Nezara viridula ( Linnaeus, 1758 )

Ferrari, Augusto, Schwertner, Cristiano Feldens & Grazia, Jocelia, 2010, Review, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Zootaxa 2424, pp. 1-41 : 16-17

Nezara viridula ( Linnaeus, 1758)

( Fig. 1 A , 3B , 4A, 4B , 5 , 7A , 8A , 9A , 10 C–D , 12C–E , 16A , 17A )

Cimex viridulus Linnaeus, 1758: 444

Cimex torquatus Fabricius, 1775: 710 (syn. to smaragdula by Illiger, 1807: 30) Cimex smaragdulus Fabricius, 1775: 711 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 193) Cimex transversus Thunberg, 1783: 40 (syn. by Stål, 1855: 345) Cimex variabilis Villers, 1789: 505 (syn. by Reuter, 1888: 126)

Cimex spirans Fabricius, 1798: 533 (syn. by Stål, 1868: 31)

Cimex viridissimus Wolff, 1801: 55 homonym of Cimex viridissimus Poda, 1761 (syn. to smaragdula by Fieber 1861: 330)

Pentatoma? flavicollis Palisot de Beauvois, 1805: 185 (syn. to smaragdula by Amyot & Serville, 1843: 144)

Pentatoma oblonga Westwood, 1837: 37 (syn. by Distant, 1901: 813)

Pentatoma unicolor Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 193)

Pentatoma berylina Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Distant, 1901: 813)

Pentatoma subsericea Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865:193)

Pentatoma leii Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865:193)

Pentatoma tripunctigera Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 194)

Pentatoma chinensis Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 194)

Pentatoma proxima Westwood, 1837: 38 (with tripunctigera by Westwood, 1837: 38, syn. by Stål, 1865: 194). Nomen nudum ( Rider, 2006: 330)

Pentatoma chloris Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 194)

Pentatoma chlorocephala Westwood 1837: 38 (syn.by Lethierry & Severin, 1893:167)

Pentatoma propinqua Westwood, 1837: 39 (comp. with unicolor by Westwood, 1837: 39, syn. by Stål, 1865: 194). Nomen nudum ( Rider 2006: 330)

Cimex hemichloris Germar, 1838: 166 (syn. by Stål, 1865:194)

Nezara approximata Reiche & Fairmaire, 1848: 443 (syn. by Stål 1865: 194)

Pentatoma plicaticollis Lucas, 1849: 87 (syn. to smaragdula by Mulsant & Rey, 1866: 296)

Rhaphigaster prasinus Dallas, 1851: 274 (not Linnaeus, 1758) (misidentification, see Stål 1865: 193)

Rhaphigaster orbus Stål, 1854: 221 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 194)

Pentatoma vicaria Walker, 1867: 303 (syn. by Distant, 1900: 392)

Nezara viridula ; Amyot & Serville, 1843; Stål, 1865: 193 –195; 1872: 41; 1876: 91; Lethierry & Severin, 1893: 167; Kirkaldy, 1909: 117, 381; Schouteden, 1910: 88; Freeman, 1940: 357 –360; DeWitt & Godfrey, 1972: 1 –23; Azim & Shafee 1978: 507 –508; Zeng, 1982: 195 –196; Cassis & Gross, 2002: 520 –524; Rider, 2006: 329 –330

Nezara viridula var. aurantiaca Costa, 1884: 37 , 58 ( Cassis & Gross, 2002: 521)

Nezara viridula var. hepatica Horváth, 1903: 406 ( Cassis & Gross, 2002: 521)

Nezara antennata var. icterica Horváth, 1889: 31

Nezara icterica Horváth, 1889: 31 ; Ghauri, 1972: 287 syn. nov.

Diagnosis. Thorax: ostiolar ruga auriculate, conspicuous. Abdomen: urosternites with black maculae, often shorter than in N. yunnana . Male: ventral rim of pygophore with brims restricted to posterolateral angles, abruptly ending ( Fig. 8A ). N. viridula shares this character with N. antennata and N. similis . Paramere bilobate, lobes of almost equal size; median bristles attached at apex of a short digitiform process directed to lateral surface ( Fig. 10 C–D ; 12C–E ). N. viridula shares the paramere process with N. antennata and N. yunnana , but the bristles at apex of the process is an autapomophy. Female: posterior margins of gonocoxites 8 sinuous near sutural angles; basal half of laterotergites 9 concave ( Fig. 10 A ; gonoxites 9 with 1+1 concave areas, this characteristic shared with N. antennata and N. yunnana ; digitiform processes of capsula seminalis subequal in length ( Fig. 17 A ) present also in N. yunnana .

