Cynoglossum hispidum Thunb., Prodr. Plant. Cap. 1:34 (1794); Roemer and Schultes in Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 4: 79,761 (1819); C.H. Wright in F.C. 4(2):14(1904); Brand in Engl. Planzenr. 78 [4,252]:146 (1921).

Madika, Lydia K. & Moteetee, Annah Ntsamaeeng, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the southern African species of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae), PhytoKeys 193, pp. 9-42 : 9

5. Cynoglossum hispidum Thunb., Prodr. Plant. Cap. 1:34 (1794); Roemer and Schultes in Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 4: 79,761 (1819); C.H. Wright in F.C. 4(2):14(1904); Brand in Engl. Planzenr. 78 [4,252]:146 (1921).

Cynoglossum glomeratum Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:729 (1813).

Cynoglossum enerve Type. United States of America ♀♂, Louisiana, no date, Bradbury s.n. (PH-image! holotype). Cynoglossum enerve Turcz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 1:259 (1840), E.Mey. ex DC., Prodr.10:154 (1846).

Cynoglossum enerve Type. South Africa. ♀♂, Eastern Cape, between Omcamwubo and Omcamcaba, no date, Drѐge d (HAL-image! lectotype, here designated; GDC-image! [3 sheets], isolectotype). [Note: The HAL specimen is chosen as a lectotype because the specimen displays the diagnostic characters of the species as described in the protologue].

Echinospermum enerve E.Mey. ex DC. Prodr. 10:154 (1846), nom. nud.

Type.

South Africa ♀ ♂, Precise locality unknown, Lange Kloof, Thunberg 168 sub THUNB-UPS 3996 (UPS, microfiche! holotype) .

Perennial or biennial herbs, 0.5-0.76 m in height. Basal leaves 80-250 × 15-25 mm, lanceolate-obtuse, densely pubescent, deciduous, margins entire. Stem leaves 60-80 × 5-12 mm, oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, base cuneate, covered with brittle hairs, margins entire. Trichomes bulbous based on the upper surface of the leaf, sometimes simple on the lower surface. Inflorescence terminal axillary cyme, branches spreading dichotomously; pedicel up to 20 mm long, lengthens considerably in fruit. Calyx ca. 5-10 mm long, lobes obtuse, outer surface packed with bulbous-based trichomes, apex acute. Corolla magenta; lobes ca. 5 mm in diameter, cruciform. Nutlets convex, 5-6 × 3-5 mm, highly pubescent; glochidia short and thick at the base, tips multiangular (Figure 11 ).

Phenology.

October to March.

Conservation status.

Least Concern ( Raimondo et al. 2009).

Diagnostic characters.

The species can be confused with C. lanceolatum with which it shares a similar branching pattern of the inflorescences and upright brittle hairs covering the whole plant. However, the two differ in the colour of the corolla (magenta-purplish vs. white with blue throat in C. lanceolatum ) and pedicel length (2 cm long opposed to less than 2 cm long in C. lanceolatum ).

Distribution and habitat.

This species is widely distributed across all provinces of South Africa. It can also be found in eSwatini and Lesotho (Figure 12 ). It mostly occurs in open grasslands, grassy slopes, woodland marshes, and disturbed areas like abandoned lands.

Additional specimens examined.

