] 1927: 186; Type locality: Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, U.S.A. Lectotype: ZMH H72. Paralectotypes: ZMH H172 (1).

Mugil peruanus Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946: 424; Type locality: Independencia Bay, near La Lagunilla, Peru. Holotype: USNM 127877. Paratypes: (more than 100) BMNH 1949.5.18.5–8 [ex USNM] (4?), USNM 77563 (21), 775876 (5), 127877–84 (1, 51, 32, 9, 5, 1, 17, 9).

Mugil catalarum Whitley [G. P.] 1951: 394; Type locality: La Foa, Bogny River , New Caledonia. Holotype (unique): AMS IB.2242.

Mugil galapagensis Ebeling [A. W.] 1961: 296; Type locality: Southeastern corner of Barrington Island, Galápagos Islands. Holotype: USNM 190589. Paratypes: SIO 55–256 (1), UCLA 55–314 (4), USNM 26683 (1).

Common name: Pr: kafal-e sarpahn, biah-e sarpahn, En: Flathead grey mullet.

Diagnosis: Distinguished from Chelon species by having only 2 pyloric caeca, adipose eyelid well-developed and covering most of pupil. Posterior end of the maxilla is straight rather than curved down behind the premaxilla and visible behind the corner of the closed mouth. Origin of first dorsal fin nearer to snout tip than to caudal fin base. 14–15 scale rows between origins of dorsal and pelvic fins.

Meristic characters: D 1: IV, D 2: I–II 6–9 (8–9), A: III 7–9 (8), P: 14–17, V: 5, LS: 39–51, TV: 23–24.

Distribution: Tigris, Makran and Caspian Sea (non-native) basins; possibly other coastal rivers in the Persian Gulf ( Fig. 504).

Taxonomy: Durand et al. (2012) indicate, based on molecular data, that this wide-ranging species may include up to 14 species so the Iranian taxon may eventually bear a distinct name.

Conservation: IUCN: Least Concern ( Camara et al. 2017).

Figures

Fig. 503. Mugil cf. cephalus. Photograph from Mond River estuaries, Persis basin (Photographed by F. Koniyeh).