Material examined: Pentatoma vicaria Walker, 1867 Holotype ( ♀ BMNH) with labels: a) type b) E. Rio /5860 Pentatoma vicaria . CHINA: Chingehegshan, Schechuan , VIII.1932, G.Liu col. (13, AMNH). INDIA: Lutlejd, RW., N. India, M.M. Carleton col. (1♀ 13, AMNH); Kaik. Unyal , Unyal goon , 5500ft, V– VII.1941, Seklana Theri Garhwal (1♀ AMNH). VENEZUELA: Carabobo, 460m, 25.VI.1966, A. Fernandez col. (1♀, MIZA); Aragua, Rancho Grande , 10.IV.1967, Salcedo, J. col. (13, MIZA); Aragua, Villa de Cura , 4.VII.1945, Fernandes, F. col. (131♀, MIZA) “en algodón”; Aragua, Tasajera , 20.I.1951, Requerta, J.R. col. (43, MIZA); Lara, Terepaima , 1–4.XI.1956, Fernandes, F. y C.J.Rosales col. (1♀, MIZA); Aragua , 29.V.1966. Fernandes, F. col. (13, MIZA); Carabobo, Mariara , 25.VI. 1966, 460m. Fernandes, F. col. (2♀, MIZA) “ trampa de luz ”; Aragua, Choroni , 25/V/48, Fernandes, F. y F. Aponte col. (1♀, MIZA); Lara, Sanare , 5.III.1957, Fernandes, F. y C.J.Rosales col. (13, MIZA); Aragua , 17.VI.1956, Garcia, E. col. (1♀, MHNV); Distrito Federal, El Valle , 24.2.1945, Fernandes, F. (1♀, MHNV); La Florida Serrania de Barbula, 19.XII.61, Joly col. (1♀, MHNV); BRAZIL: Bahia, Itabuna ( CPDC), 1980, Milanez, J.M. col. (1♀, UFRG); Minas Gerais, Fazenda S. José Cong. Aparecida , XI.1960, Carvalho, J.C.M. (13, UFRG); Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro , IV.1918, Mendes, D. col., (13, UFRG); São Paulo, Campinas ( Barão Geraldo ), 5.V.1980, Sazima, I. col. (1♀, UFRG); São Paulo, Campinas (UNICAMP), 16.VII.1980, Grazia, J. col. (13, UFRG); Paraná, Londrina , Embrapa Soja , 6.VII.1999, Pubelli G.C. leg (333♀, UFRG); Santa Catarina, Garopaba , 15– 30.I.1998, J. Grazia (1♀ 33, UFRG); Sem dados: 13 ( UFRG); Santa Catarina, Nova Teutônia , 1948, Plaumann, F. col. 22 0 11’5/52 0 23’ L (13, AMNH); Santa Catarina, Porto União , 20.V.2003, Pimpão, D.M. col (1♀, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria , 2.VII.1980, Pauichi, J. col., J. Grazia det. 1986, (13, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Estrela , 1.IV.07, Greve, C. col. (1♀, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria , 26. IV.1982, Costa & Link col., em soja (13, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria , XII.1981, Link, D. col., em feijão, Jocélia Grazia det. 1986, (132♀, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Cruz Alta , 19.X.1981, Link & Costa col., em colza, (13, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria , 7.XII.1981, Link & Costa col., em colza, Jocélia Grazia det. 1986 (13, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Guaíba , 1.X.1985, Del Vecchio, M.C. col., em joá (132♀, UFRG); Rio Grande Sul, Estação Ecológica do Taim , 23.III.1981, 4.IV.1981, Grazia, J. col., (1♀, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Viamão , 1966, (133♀, MGAP); Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas , XII.1956, (13, MGAP); Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre , 27.XI.1956, (13, MGAP); Rio Grande do Sul, Cachoerinha , 18.IV.1981, Mocellin, R.P. col. (1♀, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Canoas , 22.XII.1985, Fernandes, J.A.M. col. (13, UFRG).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira (Scale = 5mm).

FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of Nezara species. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira (Scale = 5 mm).

FIGURE 3. A1–2. N. orbiculata, lateral view and dosal view, respectively. B. N. viridula, dorsal view of pygophore (cutted) showing detail of cup-like sclerite. C–E. Mesopleurum and metapleurum in ventral view (C—Carpocoris purpureipennis, D—N. orbiculata, E—N. mendax). F–H. parcial posterior view of pygophore (dissected) showing details of hairy region and superior processes (psbd). (F—N. yunnana, G—N. capicola, H—N. robusta) (Scale = 1 mm).

FIGURE 4. N. viridula. A. Lateral view of cup-like sclerite. B. Vesica, vesica processes and conjunctiva (phallotheca removed).

FIGURE 5. Cladistic analysis of the genus Nezara based on morphological characters. The most–parsimonious cladogram length 60 steps; consistency index 0,81; retention index 0,89. (․) non-homoplasious; (□) homoplasious. (In parentheses Bremer and Bootstrap values, respectively; Bootstrap values less than 50 omitted).

FIGURE 7. Pygophore, dorsal view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)

FIGURE 8. Pygophore, posterior view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1 mm)

FIGURE 9. Pygophore, ventral view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N. capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. (Scale = 1mm)

FIGURE 10. Left paramere in dorsal and lateral view respectively. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani, C–D. N. viridula, E–F. N. antennata, G–H. N. yunnana (app—apical portion of paramere; bpp—basal portion of paramere.. (Scale = 0,5mm)

FIGURE 12. Parameres. A–B. Pseudoacrosternum cachani lateral view and details of apical portion of paramere, respectively. C–E. N. viridula, lateral view, median view and hairy region. F–H. N. antennata, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively. I–K. N. yunnana, median view, hairy region and microstructures, respectively.

FIGURE 16. Genital plates, posteroventral view. A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana, D. N. similis, E. N. mendax, F. N. naspira, G. N.capicola, H. N. orbiculata, I. N. soror, J. N. immaculata, K. N. robusta. L. N. niamensis (espiracles; g8—gonapophyses 8; gc8—gonocoxites 8; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la8—laterotergites 8; la9—laterotergites 9; VII—seventh urosternite X—tenth urosternite Scale = 1mm).

FIGURE 17. Laterotergites, gonocoxites and gonapophyses of nigth segment and ectodermal ducts, ventral view A. N. viridula, B. N. antennata, C. N. yunnana (atvi—anterior thickning of vaginal intima; cs—capsula seminalis; aafanterior annular flange; paf—posterior annular flange; dr—ductus receptaculi; g9—gonapophyses 9; gc9—gonocoxites 9; la9—laterotergites 9; pcs—processes of capsula seminalis; pi—pars intermedialis; tg9—thickening of gonapophyses 9; va— vesicular area; X—tenth urosternite; Scale =1mm).