Idiotypa Foerster, 1856: 122

MASNER, LUBOMÍR & GARCÍA R, JOSÉ LUIS, 2002, The Genera Of Diapriinae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) In The New World, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2002 (268), pp. 1-138 : 51-56

Idiotypa Foerster, 1856: 122 , 125.

DIAGNOSIS (♀ 3): Small to medium­sized (1–3.5 mm) robust individuals; body color often pale, reddish orange to yellow, less frequently brown to dark brown, smooth, with abundant pilosity, hairy cushions at most weakly developed on postgena and anteriorly on pronotum, foamy structures not developed; antennal shelf not developed; toruli separated by gap, rarely contiguous but not connected by carina; antennal formula 12– 13; anterior scutellar pit usually tripartite; forewing with venation distinctly exceeding basal half of wing length, stigmal vein almost perpendicular to marginal vein; postmarginal vein relatively long; Rs2 nebulous, down­curved; anterior margin of syntergite rimlike flexed, with short longitudinal keels, folds or striae, always deeply notched medially.

DESCRIPTION (♀ 3): HEAD. Head in dorsal view slightly transverse, subquadrate or subrectangular, with toruli moderately projecting ; toruli separated by gap, rarely contiguous but not connected by carina; temple relatively short, receding; head in lateral view with antennal shelf weakly developed; level of torulus in lower half of eye; eye subcircular to ovoid, with long pilosity; oral carina not developed; temple behind posterior orbit very rarely crenulate; postgenal cushion weakly developed or absent, but area often with dense pilosity; occipital flange narrow but well developed, rarely crenulate; head in frontal view with face broad; mandible short and strong, bidentate, rarely right mandible subtridentate; clypeus small, with weak epistomal depression; labrum not exposed; tentorial pits well developed; malar sulcus present or absent; head in ventral view with hypostomal bridge not developed; palpal formula 5–2; antennal formula 12–13; A1 relatively long in female, shorter in male, with apical rim unarmed and only moderately emarginated ventrally; female antenna predominantly with robust nonabrupt multisegmented clava, A12 only moderately longer than preceding clavomeres, all clavomeres distinctly flattened ventrally; male antenna filiform, with scattered short hairs, A2 remarkably short, subquadrate, A3 and A4 subequal, A4 modified, with long ventral carina. MESOSOMA. Mesosoma generally short and stout, slightly wider than high, only moderately convex dorsally; prothorax in dorsal view with distinct cervix; pronotal shoulders moderately to strongly projecting, rounded, rarely sharp; side of pronotum in upper anterior corner often with hairy cushion or dense pilosity or with deep subcircular depression; epomium usually not developed, sometimes its horizontal part developed, in few species complete and very sharp; posterior margin of pronotum (between forecoxa and spiracle) noncrenulate or ridges; propleuron generally hairy; mesoscutum slightly wider than long, only moderately convex, parapsidal and admedian lines not developed; notaulus complete, noncrenulate; humeral and suprahumeral sulci deep, often crenulate, sometimes crenulae continuing along anteri­ or margin of midlobe; anterior scutellar pit typically tripartite, with median pit largest, flanked by two smaller pits or pit replaced by arc of smaller pits, or median pit strongly expanded and lateral pits rudimentary; scutellar disc subquadrate, or transversely subrectangular, flat or moderately convex, lateral keels sharp or rounded; posterior scutellar pits well developed; posterior margin of axilla distinctly rounded; axillar depression deep, often with fine pilosity; mesopleuron moderately convex, with shallow oblique median depression; epicnemial pit large, deep, usually bordered posteriorly by crenulate epicnemial carina; sternaulus absent; posterior margin of mesopleuron rarely with row of crenulae or pits, sometimes only few pits right above mesocoxa; metanotum moderately developed; dorsellum broad, considerably raised with three prominent keels; metapleuron generally rugose and hairy; propodeum in dorsal view relatively short, with areas between plica and median keel often smooth and glabrous, median keel strongly developed, pointed to finger­shaped, point usually bent backward; plica well developed, usually angular; side of propodeum hairy; forewing relatively short, rounded apically, with relatively long marginal cilia, long erect bristles on costa, with venation distinctly exceeding basal half of wing length; costa and submarginal veins tracheate, enclosing relatively narrow costal cell, marginal vein slightly to distinctly elongate, with stigmal vein shorter, subperpendicular to marginal vein, postmarginal vein moderately to distinctly developed, but subequal to or shorter than marginal vein; basal vein nebulous but deeply pigmented, nonarcuate, joining submarginal vein at slanted angle; Rs2 (below apex of stigmal vein) nebulous, characteristically down­curved; posterior part of M and Cu veins sometimes weakly pigmented; hind wing with complete sclerotized submarginal vein; wings reduced in several species to narrow strips not exceeding propodeum, with mesosoma generally reduced, and ocelli absent; legs relatively short. METASOMA. Metasoma relatively short and broad, wider than high; petiole at most only slightly wider than high, subcylindrical, with longitudinal keels, petiole almost glabrous dorsally, moderately to strongly hairy ventrally; anterior margin of syntergite rimlike flexed, with short longitudinal keels, folds or striae, always deeply notched medially; apex of metasoma in female blunt, apical sternite broad, not compressed, usually densely hairy; base of S2 with elevated anterior margin flanked by two short hairy grooves.

