Calpocalyx Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] I: 191. 1897.

Bruneau, Anne, de Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci, Ringelberg, Jens J., Borges, Leonardo M., Bortoluzzi, Roseli Lopes da Costa, Brown, Gillian K., Cardoso, Domingos B. O. S., Clark, Ruth P., Conceicao, Adilva de Souza, Cota, Matheus Martins Teixeira, Demeulenaere, Else, de Stefano, Rodrigo Duno, Ebinger, John E., Ferm, Julia, Fonseca-Cortes, Andres, Gagnon, Edeline, Grether, Rosaura, Guerra, Ethiene, Haston, Elspeth, Herendeen, Patrick S., Hernandez, Hector M., Hopkins, Helen C. F., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Hughes, Colin E., Ickert-Bond, Stefanie M., Iganci, Joao, Koenen, Erik J. M., Lewis, Gwilym P., de Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante, de Lima, Alexandre Gibau, Luckow, Melissa, Marazzi, Brigitte, Maslin, Bruce R., Morales, Matias, Morim, Marli Pires, Murphy, Daniel J., O'Donnell, Shawn A., Oliveira, Filipe Gomes, Oliveira, Ana Carla da Silva, Rando, Juliana Gastaldello, Ribeiro, Petala Gomes, Ribeiro, Carolina Lima, Santos, Felipe da Silva, Seigler, David S., da Silva, Guilherme Sousa, Simon, Marcelo F., Soares, Marcos Vinicius Batista & Terra, Vanessa, 2024, Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae. Part 2: Higher-level classification, PhytoKeys 240, pp. 1-552 : 1

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716
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scientific name	Calpocalyx Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] I: 191. 1897.
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Calpocalyx Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] I: 191. 1897. View in CoL

Figs 105 View Figure 105 , 106 View Figure 106 , 113 View Figure 113

Type species.

Calpocalyx dinklagei (Taub.) Harms [≡ Erythrophloeum dinklagei Taub.]

Description.

Small trees or shrubs 5-20 m to tall forest trees to 50 m or more, the latter often with buttresses or water roots, unarmed, glabrous or pubescent; brachyblasts absent. Stipules small, linear, caducous and absent from most specimens. Leaves bipinnate, petiole usually terete, occasionally slightly sulcate, petiolar and rachis glands present, usually sunken into the petiole; pinnae 1 pair, 10-30 (50) cm long, opposite, articulated to the petiole; leaflets opposite, 1-9 pairs per pinna, the proximal pair of leaflets usually reduced to a single leaflet, macrophyllous, obovate to elliptic, petiolulate, the petiolules articulate to the rachis. Inflorescences of spikes, 2.5-11 cm long, oblong, subtended by triangular bracts, either solitary and axillary or more often aggregated into terminal complex-branched paniculiform secondary inflorescences with the spikes arranged in fascicles of 1-5, these subtended by three-parted bracteoles which bear an enlarged circular gland on the center bract, panicle immersed or exserted above the foliage; entire inflorescence usually fuscous to golden pubescent, anthesis often with centrifugal maturation (Fig. 105E View Figure 105 ). Flowers sessile; calyx cylindrical, connate, 5-lobed, valvate in bud; petals 5, connate, pale pink to cream, brownish-yellow, or brown, valvate in bud; stamens 10, not flattened, free or basally connate, sometimes adnate to the petals and forming a short stemonozone, anthers dorsifixed, bearing a caducous apical gland; pollen in calymmate 8-grained polyads; ovary sessile, densely gold-pubescent, style asymmetrically inserted, stigma porate. Fruits claviform to dolabriform, 10-25 × 2.5-9 cm, 4-8-seeded, valves woody (Fig. 106G, H View Figure 106 ), dehiscent along both sutures and curling after dehiscence, dorsiventrally flattened, not internally septate but the endocarp ridged and intruding between the seeds, epicarp usually papery, black-brown, exfoliating; endocarp smooth, reddish brown to dull brown, mesocarp longitudinally fibrous. Seeds recalcitrant, smooth, unwinged, testa papery, shiny, pleurogram absent.

Chromosome number.

n = 12 ( Goldblatt and Davidse 1977).

Included species and geographic distribution.

Eleven species, native to the humid Guinean-Congolese forests of West Africa (Fig. 113 View Figure 113 ).

Ecology.

Littoral and coastal forests, and rainforest. Shrubs and treelets are generally in the understory of undisturbed forest but also flourish in older secondary forests. Larger buttressed trees occur in evergreen lowland forests, two species have hollow branchlets and are inhabited by ants, and cauliflory is reported in one species.

Etymology.

From Greek, calpo (= urn) and kylix (= drinking cup), referring to the urn-shaped calyx.

Human uses.

The wood is a valuable source of lumber and is used in construction for flooring, shipbuilding, furniture, and agricultural implements. The bark is used in traditional medicine to treat wounds and C. dinklagei has recently been found to contain powerful anti-inflammatory compounds ( Kapche et al. 2017).

Notes.

Species boundaries in Calpocalyx are difficult and more sampling is necessary to properly delimit species. The genus has a number of unique features in the Adenanthera clade. Ant-associations, while common among the members of the Adenanthera clade, have not resulted in the formation of domatia except in C. cauliflorus Hoyle and C. winkleri (Harms) Harms. Mimoseae usually have synchronous flowering within an inflorescence, but some species of Calpocalyx demonstrate remarkable centrifugal maturation within a spike. Most species in the genus are listed as vulnerable by the IUCN, including C. atlanticus Villiers, C. brevifolius Villiers, C. cauliflorus Hoyle, C. heitzii Pellegr., C. klainei Pierre ex Harms, C. letestui Pellegr., and C. ngouniensis Pellegr. Calpocalyx is here recovered as nested within Xylia (Fig. 103 View Figure 103 ), as discussed in the Adenanthera clade notes.