Prochromadorella Micoletzky, 1924

Venekey, Virag, Gheller, Paula F., Kandratavicius, Noelia, Cunha, Beatriz Pereira, Vilas-Boas, Ana Carolina, Fonseca, Gustavo & Maria, Tatiana F., 2019, The state of the art of Chromadoridae (Nematoda, Chromadorida): a historical review, diagnoses and comments about valid and dubious genera and a list of valid species, Zootaxa 4578 (1), pp. 1-67 : 15-17

Genus Prochromadorella Micoletzky, 1924

This is the most species rich genus within Chromadorinae . It was erected to accommodate some Chromadora species [ P. arabica ( Cobb, 1890) , P. mediterranea ( Micoletzky, 1922) , P. neapolitana (de Man, 1876) and P. sumatrana ] showing a dissimilar cuticular pattern along the body (i. e. heterogenous cuticle). P. neapolitana was designated as the type species. Wieser (1951) described P. macroocellata and transferred P. norwegica (Allgén, 1932) (misspelled as P. norvegica ) and P. paramucrodonta (Allgén, 1929) , both from Chromadora and P. obtusidens ( Schuurmans Stekhoven & Adam, 1931) from Chromadorita to this genus. However, later Wieser (1954) indicated the doubtful position of P. macroocellata because the description was based on a female specimen. In his review, Wieser (1954) assumed that the taxonomic status of some species was dubious due to the insufficient descriptions (diagnoses and figures) of the buccal cavity, but nevertheless some species were transferred to this genus: P. acridentata ( Schulz, 1932) previously described as Chromadorella ; P. affinis ( Allgén, 1930) , P. ambigua ( Ditlevsen, 1928) , P. cobbiana , P. conicaudata (Allgén, 1927) , P. ditlevseni (de Man, 1922) and P. maculata ( Ditlevsen, 1918) (all described as Chromadora ); P. kryptospiculum ( Allgén, 1942) and P. ungulidentata (Allgén, 1932) (both described as Spiliphera ); P. antarctica ( Cobb, 1914) and P. quinquepapillata ( Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1935) previously described as Euchromadora and Neochromadora , respectively. P. sumatrana and P. affinis must be considered as species inquirenda since only poorly described females are known up till now. Wieser (1954) suggested that P. acridentata is a dubious species that could be a synonym to P. neapolitana or P. maculata but we prefer to consider P. acridentata as species inquirendum because there is only a female described and based on this specimen it is not possible to determine its taxonomic position. P. arabica and P. quinquepapilata are also considered as species inquirenda following the suggestion of Micoletzky (1924) and Riemann (1966), respectively. Wieser (1954) also proposed a key based on the presence and absence of ocelli combined with the orientation of the dorsal tooth. P. subterranea and P. tenuicaudata were described by Gerlach (1953 and 1954, respectively) and they are absent in the key proposed by Wieser (1954), probably because these descriptions were published at the same time as the review. P. micoletzkyi Chitwood, 1951 was considered a synonym of P. paramucrodonta by Wieser (1954) but based on the shape of the gubernaculum the former species was distinguished from the latter by Hopper & Meyers (1967) and we agree here with its validity. After Wieser’s review, eighteen species were described by several authors: P. actuaria Vitiello, 1971 ; P. crassispicula Galtsova, 1976 ; P. calvus Lemzina, 1982 ; P. codiuma Pastor de Ward, 1985 ; P. daroae Muthumbi & Vincx, 1998 ; P. filiformis Lemzina, 1982 ; P. graciosa Kulikov, Belogurova & Luzganova, 1990 ; P. gracilis Huang & Wang, 2011 ; P. hexapapilata Blome, 1985 ; P. oculata Kulikov, Belogurova & Luzganova, 1990 ; P. papillata Jensen, 1985 ; P. parazygophora Kulikov, Belogurova & Luzganova, 1990 ; P. salpingifera Blome, 1985 ; P. septempapillata Platt, 1973 ; P. spinosa Gerlach, 1957 ; P. striatus Lemzina, 1982 ; P. triangularis Wieser, 1959 and P. zygophora Blome, 1985 . Among these species, P. spinosa was later transferred to Endeolophos ( Holovachov et al. 2011) and P. cobbiana to Chromadorella ( Blome & Schrage, 1985) . P. attenuata ( Gerlach, 1952) was previously described as Neochromadora attenuata Gerlach, 1952 but transferred to Prochromadorella by Lorenzen (1971). Lorenzen (1971) also considered Trichromadora as a synonym of this genus, but Muthumbi & Vincx (1998a) reinstated the validity of Trichromadora (see below). These authors also redescribed P. ditlevseni .

Diagnosis (modified from Tchesunov 2014): Heterogeneous punctated cuticle along the body, lateral differentiation absent, but dots may be enlarged not forming longitudinal rows. Amphideal fovea oval to slit-like located between four cephalic setae. Pharyngeal bulb single or absent. Buccal cavity with three solid teeth of subequal size. Ocelli may be present. Males usually with cup-shaped precloacal supplements. Marine.