RECOGNITION AND RELATIONSHIPS: Among the Spilomicrini , Idiotypa comes closest to Pentapria Kieffer , from which it differs by the wing venation (nonarcuate basal vein, strong development of postmarginal vein) and strong development of the median propodeal keel. Typically, individuals of Idiotypa are more lightly colored than blackish individuals of Pentapria . We tentatively clas­ sify in Idiotypa a large complex of shortwinged or apterous, highly modified species (♀ 3) from the Valdivian forest in Chile and Argentina. Female antenna usually 13­segmented (rarely 10, 11, or 12), male antenna always 14­segmented, with A4 modified. Final classification of this complex would require data on wing venation.

DISTRIBUTION: This worldwide genus is well represented in the New World by a high number of species especially in the Neotropics.

BIOLOGY: Idiotypa nigriceps Kieffer was reared from puparia of Phoridae (Diptera) (specimens in Zoological Museum Copenhagen, D. Notton, personal commun.). Considerable variation on body length exists among individuals from long series of a Japanese species (CNCI).

Paramesius Westwood Figures 80, 81

Paramesius Westwood, 1832: 129 .

Aparamesius Kieffer, 1913: 436 . Synonymized by Masner in Krombein and Burks, 1967.

DIAGNOSIS (♀ 3): Small to large­sized individuals (1.5– 5 mm); body color predominantly dark, black or brownish black, rarely light brown to orange, smooth and highly shining; body predominantly glabrous without micropilosity, usually with sparse semierect to erect long hairs; hairy cushions often present on postgena, side of pronotum, upper part of propleuron, in front of mid and hind coxae and ventrally on petiole, foamy structures rarely present in company of hairy cushions; antennal shelf either with toruli interconnected with sharp carina or, with toruli more or less wide apart; A 13 in female distinctly longest and largest of all clavomeres, A 3 in male distinctly shorter than A4; marginal vein in forewing distinctly elongate, at least twice as long as short stigmal vein; anterior margin of syntergite tightly fitting over posterior apex of petiole; apex of female metasoma sharply conical with long compressed apical sternite.

