Strobilanthes echinata Nees

Kladwong, Pornchai & Chantaranothai, Pranom, 2024, Notes on Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) with capitate inflorescences in Thailand, PhytoKeys 244, pp. 89-126 : 89-126

9. Strobilanthes echinata Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 85. 1832.

Fig. 10 C

Goldfussia echinata (Nees) N. P. Balakr. , Fl. Jowai 2: 355. 1983. Type: Based on Strobilanthes echinata Nees

Dicliptera crenata Miq. , Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 844. 1858. Type: Indonesia, Sumatra, Horsfield s. n. (isotype BM [ BM 000884896!]).

Strobilanthes jugorum Benoist , Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 601. 1934. Type: Vietnam, Tonkin, Chapa, Sept 1929, Pételot s. n. (holotype P [ P 00204976 image!]).

Tetraglochidium jugorum (Benoist) Bremek. , Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 207. 1965. Type: Based on Strobilanthes jugorum Benoist

Strobilanthes latibracteata J. B. Imlay , Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (3): 122. 1939. Type: Thailand, Trang, Khao [Kao] Soi Dao, 28 Apr 1930, Kerr 19190 (lectotype BM [ BM 000793157!] designated here; isolectotypes ABD [ ABDUH: 2 / 908 image!], BK [257645!]).

Strobilanthes maingayi C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4 (11): 448. 1884. Type: Malaya, Maingay 1182 (lectotype K [ K 001514853!] first step designated by Bennett et al. (2008), second step designated here; isolectotypes BM [ BM 00088495!], K [ K 001514854!]).

Tetraglochidium maingayi (C. B. Clarke) Bremek. , Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2. 41 (1): 221. 1944. Type: Based on Strobilanthes maingayi C. B. Clarke

Tetraglochidium maingayi var. paucinervium Bremek. , Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 206. 1965. Type: Thailand, Prachinburi, Khao Khieo, 20 June 1963, Larsen 10159 (holotype U [ U 0000138 image!]; isotypes AAU!, BKF [ BKF 080038!], C [ C 10005203 image!]).

Strobilanthes maingayi var. glabra [glaber] J. B. Imlay, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (3): 119. 1939. Type: Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Khao [Kao] Luang, 5 July 1926, Kerr 10835 (lectotype BM [ BM 000793159!] designated here; isolectotypes ABD [ ABDUH: 2 / 909 image!], BK [257644!], K [ K 001514916!, K 001514917!]).

Strobilanthes pectinata var. acuminata J. B. Imlay in Kew Bull. 1939: 119. 1939. Type: Thailand, Khao [Kao] Luang, 29 Apr 1928, Kerr 15464 (lectotype BM [ BM 000793158!] designated here; isolectotypes ABD [ ABDUH: 2 / 912 image!], BK [231580!], K [ K 001514913!, K 001514914!]).

Strobilanthes echinata var. acuminata (J. B. Imlay) Bremek. , Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2. 41 (1): 274. 1944. Type: Based on Strobilanthes pectinata var. acuminata J. B. Imlay.

Strobilanthes pectinata var. glandulosa J. B. Imlay , Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (3): 119. 1939. Type: Thailand, Nan, Pua, Mt. Pu Huat, 3 Mar 1921, Kerr 4993 (lectotype BM [ BM 000793160!] designated here; isolectotypes ABD [ ABDUH: 2 / 910 image!], BK [231583!], K [ K 001514918!]).

Strobilanthes echinata var. glandulosa (J. B. Imlay) Bremek. , Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2. 41 (1): 274. 1944. Type: Based on Strobilanthes pectinata var. glandulosa J. B. Imlay

Strobilanthes pectinata var. punctata J. B. Imlay , Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (3): 119. 1939. Type: Thailand, Satun, Khao [Kao] Keo Range, 12 Mar 1928, Kerr 14512 (lectotype BM [ BM 000793156!] designated here; isolectotypes ABD [ ABDUH: 2 / 911 image!], BK [231579!]).

Strobilanthes echinata var. punctata (J. B. Imlay) Bremek. , Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2. 41 (1): 274. 1944. Type: Based on Strobilanthes pectinata var. punctata J. B. Imlay

Ruellia pectinata Wall. , Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2356. 1830, nom. nud.

Type.

India, Meghalaya, de Silva in Wall. Numer. List: 2356, 1831–1832 (lectotype K-W [ K 001115724!], designated by Bennett et al. 2008, pg. 133; isolectotype BM [ BM 000884989!]).