Number of valid species: 33

Genus Prochromadorella Micoletzky, 1924

VALID SPECIES

1. Prochromadorella actuaria Vitiello, 1971 (Mediterranean)

2. Prochromadorella ambigua ( Ditlevsen, 1928) Wieser, 1954 ( Greenland)

Syn. Chromadora ambigua Ditlevsen, 1928

3. Prochromadorella antarctica ( Cobb, 1914) Wieser, 1954 ( Antarctica)

Syn. Chromadora mucrodonta antarctica Allgén, 1929

Euchromadora antarctica Cobb, 1914

4. Prochromadorella attenuata ( Gerlach, 1952) Lorenzen, 1971 (North Sea)

Syn. Neochromadora attenuata Gerlach, 1952

5. Prochromadorella calvus Lemzina, 1982 (Lake Issyk-Kul)

6. Prochromadorella codiuma Pastor de Ward, 1985 ( Argentina)

7. Prochromadorella conicaudata (Allgén, 1927) (Tasmania)

Syn. Chromadora conicaudata Allgén, 1927

Euchromadora paramokurae Allgén, 1930

8. Prochromadorella crassispicula Galtsova, 1976 (White Sea)

9. Prochromadorella daroae Muthumbi & Vincx, 1998 (Indian Ocean)

10. Prochromadorella ditlevseni (de Man, 1922) Wieser, 1954 (North Sea)

Syn. Chromadora ditlevseni de Man, 1922

Chromadorita ditlevseni de Man, 1922

11. Prochromadorella filiformis Lemzina, 1982 (Lake Issyk-Kul)

12. Prochromadorella gracilis Huang & Wang, 2011 (Yellow Sea)

13. Prochromadorella graciosa Kulikov, Belogurova & Luzganova, 1990 (Sea of Japan)

14. Prochromadorella hexapapillata Blome, 1985 (Galapagos)

15. Prochromadorella kryptospiculum ( Allgén, 1942) Wieser, 1954 (Mediterranean)

Syn. Spiliphera kryptospiculum Allgén, 1942

16. Prochromadorella macroocelata Wieser, 1951 (English Channel)

17. Prochromadorella maculata ( Ditlevsen, 1918) Wieser, 1954 (Danish Belt Sea)

Syn. Chromadora maculata Ditlevsen, 1918

Spiliphera borealis Allgén, 1940

18. Prochromadorella mediterranea ( Micoletzky, 1922) Micoletzky, 1924 (Red Sea; Mediterranean)

Syn. Chromadora mediterranea Micoletzky, 1922

Chromadorella pontica Filipjev, 1922

19. Prochromadorella micoletzkyi Chitwood, 1951 (Texas, USA)

Syn. Prochromadorella chitwoodi Timm, 1952

20. Prochromadorella neapolitana (de Man, 1876) Micoletzky, 1924 (Mediterranean)

Syn. Chromadora neapolitana de Man, 1876

Chromadora procera Micoletzky, 1922

21. Prochromadorella obtusidens ( Schuurmans Stekhoven & Adam, 1931) Wieser, 1951 (North Sea)

Syn. Chromadorita obtusidens Schuurmans Stekhoven & Adam, 1931

22. Prochromadorella oculata Kulikov, Belogurova & Luzganova, 1990 (Sea of Japan)

23. Prochromadorella papillata Jensen, 1985 (Gulf of Mexico)

24. Prochromadorella paramucrodonta (Allgén, 1929) Wieser, 1951 ( Macquarie Island)

Syn. Chromadora paramucrodonta Allgén, 1929

25. Prochromadorella parazygophora Kulikov, Belogurova & Luzganova, 1990 (Sea of Japan) 26. Prochromadorella salpingifera Blome, 1985 (Galapagos)

27. Prochromadorella septempapillata Platt, 1973 (Northern Island)

28. Prochromadorella striatus Lemzina, 1982 (Lake Issyk-Kul)

29. Prochromadorella subterranea Gerlach, 1953 (Mediterranean)

30. Prochromadorella tenuicaudata Gerlach, 1954 (Mediterranean)

31. Prochromadorella triangularis Wieser, 1959 (Washington, USA)

32. Prochromadorella ungulidentata (Allgén, 1932) Wieser, 1954 (Campbell Island)

Syn. Euchromadora ungulidentata (Allgén, 1932) Allgén, 1950

Spiliphera ungulidentata Allgén, 1932

33. Prochromadorella zygophora Blome, 1985 (Galapagos)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA

1. Prochromadorella acridentata ( Schulz, 1932) Wieser, 1954 (Kiel Bay)

2. Prochromadorella affinis ( Allgén, 1930) Wieser, 1954 (Fuegan Archipelago)

3. Prochromadorella arabica ( Cobb, 1890) Micoletzky, 1924 (Gulf of Aden)

4. Prochromadorella norwegica (Allgén, 1932) Wieser, 1951 ( Norway)

5. Prochromadorella quinquepapillata ( Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1935) Wieser, 1954 (North Sea) 6. Prochromadorella sumatrama ( Steiner, 1915) Micoletzky, 1924 ( Indonesia)