Synotaxidae Simon, 1894

Ramírez, Martín J., Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Pizarro-Araya, Jaime, Ballarin, Francesco, Marusik, Yuri M. & Eskov, Kirill Yu., 2022, A new species of the spider genus Tekellina Levi, 1957 from Chile, with a broadened definition of the family Synotaxidae (Arachnida, Araneae), Zoologischer Anzeiger 301, pp. 76-90 : 81

Synotaxidae Simon, 1894

Synotaxeae Simon 1894: 494 (type genus Synotaxus Simon 1894 ).

Synotaxidae, Forster et al., 1990 .

Synotaxidae, Dimitrov et al., 2017: 241 . Relimited to include only Synotaxus .

Remarks: Herein we expand the boundaries of the family on the base of the results of our molecular analysis. Consequently, we include in Synotaxidae the genera Gaucelmus , Hamus , Nescina , Synotaxus , and Tekellina .

Revised diagnosis: Synotaxidae is similar to Physoglenidae by having an integral conductor and a depressed area on the retrolateral margin of the cymbium, but such depression is wide in Synotaxidae ( Figs. 9D and 12C , Ballarin and Li 2015: Figs. 1D , 3D ), and a narrow furrow in Physoglenidae . Physoglenids can be further distinguished by having a dorsally excavated paracymbium ( Fig. 12E , Forster et al., 1990:

Figs. 62, 155, 161, 301, 338). Some Synotaxidae are similar to Nesticidae by having a projected paracymbium, but nesticids can be distinguished by the more complex paracymbium with several projections extending forward.

Figures

Fig. 9. Tekellina araucana sp. n., male palp. A, right palp (image flipped to show as left palp), retrolateral view; B, ventral; C, prolateral; D, dorsal; E, apical. F, left palp partially expanded (Abbreviations: Cp prolateral arm of conductor, Cp* end of prolateral arm of conductor, Cr retrolateral arm of conductor, Cv ventral arm of conductor, E embolus, Pc paracymbium, Pcd depression behind paracymbium, T tegulum, Tb trichobothria, TO tarsal organ.)

Fig. 12. Male palps of araneoids. A, Tekellina sadamotoi Yoshida & Ogata 2016, right palp, partially expanded, retrolateral view; B, same, left palp. C, Synotaxus turbinatus Simon 1895, left palp, retrolateral view. D, same, ventral view. E, Physoglenes sp., left palp, retrolateral view. F, same, ventral view (Abbreviations: Cp prolateral arm of conductor, Cr retrolateral arm of conductor, Cs conductor stem, Cv ventral arm of conductor, E embolus, Pc paracymbium, Pcd depression behind paracymbium, T tegulum, Tb trichobothria.) Images C–D from Fernando´Alvarez Padilla and Charles Griswold.

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of araneoid spiders and relationships of Tekellina. A, combined analysis of eight target markers (12s, 16s, 18s, 28s, co1, H3, wnt, act) and transcriptomic data. B, detail of the analysis of marker co1. C, detail of the analysis of marker 16S. D, detail of the analysis of the eight target DNA markers combined, without transcriptomic data. E, detail of the analysis as in D, but without three Tekellina terminals that had only co1 data. Branch lengths are scaled in relation to the number of substitutions per site. Bootstrap support values are summarized as symbols on branches (See Figs. S1–S7, S12 for complete trees for each dataset.).

Fig. 3. Female Tekellina araucana sp. n. A, ventral view. B, prosoma, lateral view. C, chelicerae and mouth parts, anterior view. D, prosoma, anterior view.