South Africa. Limpopo: 2229 (Waterpoort): Evelyn valley (-BD), Feb 1944, RUC Biology Expedition 417 (GRA). 2430 (Tzaneen): Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (-AA), 4 Dec 1985, M. Stalmans 790 (PRE); Sekhukhune District , Leolo Mountains (-CA), 14 Mar 2007, B. Sachse 471 (PRE). North-West: 2523 (Pomfret): Forbes (-DA), 29 Oct 1959, B. Dlamini s.n. (NH). 2627 (Potchefstroom): Goedgedacht (-AA), 1 May 1932, J.D. Sutton 676 (PRE); Losberg, Elandsfontein (-BC), 11 Dec 1934, J.J. Theron 725 (NH); Potchefstroom (-CA), 23 Nov 1946, W.J. Louw 1525 (PRE). Gauteng: 2528 (Pretoria): Brooklyn (-CA), 16 Sep 1928, A.O.D. Mogg 15247 (PRE); 6 Apr 2019, A.N. Moteetee and L.K. Madika AL014 (JRAU); 1931, A.O.D. Mogg 16601 (PRE); 30 Sep 1943, A.O.D. Mogg 17001 (PRE); Doornpoort/ Hartbeesfontein (-CB), 24 Jan 2004, S.P. Bester 4656 (PRE); Irene District (-CC), Oct 1929, A.A. Obermeyer 27651 (PRE). 2628 (Johannesburg): Vereeniging District (-AC), 23 Nov 2007, S.P. Bester 8268 (PRE); Suikkerbosrand Nature Reserve (-AD), 7 Apr 1970, A. Lambrechts 265 (PRE). Mpumalanga: 2530 (Mashishing): Boschhoek (-AA), 16 Nov 1933, R.S.N. Young A375 (PRE); Verlorenkloof Reserve , Welgedacht (-AD), 28 Nov 2008, S.P. Bester 8679A (PRE); Machadodorp, Farm Grootvlei (-CB), 21 Oct 1988, P. Burgoyne 457 (PRE); Songimvelo Game Reserve (-DD), 10 Dec 1992, M. Jordaan 2490 (PRE). 2629 (Bethal): Bethal (-AD), 14 Dec 2010, R. Leendertz 9386 (PRE). 2630 (Carolina): Ermelo District , Spitskop (-CA), Dec 1915, R. Potts 5007 (PRE). Northern Cape: 2820 (Kakamas): Krantzkop (-DA), Nov 1911, J. Thode 4768 (NBG). Free State. 2728 (Frankfort): Farm Reitfontein (-BC), 28 Jan 1983, E. Retief 1071 (PRE). 2828 (Bethlehem): Qwaqwa National Park (-BC), 22 Nov 1994, P.C. Zietsman 2558 (NH); Golden Gate National Park (-DA), 12 Dec 1988, Gertenbach and Groenewald 8929 (PRE); Witsieshoek (-DB), 10 Mar 2015, S. Parbhoo 81 (NH). 2829 (Harrismth): Harrismith (-AC), 17 Mar 1981, M.L. Jacobsz 3092 (PRE); 18 Nov 1978, M.L. Jacobsz 1299 (PRE); Rensburgskop (-AD), 10 Dec 1962, M.L. Jacobsz 199 (NBG; PRE). Kwazulu-Natal: 2730 (Vryheid): Oshoek District , Wakkerstroom (-AD), 19 Nov 1962, N.J. Devenish 954 (PRE); Klipspruit Dam (-DD), 10 Feb 2005, S.P. Bester 6540 (NH, PRE). 2731 (Louwsburg): Zululand District municipality (-CD), 29 Oct 2000, T. Edwards and C. Potgieter s.n. (NU); 26 Jan 2012, A.M. Ngwenya and D.G.A. Styles 4085 (NH). 2732 (Ubombo): Ingwavuma (-AA), 22 Nov 1969, E.J. Moll 4680 (NH, PRE). 2829 (Harrismith): Cathedral Peak (-CC), 10 Nov 1956, D.J.B. Killick 1115 (PRE); 13 Oct 1984, J. Scott 251 (NH). 2830 (Dundee): Dundee District (-AA), 26 Nov 1964, N.E. Shirley s.n. (NU); Klipriver District , Elandslaagte (-CD), 23 Oct 1964, N.E. Shirley s.n. (NU). 2831 (Nkandla): Empangeni (-DB), 9 Jul 1965, H.J.T. Venter 1917 (PRE). 2929 (Underberg): Giants Castle Game Reserve (-AB), 8 Feb 1966, W.R. Trauseld 575 (PRE); (-AD), 8 Nov 2001, T.R. Green 1217 (NU); Mpendhle District (-BC), 5 Jan 1983, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 16218 (PRE); Underberg District (-CB), 3 Feb 1975, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 7942 (NU); 3 Feb 1976, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 8905 (NU); 24 Mar 1977, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 9818 (NU); 11 Jan 1978, M.A. Rennie 911 (NU); 27 Jan 1982, M.A. Rennie 1307 (NU); 13 Feb 1983, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 17234 (NU); 6 Jan 1984, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 17290 (PRE); Underberg District (-CC), 19 Jan 1984, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 17346 (NU); 9 Jan 1986, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 18998 (NU); Hlogoma Mountain (-DC), 30 Nov 2015, S.M. Berruti 513 (NH); Donnybrook (-DD), 7 Nov 2013, D.G.A Styles 4579 (NH); 8 Mar 2019, A.N. Moteetee and L.K. Madika AL011 (JRAU). 