Rhinella marina (Linnaeus 1758)

Barrio-Amorós, César L., Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando J. M. & Señaris, J. Celsa, 2019, Catalogue of the amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and annotated species list, distribution, and conservation, Amphibian & Reptile Conservation (e 180) 13 (1), pp. 1-198 : 17

Rhinella marina (Linnaeus 1758)

Holotype: Not identified (originally in the collection of Albertus Seba).

Type locality: “America.” Restricted to Suriname by Müller and Hellmich (1936).

Distribution: Regions 3, 4, 5. After the partition of Rhinella marina into two species (Acevedo et al. 2016), the name marina is now applied to populations occurring east of the Andes in Venezuela and Colombia, south to central Brazil to Bolivia. This species has been introduced onto several islands and into countries in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Indian Oceans ( Zug and Zug 1979), although distinction between R. marina and R. horribilis invasive populations has yet to be determined.

Remarks: All populations sampled west of the Andes are currently recognized as Rhinella horribilis (Acevedo et al. 2016) . These authors, however, did not include in their analysis samples of R. marina from the majority of Venezuela. The current authors have observed important morphological and acoustic differences in populations east of the Andes, at least in Venezuela. A wider sample should be analyzed to properly assess the complex taxonomy and nomenclature of these species and/or species complex.

Selected references: Lichtenstein and von Martens (1856); Lutz (1927); Ginés (1959); Rohl (1959); Rivero (1961, 1964a –d, 1967a); Heatwole et al. (1965); Tello (1968); Staton and Dixon (1977); Hoogmoed and Gorzula (1979); Rivero-Blanco and Dixon (1979); Zug and Zug (1979); Péfaur and Díaz De Pascual (1982, 1987); Hoogmoed and Gruber (1983); Gremone et al. (1986); Rivero et al. (1986); Hoogmoed (1989); La Marca (1992); Manzanilla et al. (1995); Evans and Lampo (1996); Duellman (1997); Gorzula and Señaris (1998); Barrio-Amorós and Brewer-Carías (2008); Barrio-Amorós (2010a); Ugueto and Rivas-Fuenmayor (2010); Barrio-Amorós et al. (2011b); Señaris et al. (2014); Acevedo et al. (2016).