DESCRIPTION (♀ 3): HEAD. Head in dorsal view subpentagonal with toruli strongly projecting; toruli either connected by sharp carina or separated by slight emargination to completely separated, not connected by ca­ rina; temples relatively short, strongly receding; head in lateral view with antennal shelf relatively well developed; level of torulus usually around middle of eye; eye subcircular to ovoid, with relatively large ommatidia; oral carina either developed or absent; postgenal cushion usually developed; occipital flange relatively broad, sharply defined, usually noncrenulate; head in frontal view with face relatively long; mandible short but strong, bidentate, with lower tooth usually longer; clypeus moderately convex, anterior margin of clypeus straight; epistomal sulcus often indicated by declivity; labrum moderately to strongly exposed; tentorial pits minute to well developed; malar sulcus not developed; head in ventral view with hypostomal bridge not developed; palpi long and slender, palpal formula 5–2; antenna in both sexes 13­segmented; A1 remarkably long and slender, with apical rim unarmed and only moderately emarginated ventrally; female antenna with moderate, nonabrupt, gradually incrassate, multisegmented clava, clavomeres not flattened ventrally, A13 always longest and largest, without ventral pit; male antenna filiform, with scattered short hairs, A3 usually diminished, subequal in length or equal to A2, always distinctly shorter than A4; A4 (rarely A3 and A4) modified, with sharp longitudinal carina, very rarely A4 not modified, without carina. ME­ SOSOMA. Mesosoma generally short, usually as high as wide, slightly to distinctly convex dorsally; prothorax in dorsal view with cervix strongly developed; pronotal shoulders usually well developed and round­ ed, sometimes sharp, rarely shoulders not developed; side of pronotum anteriorly with scattered pilosity, rarely pilosity denser, forming a cushion; epomium often well developed, at least its horizontal part, in dorsal part forming sharp edge of pronotal shoulder; posterior margin of pronotal side (between forecoxa and spiracle) usually with row of crenulae or transverse ridges; propleuron generally hairy, sometimes with hairy cushions or foamy structures; mesoscutum moderately elongate, subtriangular, moderately to strongly convex; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines weakly developed or absent; notaulus complete, abbreviate or absent, usually better impressed posteriorly; humeral sulcus always present, rarely crenulate, suprahumeral sulcus sometimes developed; anterior scutellar pit usually large, deep, transversely oval, often with longitudinal keels on bottom, rarely with median septum wider and hence bifoveate, very rarely pit shallow to absent; scutellar disc subrectangular or subquadrate, in some species highly elevated, with sharp lateral keels and deep lateral scutellar pits; posterior scutellar pits present, indistinct, or absent; posterior margin of axilla relatively sharp; axillar depression large, deep, usually continuing under posterior margin of axilla, sometimes with small foamy structures on bottom; mesopleuron moderately convex, oblique median depression very shallow or absent; epicnemial pit usually well developed; sternaulus developed or replaced by row of rugose punctures or multiple horizontal ridges, or sternaulus absent; posterior margin of mesopleuron noncrenulate or pits; metanotum moderately developed; dorsellum not prominent, usually with three minute keels; metapleuron deeply concave anteriorly, usually coarsely rugose and densely hairy; propodeum moderately elongate, with median part (between plicae) often glabrous and smooth, median keel moderately to strongly developed, elevated and pointed anteriorly; plica moderately to strongly developed; posterior margin of propodeum moderately to strongly rimlike, with posterolateral corners usually moderately projecting; side of propodeum rugose and densely hairy; forewing usually long and slender, perfectly rounded apically, marginal cilia fairly long, venation reaching to middle of wing length; costa tracheate; costal cell relatively narrow, marginal vein distinctly elongate, at least twice as long as short stigmal vein; postmarginal vein at most rudimentary; basal vein nebulous in acute angle toward submarginal vein but never joining it, or basal vein vague or absent, other veins usually not indicated; hind wing with complete submarginal vein; wings very rarely shortened; legs distinctly elongate and slen­ der, including coxae, hind coxa in particular, claws relatively strong. METASOMA. Metasoma long­pedunculate; petiole distinctly elongate, usually several times longer than wide, pencil­like, slightly to distinctly expanded anteriorly (over nucha), typically with longitudinal carinae, very rarely perfectly smooth, typically glabrous dorsally, always densely hairy or with foamy structures ventrally; metasoma past petiole elongate, sharply conical­pointed apically in females, ovoid in males; anterior margin of syntergite tightly articulating with posterior margin of petiole, sometimes with short deep incision or cleft anteromedially, or with two very shallow depressions anterolaterally; female apical sternite long, plow­shaped, strongly compressed; base of S2 without keels.

RECOGNITION AND RELATIONSHIPS: Paramesius can be compared with Entomacis and Spilomicrus ; from the former it differs principally by the wing venation of the forewing (ratio of marginal and stigmal veins), from the latter by the structure of female apical sternite, the structure of male antenna (ratio of A3 and A4), by the enlarged A 13 in females, and by articulation between petiole and rest of metasoma.

DISTRIBUTION: In the New World numerous species occur from Canada to Chile; this large genus is almost worldwide in distribution.

BIOLOGY: The hosts are not known, but presumed to be Diptera .

Pentapria Kieffer

Figures 85, 86

Pentapria Kieffer, 1905a .: 34.

Antipapria Fabritius, 1968: 844 . NEW SYNONYMY. Bakeria Kieffer, 1905a: 34 . NEW SYNONYMY.

