Acestrorhynchus heterolepis, AS SISTER

Toledo-Piza, Mônica, 2007, Phylogenetic relationships among Acestrorhynchus species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (4), pp. 691-757 : 747-748

ACESTRORHYNCHUS HETEROLEPIS AS SISTER GROUP TO CLADE FORMED BY A. FALCIROSTRIS , A. ISALINEAE, AND A. NASUTUS (HYPOTHESIS 2)

111. Further elongated snout, approximately twice as long as orbital diameter (character 12, 1> 2).

Ambiguous characters

112. Further developed ventral diverging lamella of mesethmoid (character 1, 1> 2). Reversed in A. falcirostris .

113. Presence of enlarged foramen on posterior portion of lateral wing of mesethmoid (character 2, 0> 1). Reversed in A. falcirostris .

114. Posterior margin of lateral wing of mesethmoid forming small lateral shelf that roofs over anteriormost portion of nasal cavity, and gradually converges posteriorly towards main body of mesethmoid (character 3, 1> 0).

115. Interdigitating shape of anterior projection of vomer that overlaps posteroventral portion of mesethmoid (character 6, 0> 1). Reversed in clade formed by A. isalineae and A. nasutus .

116. Premaxillary foramen that receives anteriormost dentary conical tooth similar in size of foramen that receives dentary canine (character 42, 1> 2). Reversed in A. falcirostris .

117. Endopterygoid teeth arranged in one or two short rows of slightly enlarged teeth on middle of ossification (character 52, 0> 2). Further modified in A. heterolepis , A. falcirostris , and A. isalineae .

118. Loss of a well-developed lateral branch of laterosensory canal of fourth infraorbital (character 92, 1> 0).

Ambiguous character

119. Presence of dark stripe from tip of snout to caudal-fin base, and another from end of maxillary to base of caudal peduncle, rather diffuse anteriorly, and enlarged at region of anal fin in at least juveniles (character 103, 1> 3). Further modified in A. heterolepis .