Clitumnini Brunner

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2008, Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: " Anareolatae ": Phasmatidae), Zootaxa 1906, pp. 1-316 : 67

5.2 Clitumnini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893

( Figs. 11–13, 23–25, 36, 41, 47, 55, 78, 82)

Type genus: Clitumnus Stål, 1875: 9 .

Clitumnini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 181.

Cliquennois, 2004: 14.

Baculini Günther, 1953: 555 .

Bradley & Galil, 1977: 192.

Ramulini, Otte & Brock, 2005: 16 .

[Not: Baculini sensu Zompro, 2005: 134 . → An exceptionally neotropical tribe of the subfamily Cladomorphinae ]

Description: Small to large (body length 45.0–211.0 mm), mostly very slender and stick-like insects with very long and slender legs (♂♂ in particular, Figs. 78a & b). The body is elongate and of ± uniform width, the abdominal segments II–VII at least 2x longer than wide. The sexual dimorphism is distinct, ♂♂ being considerably more slender and shorter than corresponding ♀♀. The antennae are often strongly shortened and in some cases (♀♀ in particular) just a little longer than the head and pronotum combined; reaching to the posterior of the mesonotum in certain ♂♂. They consist of <28 segments. The scapus is ± prominently enlarged and laterally dilated (♀♀ in particular). The head is smooth (most ♂♂) or armed with two conspicuous spines, horns or lobes between the eyes. The body is mostly unarmed and smooth but in a few cases finely granulose (♀♀ in particular). The mesothorax is ± elongate and at least 2.5x longer than the head and pronotum combined. The median segment is strongly shortened and at best ¼ the length of the metanotum. The abdominal segments II–IV are increasing in length, the longest segments (V–VII) at least 2.5x longer than wide. Abdominal tergite VII slender. ♀♀ have a more or less distinct praeopercular organ on sternum VII, usually formed by one or two spines or lobes. ♂♂ have the semi-tergites of the anal segment more or less prominently elevated apically, usually being slender and ± finger-like ( Figs. 23–25). Interiorly they are set with minute teeth either all over or along the outer margins (“Dornenfeld”, Figs. 36 & 41). In both sexes the cerci are very small to slightly lanceolate, at best equal in length to the anal segment, and cylindrical or oval in cross-section. An external vomer lacking and the lower margins of the anal segment strongly approach each other basally and almost form a closed tube ( Fig. 41). ♀♀ of most taxa have a small and scoop-like to strongly convex and boatshaped subgenital plate which at best slightly extends over the anal segment. In certain genera however it is slightly elongated and pointed apically (e.g. Prosentoria ), and others may in addition have an elongated supraanal plate to form a bird beak-like ovipositor (e.g. Entoria and Rhamphophasma ). The armature of the extremities is increasingly reduced and in ♂♂ restricted to minute sub-apical spines of the femora and minute teeth in the apical portion of the tibiae. Conspicuous armature may be present on the mid and hind legs of ♀♀ and represented by single enlarged teeth or lobes, but neither carina is densely serrate as in Pharnaciini . The medioventral carina of the meso- and metafemora is indistinct and unarmed. The profemora are very similar in structure to those of Pharnaciini having the two dorsal carinae conspicuously approaching each other, the anterodorsal carina considerably raised and the posterior carina reduced, usually being ± decidedly displaced towards the lateral surface of the femur. The medioventral carina is ± prominently elevated, ledge or lamellalike, curved inwards, and conspicuously displaced towards the anteroventral carina ( Fig. 47). The anterodorsal carina is serrate in certain ♀♀.