Plutopria Kieffer, 1910b: 48 . NEW SYNONYMY.

Spilomicrinus Ogloblin, 1957: 425 . NEW SYNONY­

MY.

Xenopria Fouts, 1939: 260 . Synonymized by

Masner, 1964a: 134.

DIAGNOSIS (♀ 3): Medium to large­sized individuals (1.5 to 6 mm); body predominantly ebony black, rarely light brown with appendices often light colored, body smooth and shining, head and mesosoma usually with deep scattered punctures, sometimes with rough sculpture, body with scattered semidecumbent hairs, hairy cushions and foamy structures not developed; head in lateral view with antennal shelf remarkably protruding; torulus distinctly at level of low­ er orbit of eye (lateral view); face relatively short, subequal in length to clypeus; mandible in lateral view distinctly prominent, sep­ arate from lower margin of clypeus by deep cleft, space filled by exposed sclerotized labrum; mesosoma generally wider than high, sometimes moderately to strongly depressed dorsoventrally; propleuron usually distinctly convex; anterior scutellar pit generally tripartite; propodeum generally depressed, sometimes completely flat; forewing with costal cell remarkably broad; stigmal vein usually short, oblique to almost horizontal; anterior margin of syntergite always modified, concave, generally with median excision flanked by lateral depressions.

DESCRIPTION (♀ 3): HEAD. Head in dorsal view usually subquadrate, often wider than high, rarely strongly depressed, elongate or globular; frons unarmed, antennal shelf moderately to strongly developed, temple behind eye often parallel, rarely rounded, receding or diverging posteriorly; head in lateral view with antennal shelf remarkably protruding but never sharply pointed, torulus distinctly in level of lower orbit of eye; eye subcircular with scattered hairs, ocelli relatively small, reduced or absent in short­winged or apterous species, sometimes lateral ocelli with semicircular groove posteriorly; oral carina absent or short­pointed; occipital flange usually moderate, sometimes strongly developed and crenulate; face relatively short, subequal in length to clypeus, often with transverse sculpture or ledge; mandible strong, bidentate, always distinctly prominent, clasped or crossing, never falcate, rarely strongly elongate, sicklelike crossing and unidentate or rounded apically; clypeus moderately convex, subtriangular, in lateral view separated from upper margin of mandible by deep cleft, epistomal sulcus often weakly developed; labrum exposed, sclerotized, semicircular or subtriangular, often distinctly serrate on anterior margin; tentorial pit present or absent; malar sulcus often well developed; hypostomal bridge not developed; palpi long, formula 5–2; female antenna 13­segmented, relatively short, generally clavate, clava usually nonabrupt, clavomeres distinctly separate, usually transverse or beadlike, A1 cylindrical, without keels, unarmed apically; male antenna 13­segmented, threadlike, A4 sexually modified, A3–A13 with scattered dense nonverticillate pilosity. MESOSOMA. Mesosoma generally wider than high, some­ times moderately to strongly depressed dorsoventrally, in lateral view slightly to strongly flattened dorsally, mesosoma moderately to strongly modified in short­winged and wingless species, with sutures, sulci, and pits gradually obliterated; pronotum in dorsal view moderately to strongly developed, often subangular anterolaterally, cervix often strongly developed, pronotum often deeply punctured, side of pronotum usually with deep, horizontal sulcus medially, epomium rarely developed; propleuron usually distinctly convex; mesoscutum broad, notaulus generally complete, anterior parallel lines rarely developed, parapsidal lines absent, humeral and suprahumeral sulci usually developed; anterior scutellar pit generally tripartite, sometimes pits rugulose, not clearly defined, or scutellum with series of small pits arranged in arc anteriorly, scutellar disc moderately to strongly flattened, lateral keels usually not developed, posterolateral and posterior scutellar pits usually well developed; posterior margin of axilla usually rounded, axillar depression usually moderate or absent, glabrous or with sparse pilosity; mesopleuron slightly to distinctly wider than high, moderately convex, epicnemial pit present, often rugulose, sometimes with chain of crenulae continuing upward; sternaulus usually present, sometimes superimposed by horizontal sulcus dorsally; dorsellum rarely defined; metapleuron always strongly sculptured, with scattered pilosity; propodeum generally depressed, sometimes completely flat, rugulose to almost smooth, median keel weakly developed or absent, keel very rarely pointed upwards, plica usually not developed, spiracle located near upper margin of propodeum, usually only one diameter away from dorsellum, nucha relatively well developed; forewing relatively short and narrow, with abundant microtrichia, venation distinctly surpassing basal third of wing length, often reaching almost to middle of wing, costa rarely well developed, usually nebulose, depigmented, costal cell remarkably broad, marginal vein usually short, sometimes thickened, rarely not touching anterior margin of wing, postmarginal vein short or rudimentary, stigmal vein usually short, oblique to marginal vein or almost horizontal, basal vein usually well developed, tra­ cheate, rarely depigmented, moderately to strongly arcuate, joining submarginal vein long before marginal vein; hind wing with complete tracheate submarginal vein; wings sometimes shortened or absent (both sexes); legs variable, from long and slender to short and stout, femora always distinctly clavate, tarsi sometimes remarkably shortened with strong claws; apex of foretibia with or without spine dorsally. METASOMA. Petiole variable, moderately to strongly elongate, with longitudinal keels, rugulose or punctate, rarely almost smooth or distinctly swollen medially; metasoma past petiole slightly to moderately elongate, at most slightly convex dorsally, strongly depressed or compressed; anterior margin of syntergite always modified, concave, generally with median excision flanked by lateral depressions or anterior margin rimmed, with short longitudinal keels; metasoma with laterotergites 3 plus 4 relatively short, leaving larger part of synsternum exposed; S2 anteriorly often projecting, anterolateral corners of S2 visible in dorsal view, anterior margin of S2 concave, usually with longer median and two shorter lateral grooves often filled with scattered pilosity; apical sternite in female sometimes very large, slightly concave, with scattered specialized pilosity or stiff rufous pegs or sternite with dense brush of long rufous pilosity.

