Protoptilum stet. CCZ_068
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publication ID |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/615CA680-9C26-5169-BA0C-5CD7E7BE977E |
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treatment provided by |
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scientific name |
Protoptilum stet. CCZ_068 |
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Fig. 19 View Figure 19
Material.
Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 specimen; APEI 7; 4.8897°N, 141.75°W; 3096 m deep; 27 May. 2018; Smith & Durden leg.; GenBank: ON400694 View Materials (COI), ON406605 View Materials (16S); NHMUK 2021.24; Voucher: CCZ_068 GoogleMaps
Description.
Single specimen, ~ 12 cm tall, narrow sea pen; in situ colouration orange with whitish polyps (Fig. 19A View Figure 19 ). Two rows, opposite to each other, of elongated polyp calyces along the rachis (Fig. 19B, C View Figure 19 ).
Remarks.
The COI sequence forms a clade with sequences from Protoptilum (<1% genetic divergence), a genus within the family Protoptilidae , while the 16S sequence is very similar to sequences of Protoptilum and Distichoptilum , both genera within the same family. In the phylogenetic tree, the family Protoptilidae was not recovered as monophyletic, but the CCZ specimen was recovered (with 1.00 posterior probability) as sister to Protoptilum carpenterii Kölliker, 1872.
Ecology.
The specimen was found anchored to soft sediment on a seamount of APEI 7, at 3096 m depth.
Comparison with image-based catalogue.
No similar Pennatulacea morphotypes have been catalogued so far from seabed imagery in the eastern CCZ or in abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ. Consequently, the in situ image of Protoptilum stet. CCZ_068 was catalogued as a new morphotype (i.e., Protoptilum sp. indet., PEN_024). In seabed images, PEN_024 can resemble other single-branched sea pens or even soft corals.
Subclass Ceriantharia Perrier, 1893
Order Spirularia den Hartog, 1977
To date, there are no records from a minimum of 3000 m depth in the CCZ for the order Spirularia ( OBIS 2022). We recovered a single specimen, for which the COI and 16S genes were successfully amplified and included in a concatenated matrix (12S, 16S, 18S, 28S, and COI) to estimate a phylogenetic tree of the Ceriantharia (Fig. 20 View Figure 20 ).
Spirularia stet. CCZ_067
Fig. 21 View Figure 21
Material. Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 specimen; APEI 7; 4.8875°N, 141.7572°W; 3132 m deep; 27 May. 2018; Smith & Durden leg.; GenBank: ON400693 (COI), ON406606 (16S); NHMUK 2021.23; Voucher: CCZ_067.
Description. Single specimen, unattached, tube-dweller with tentacles extended above the sediment in situ (Fig. 21A View Figure 21 ). Very long, conical, tapering, reddish brown tentacles; capitulum whitish when alive (Fig. 21A View Figure 21 ). Column is 12 mm in height and 5 mm in width excluding tentacles (Fig. 21B View Figure 21 ). Tube consisting of soft sediment.
Remarks. The closest matches to the COI and 16S sequences were sequences from other members of the family Cerianthidae : Pachycenrianthus , Cerianthus , Ceriantheromorphe . However, in the concatenated phylogeny, it forms a clade with Boctrunidifer sp. 1 and Ceriantheopsis americanus , belonging to the families Botrucnidiferidae and Cerianthidae , respectively (Fig. 20 View Figure 20 ). As Forero-Mejia et al. (2019) recovered both families as non-monophyletic and a revision of these is suggested, we were unable to assign it to a family.
Ecology. The specimen was found buried in the sediment on a seamount in APEI 7, at 3132 m depth.
Comparison with image-based catalogue. A very similar Ceriantharia morphotype (i.e., Spirularia sp. indet., CER_001) has been commonly encountered in seabed image surveys conducted across the eastern CCZ, always found semi-buried with the tentacles extending above the sediment surface.
Class Scyphozoa Goette, 1887
For the class Scyphozoa, there are currently 128 records from> 3000 m depth in the CCZ, but none represent preserved specimens ( OBIS 2022). We collected a single specimen, for which the sequence for the COI gene was successfully amplified and included in a multi-gene phylogeny (16S, 18S, 28S, and COI) of the Scyphozoa (Fig. 22 View Figure 22 ).
Subclass Discomedusae Haeckel, 1880
Order Somaeostomeae Agassiz, 1862
Family Ulmaridae Haeckel, 1880
Ulmaridae stet. CCZ_069
Fig. 23 View Figure 23
Material. Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 specimen; APEI 7; 4.8876°N, 141.7572°W; 3133 m deep; 27 May. 2018; Smith & Durden leg.; GenBank: ON400695 (COI); NHMUK 2021.25; Voucher: CCZ_069.
Description. Single specimen, ~ 4.5 cm in diameter; with transparent bell and light brown tentacles in situ (Fig. 23A View Figure 23 ). Rhopalia are evident around the bell (Fig. 23B, C View Figure 23 ).
Remarks. Only the sequence for the COI gene was successfully amplified, but none of the matches on public databases were informative. In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 22 View Figure 22 ), the CCZ specimen was recovered in a clade with other members of the class Discomedusae. As both the Rhizostomeae and Semaeostomeae were not well supported, the specimen was not confidently assigned to any of both orders based on COI only. However, the specimen morphologically resembles an undescribed ulmariid scyphozoan ( Somaeostomeae) that was observed in the New Britain Trench ( Gallo et al. 2015).
Ecology. The specimen was found on the sediment of a seamount in APEI 7 at 3095-3132 m depth. A similar species of ulmariid from the New Britain Trench was found to skim the seafloor to feed on particulates on the sediment ( Gallo et al. 2015).
Comparison with image-based catalogue. No similar Ulmaridae morphotypes have been catalogued so far from seabed imagery in the eastern CCZ or in abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ. Consequently, the in situ image of Ulmaridae stet. CCZ_069 was catalogued as a new morphotype (i.e., Ulmaridae gen. indet., SCY_010). A similarly shaped Ulmaridae morphotype (e.g., Ulmaridae gen. indet., SCY_009; opaque reddish bell, dark brown tentacles encircled with a white ring, and dark rhopalia around the bell), also eventually found crawling on the seabed surface, was previously catalogued from seabed imagery in nodule field areas of the eastern CCZ. When photographed lying on the seabed (as opposed to swimming in the water column), SCY_019 and SCY_010 may resemble an anemone, particularly in images collected at high altitude above the seabed (e.g.,> 5 m).
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830
There are currently 245 records of sea stars occurring at a minimum of 3000 m depth in the CCZ, with only five of those representing preserved specimens ( OBIS 2022). Four specimens were collected on the western CCZ, and sequences of the barcoding gene COI were generated for all of them, and 16S for a single specimen. These were included in a concatenated alignment of 12S, 16S, 18S, COI, and H3 used to estimate a phylogenetic tree (Fig. 24 View Figure 24 ).
Superorder Forcipulatacea Blake, 1987
Order Brisingida Fisher, 1928
Family Freyellidae Downey, 1986
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