Distribution.

India, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia.

Ecology.

In evergreen forest, granite bedrock; 310–2,580 m alt., flowering and fruiting from August to July.

Selected specimens examined.

Thailand, Northern: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, 2,200 –2,440 m alt., 2 May 1921, Kerr 5308 ( BK, BM, K); ibid., 2,170 m alt., 4 June 1930, Garrett 564 ( BKF, K- 2 sheets, L); ibid., 1,200 –2,580 m alt., 24 June 1978, Phengklai et al. 4066 ( BKF, K, L, PSU); ibid., 2,565 m alt., 31 Dec 1989, Maxwell 89-1629 ( CMU, E, L); ibid., Fang, Doi Pha Hom Pok NP, 1,300 m alt., 12 Sept 1967, Iwatsuki et al. 9572 ( BKF, K, KYO, L); Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP, 1,450 m alt., 25 June 1999, Srisanga 735 ( AAU, BKF, QBG, CMUB); ibid., Pua, Phu Huat, 1,500 –1,600 m alt., 3 Mar 1921, Kerr 4993 ( ABD, BK, BM, K); Uttaradit, Phu Soi Dao NP, 1,960 m alt., 30 June 2009, Intamusik et al. 245 ( QBG); North-eastern: Loei, Phu Luang WS, 1,200 m alt., 28 Aug 1996, Phengklai & Fukuoka 10096 ( BKF- 3 sheets, QBG- 2 sheets); Eastern: Chaiyaphum, Thung Kamang, 850 m alt., 1 June 1974, Geesink et al. 7129 ( AAU, BKF, K, L); Nakhon Ratchasima, Khao Yai NP, 600–800 m alt., 7 July 1963, Kasem 288 ( BK); ibid., Khao Khieo, 1,300 m alt., 29 Aug 1963, Smitinand & Sleumer s. n. ( BKF); South-western: Prachuap Khiri Khan, Khao Luang, 1,000 m alt., 5 July 1926, Kerr 10835 ( ABD, BK, BM, K- 2 sheets); Central: Saraburi, Khao Khieo, 1,000 m alt., 8 June 1979, Vidal et al. 6360 ( AAU, BKF, K, KYO, L, P); South-eastern: Prachinburi, Khao Khieo, 1,300 m alt., 20 June 1963, Larsen 10159 ( AAU, BKF, C, U); Rayong, Khao Cha Moa-Khao Wong NP, 650 m alt., 24 Nov 1979, Shimizu et al. 23465 ( KYO); Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut NP, Krating Waterfall, 310 m alt., 29 Nov 1979, Shimizu et al. 23940 ( BKF, KYO- 2 sheets, L); Trat, Khao Kuap, 22 May 1930, Put 2940 ( BK, BM, K); Peninsular: Ranong, Kaper, Khao Pawta Luang Kaeo, 940–1200 m alt., 9 Dec 1979, Shimizu et al. 26595 ( BKF, KYO); Krabi, Khao Phanom Bencha NP, 1,350 m alt., 8 Jan 2006, Gardner ST 2182 ( BKF- 2 sheets, K- 2 sheets); Nakhon Si Thammarat, Khao Luang, 900 m alt., 29 Apr 1928, Kerr 15464 ( ABD, BK, BM, K- 2 sheets); ibid., 3 May 1941, Smitinand 827 ( BKF, L); ibid., 1,200 –1,300 m alt., 24 Feb 1995, Larsen et al. 45973 ( AAU); Trang, Palian, Khao Soi Dao, 800 m alt., 28 Apr 1930, Kerr 19190 ( ABD, BK, BM); ibid., Yan Ta Khao, Khao Banthat, summit area of Phu Pha Mek, 1,240 m alt., 7 Apr 2003, Middleton et al. 1995 ( BKF, E) & 2001 ( BKF); Satun, Khao [Kao] Keo Range, 600 m alt., 12 Mar 1928, Kerr 14512 ( ABD, BK, BM); ibid., 700 m alt., 12 Mar 1928, Kerr 14528 ( BK, BM, K); Songkhla, Hat Yai, Ton Nga Chang Waterfall, 21 Aug 1992, Niyomdham 3066 ( BKF- 2 sheets); Pattani, Khao [Kao] Kala Kiri, 800–900 m alt., 1 Apr 1928, Kerr 14954 ( BK, BM, K); Yala, Bannang Sata, Khao Pok Yok, 1,000 m alt., 10 Oct 1991, Larsen et al. 42276 ( AAU, BKF).