RECOGNITION AND RELATIONSHIPS: Pentapria is one of the largest and most polytypic genera of Diapriinae in the Neotropical region. Several marginal species were previously given generic status; however, after examination of the type material of these genera as well as a large amount of additional material, we decided to treat them as junior synonyms (see synonymy above). Pentapria , in this new broader concept is recognized principally on cephalic characters (profile of head with mandibles prominent, exposed labrum, position of toruli), characteristic wing venation (broad costal cell and position of stigmal and postmarginal veins), and the modified anterior margin of the syntergite. Among the Spilomicrini , Pentapria appears closest to Idiotypa , from which it differs conveniently in female by antennal structure; also by structure of mandibles, by exposed labrum, and by different position and length of stigmal and postmarginal veins in forewing. The members of Pentapria are usually ebony black (except for some light brown species in Chile); members of Idiotypa are never black, usually brown, reddish brown to almost yellowish.

DISTRIBUTION: The present known distribution of Pentapria is in the New World; three species were described from the Nearctic region ( Fouts, 1939) and several from the Neotropical region ( Kieffer, 1916). We examined several thousand specimens and estimate a minimum of 150 species to be described from the Neotropic region. The genus is exceptionally diverse in Chile; we also observed an interesting case of sympatric speciation of short­winged and apterous species of Pentapria (= Spilomicrinus ) in Juan Fernández Isl. In tropical America, members of Pentapria occur from wet lowlands to high mountains, very abundant in cloud forest zone, reaching to páramo region in high Andes (above 4000 m). However, we also examined a single undescribed species from Japan and two undescribed species from Australia (CNCI).

BIOLOGY: One species was reared from soldier flies ( Stratiomyidae ) in North America ( Fouts, 1939). It is plausible to assume that Stratiomyidae are the principal hosts of Pentapria , as inferred from the high diversity of soldier flies in the Neotropical region.

Poecilopsilus Ogloblin Figures 87, 88

Figures

Figs. 80–88. 80, Paramesius sp. female habitus, dorsal view; 81, Paramesius sp. female habitus, lateral view; 82, Peckidium enigmaticum n. sp. female habitus, dorsal view; 83, P. enigmaticum female habitus, lateral view; 84, Philolestoides sp. female habitus, lateral view; 85, Pentapria sp. female habitus, lateral view; 86, Pentapria sp. female habitus, dorsal view; 87, Poecilopsilus sp. female habitus, lateral view; 88, Poecilopsilus sp. female habitus, dorsal view.