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Lidgetton (-AC), 23 Mar 1920, A.O.D. Mogg 6894 (PRE); 29 Sep 1964, E.J. Moll 1036 (NU, PRE); 13 Jan 1988, B. Grove 98 (NU); Umgeni River (-CA), 20 Oct 1984, J. Manning 538 (NU); 8 Mar 2019, A.N. Moteetee and L.K. Madika AL013 (JRAU); Ukulinga farm (-CB), 8 Mar 1982, J.C. Manning 212 (NU); Nagle Dam (-DA), 15 Sep 1957, M.J. Wells 1676 (NU); Cliffdale road (-DC), 17 Aug 2002, D.G.A. Styles 9141 (NU); 30 Jul 2003, P. Wragg 205 (NU), 7 Nov 2014, D.G.A. Styles 4925 (NH). 2931 (Stanger): Groutville (-AD), 14 Oct 1965, E.J. Moll 2500 (NU, PRE). 3029 (Kokstad): Insizwa (-CA), 24 Feb 1972, R.G. Strey 10827 (NU); Kokstad District (-DA), 1968, C.J. Piek 53 (NH); 25 Feb 1978, T.A. Coleman 985 (NH); no date, F.M. Getliffe and T. Edwards 1266 (NU). 3030 ( Port Shepstone ): M. Stainbank’s farm, mid Illovo (-BB), 24 Sep 2009, A. Young 1155 (NU); Umzinto District (-BC), 3 Sep 1983, K. Balkwill and J.C. Manning 828 (NU); 20 Oct 1997, A.M. Ngwenya 1538 (NH); Port Shepstone (-CB), 3 Oct 1937, A.O.D. Mogg 13873 (PRE); (-CD), 20 Sep 1955, S. McNeil 142 (NU). 3030 (Umzinto): Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve (-BC), 3 Sep 1983, K. Balkwill and J.C. Manning 808 (NU); 29 Sep 1984, C.F. Kennedy 32 (NU). Western Cape: 3219 (Cape Town): Rivierground in pypsteelbosse (-CC), 18 Dec 1980, W.J. Hanekom 2600 (PRE); Kouebokkeveld Berge, (-CC), 24 Nov 1998, W.J. Hanekom 3120 (NBG). 3322 (Oudtshoorn): Outeniqua Mountains (-CC), 9 Nov 1986, J.H.J Vlok 1693 (PRE). Eastern Cape: 3027 (Barkly East): Farm Faskally near England (-DA), 9 Nov 1995, J.E. Victor 1586 (PRE); Ben McDui (-DC), 6 Jan 1997, T. Dold and M. Cocks 3495 (GRA). 3028 (Umtata): Maclear District (-CA), 16 Jan 2016, S.P. Bester 13207 (PRE); Maclear (-CC), 7 Nov 1993, S.P. Bester 1535 (NH); Kloof (-DD), 28 Feb 1946, R. Story 950 (PRE). 3128 (Umtata): Hill above Mhlanfane Forest Station (-BC), 31 Jan 1983, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 16341 (NU); Lady Frere, Engcobo (-CC), 25 Nov 1990, E. Cloete 590 (NH); (-DB), 21 Oct 1953, G.C. Theron 1604 (PRE); Elliotdale District (-DC), 11 Jul 1966, J.L. Gordon-Gray 529 (NH). 3129 (Umtata): Baziya, Tembuland (-CC), no date, Baur 257 (K-image); Blesbok flats Cathcart Div. Cape, 1838, Drége s.n. (K-image); between St John’s River and Umtsikaba River, Pondoland, 1838, Drége s.n (K-image!). 3225 (Elandsfontein): Elandsfontein (-AA), 13 Dec 2005, S.P. Bester 6347 (GRA, PRE). 3226 ( Fort Beaufort ): Along gravel road to Sada off the R67 (-BD), 8 Feb 1995, J.E. Victor and D.B. Haare 392 (PRE); Mpofu Game Reserve (-DA), 28 Feb 2006, C.L. Bredenkamp 3338 (PRE); Menzieberg, Amatole Mountains (-DB), 6 Jan 1986, P.B. Phillipson 1185 (GRA), Fort Beaufort Road , 2 miles (3.22 km) from Alice (-DD), 22 Oct 1939, M.H. Giffen 264 (PRE). 3227 (Stutterheim): Stutterheim (-AD), 5 Dec 1942, J.P.H. Acocks 9399 (PRE); Pirie Mission (-CC), exact date not provided 1888, T.R. Sim 20419 (NU, PRE); 5 Aug 2014, S. Mgcuwa 117 (GRA); King William's Town (-DB), Nov 1891, H.G. Flanagan 1193 (PRE). 3326 (Grahamstown): Faraway (-AD), 4 Dec 1980, A. Jacot Guillarmod 8473 (GRA); Nov 1942, E. Archibald 669 (GRA); Alexandria (-CB), 10 Aug 1953, S. Johnson 691 (GRA); 11 Feb 1953, W. Marais 185 (PRE). 3327 (Peddie): Peddie District (-AC), 5 Nov 1993, T. Dold and A. Booi 481 (GRA) .