Preliminary conservation status assessment.

This species has an Extent of Occurrence ( EOO) of 469,202.533 km 2 and an Area of Occupancy ( AOO) of 88.000 km 2 and is assessed as Least Concern ( LC) following IUCN (2022).

Notes.

Strobilanthes echinata differs from S. cruciata in its dentate or fimbriate or dentate-crenate vs. acuminate on the apex bracteoles and calyx. In addition, the bracts of S. echinata are sessile vs. bract with petiolar base in S. cruciata .

Strobilanthes maingayi was described based on Maingay 1182 at K ( Clarke 1884). Material at K was considered to be the holotype by Bennett et al. (2008). However, there is no indication in Clarke (1884) that only the material now in K was studied. We also found that there are three duplicates of Maingay 1182, two of which are deposited at K [ K 001514853, K 001514854] and the other one at BM [ BM 00088495]. K 001514853 has more leaves and inflorescences than the others. Bennett et al. (2008) can be considered as first step lectotypification ( Turland 2019). We therefore, undertake the second step and select K 001514853 as the lectotype.

Kerr 19190 was cited in the protologue of S. latibracteata ( Imlay 1939) . This number has three duplicates each one was deposited at ABD [ ABDUH: 2 / 908], BK [257645] and BM [ BM 000793157]. We found that the sheet BM 000793157 has Imlay ’ s handwriting labelled as “ Strobilanthes latibracteata Imlay Type no. ” and the specimen has well-preserved bracts as well as corolla. Furthermore, the size of the leaf, bract and corolla matches with the protologue. Therefore, the sheet BM 000793157 is selected as the lectotype.

Kerr 10835 was mentioned as the type of S. maingayi var. glabra ( Imlay 1939) . [The varietal name was originally published as ‘ glaber: but as Strobilanthes is feminine we follow Bennett et al. 2008 and use glabra]. Kerr 10835 has five duplicates, two of which are at K [ K 001514916, K 001514917] and one each at ABD [ ABDUH: 2 / 909], BK [257644] and BM [ BM 000793159]. The sheet BM 000793159 agreed with the protologue based on leaf size and has Imlay ’ s handwriting as follows: “ Strobilanthes maingayi C. B. Clarke var. glabra Imlay Type of var. ” Therefore, we designate the sheet BM 000793159 as the lectotype.

Kerr 15464 was cited in the protologue of S. pectinata var. acuminata ( Imlay 1939) . This number has five duplicates, two of which were deposited at K [ K 001514913, K 001514914] and each one was housed at ABD [ ABDUH: 2 / 912], BK [231580], BM [ BM 000793158]. The sheet BM 000793158 has Imlay ’ s handwriting as follows: “ Strobilanthes pectinata T. Anders. var. acuminata Imlay Type of var. ” and has well-preserved leaves. Therefore, the sheet BM 000793158 is selected as the lectotype and the other duplicates are isolectotypes.

Imlay (1939) described a new taxon, S. pectinata var. glandulosa based on Kerr 4993 which has four duplicates one each at ABD [ ABDUH: 2 / 910], BK [231583], BM [ BM 000793160] and K [ K 001514918]. We select the sheet BM 000793160 as the lectotype because it has glandular hairs on the stem which correspond with the protologue. Additionally, it also has Imlay ’ s handwriting as follows: “ Strobilanthes pectinata T. Anders. var. glandulosa Imlay ”.

Var. pectinata was described as a new taxon by Imlay (1939) based on Kerr 14512 which has three duplicates, each one was deposited in ABD [ ABDUH: 2 / 911], BK [231579] and BM [ BM 000793156]. The sheet BM 000793156 has the size of bracts, calyx and fruits corresponding with the protologue and it also has Imlay ’ s handwriting as follows: “ Strobilanthes pectinata T. Anders. var. punctata Imlay Type no. of var. ”. Therefore, the sheet BM 000793156 is selected as the lectotype.

Figures

Figure 10. Distribution maps of Strobilanthes with capitate inflorescence in Thailand A S. aprica (Hance) T. Anderson, S. articulata J. B. Imlay and S. brandisii T. Anderson B S. capitata (Nees) T. Anderson, S. chiangdaoensis Terao and S. consors C. B. Clarke C S. cruciata (Bremek.) Terao, S. dimorphotricha subsp. rex (C. B. Clarke) J. R. I. Wood and S. echinata Nees D S. erecta C. B. Clarke, S. esquirolii H. Lév. and S. falconeri T. Anderson.