eSwatini. 2631 (Mbabane): Forbes reef (-AA), 29 Oct 1959, B. Dlamini s.n. (NBG) .

Lesotho. 2928 (Marakabei): Ntiboho valley (-AC), 2 Jan 1947, A. Jacot Guillarmod 279 (GRA). 2929 (Underberg): Thaba Ntšo, Sehlabathebe National Park (-CC), 4-14 Jan 1973, Jacot Guillarmod, Getliffe and Mzamane 65 (PRE); 13 Feb 1976, A. Beverly 471 (PRE) .

Unknown localities: Feb 1895, Maurice and Evans 474 (NH) ; Feb 1939, J. Wylie 30120 (NH) ; Apr 1943, B. Fischer 464 (NU) ; 15 Dec 1943, W.F. Barker 2796 (NBG) ; 18 Nov1952, H.B. Gilliland 26862 (PRE) ; 18 Dec 1966, R.G. Strey 7047 (NH) ; Mar 2000, T. Edwards 2088 (NU) .

Taxonomic notes.

Brand (1921) included C. hispidum as a synonym of C. lanceolatum . However, the two species have notable variations especially in the colour of the corolla (magenta-purplish vs. white with blue throat in C. lanceolatum ) and pedicel length (2 cm long opposed to less than 2 cm long in C. lanceolatum ).

Figures

Figure 11. Vegetative and reproductive morphological features of Cynoglossum hispidum A line drawing of obtuse shaped, rosette base leaves, terminal branched fruits, terminal flowers B densely packed with glochidia nutlets C Glochidia wide at the base, with multiangular tip. Voucher specimen: S. P. Bester 12958 (PRE). Drawing scale bar: 7.5 mm. SEM scale bar: 5 mm; 100 µm (C).

Figure 12. Known distribution of Cynoglossum hispidum in southern Africa based on the specimens examined.