Supplanaxis nucleus ( Bruguiere , 1789)

Strong, Ellen E. & Bouchet, Philippe, 2020, Hidden in plain sight: two co-occurring cryptic species of Supplanaxis in the Caribbean (Cerithioidea, Planaxidae), ZooKeys 991, pp. 85-109 : 85

Supplanaxis nucleus ( Bruguiere, 1789) Figs 2 , 3A , 4A-G , 5 , 7A-L at right

Buccinum nucleus Bruguière, 1789: 211-212

Planaxis semisulcatus G.B. Sowerby I, 1823: [pl. 73] fig. 3

Neotype.

BARBADOS • 16.9 mm in height; Hastings Rocks; 13°04'25"N, 59°35'39"W, Dec. 2018; P Bouchet leg.; MNHN-IM-2000-35804, here designated; GenBank: MT921868, MT921900 (Figs 3A , 4D , 7L at right).

Bruguière (1789: 254-255) based his description of Buccinum nucleus on three sources: (i) an illustration of a shell from Barbados published by Lister (1770: pl. 976 fig. 32) (Fig. 2A ); (ii) specimens collected by himself at Foule-Pointe in Madagascar; (iii) shells used in a decorated garment brought back from New Zealand by Cook.

(i) The shell from Barbados was accompanied by a non-binominal legend Buccinum B.r.paruum nigrum, ex toto laeve and the locality Barb., which was rendered by Bruguière as Buccinum brevirostrum parvum nigrum extoto laeve Barbadense.

Some of the Lister collection was acquired by Sloane, and the Sloane collection was one of the founding collections of the British Museum (Natural History) [now The Natural History Museum], in London. However, there is no material in NHMUK corresponding to Lister’s illustration ( Wilkins 1953; and A. Salvador, pers. comm.), and this specimen is to be considered lost.

(ii) Bruguière was a member of the second expedition (1773-1774) led by Kerguelen to the Subantarctic islands that were later to be called Kerguelen Is. On the return journey, his ship called in February-March 1774 at Foulpointe (or “Foule-Pointe” as spelled by Bruguière), now Mahavalona [district of Toamasina (Tamatave)] on the east coast of Madagascar. It is not known which, if any, natural history collections Bruguière brought back to France. He ( Bruguière 1789: 255) used the past tense to refer to the specimens collected at Foule-Pointe "he had owned previously". Regardless, there are no traces of this material in MNHN.

(iii) Bruguière additionally recorded Buccinum nucleus based on specimens used for decoration on garments brought back by Cook from New Zealand, that Bruguière had seen in the cabinet of Mr Broussonet, then Secretary of the (French) Royal Society of Agriculture. Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet (1761-1807) was a French scientist who was based in London in 1780, where he met such scientists as Banks, Forster and Solander. It is therefore possible that Broussonet could have acquired Cook artifacts from this circle and brought them back with him to Paris. He took part in the French Revolution but, as a member of the “Girondins”, had to leave Paris in 1793 and his belongings were seized. However, Broussonet’s artifacts are not nowadays traceable in any French museum where they would have been deposited by the Revolutionary powers. Dr Adrienne Kaeppler, curator for the Pacific Islands in the Department of Anthropology at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, has advised us that Maori cloaks from Cook’s voyage to New Zealand are not known to be decorated with shells, and a Tonga or Hawaii provenance for Broussonet’s artifacts would have been more likely.

There are thus no specimens left that could be considered a syntype of Buccinum nucleus . The specimens from Madagascar or the Pacific would not have been conspecific with the shell from the Caribbean illustrated by Lister; they might have been Supplanaxis niger (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) (Fig. 3D ), which bears a strong resemblance to S. nucleus -especially to the eye of an 18th century conchologist.

Because the description of Buccinum nucleus referred to more than one species, and because the Caribbean species designated under that name is a complex of two cryptic species, it is desirable to stabilize the nomenclature by the fixation of a neotype, which we designate herein.

Planaxis semisulcatus G.B. Sowerby I, 1823 (1823: [pl. 73], fig. 3) (Fig. 2B ) was described from an unknown locality. It has been treated as a synonym of Supplanaxis nucleus since at least Smith (1872: 40), an opinion accepted by Sowerby II (1877: pl. 1, species no. 7; 1884: 177). There is no known type material in NHMUK (A. Salvador, pers. comm.). To stabilize the nomenclature, we are here designating the neotype of Buccinum nucleus also as the neotype of Planaxis semisulcatus .

Other material.

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA • 1 spm; Antigua, Green Island; [17°04'12"N, 61°40'08"W]; 24 Apr. 1958; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Freelance; J Clarke leg.; USNM 738725.

BAHAMAS • 1 spm; Rawson leg.; USNM 54705; • 1 spm; New Providence, The Caves; [25°04'10"N, 77°27'02"W]; H Dodge leg.; USNM 603895.

BARBADOS • 1 spm; Hastings Rocks; 13°04'25"N, 59°35'39"W; Nov. 2018; P Bouchet leg.; GenBank: MT921869, MT921901; MNHN-IM-2019-1728.

BELIZE • 2 spms; Near Carrie Bow Cay; 27 Apr. 72; CCRE - Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems, Belize; RS Houbrick leg.; reef flat on algal covered rocks along shore; USNM 770861; • 18 spms; Carrie Bow Cay, NE Cay, Glover’s Reef; 15 Aug. 1973; CCRE - Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems, Belize; RS Houbrick leg.; intertidal on rocks; USNM 771083; • 5 spms; Carrie Bow Cay; depth 0.5 m; 12 Jan. 1976; CCRE - Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems, Belize; windward, reef crest, reef flat; USNM 828774.

BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS • 1 spm; Tortola, Newman Island, Treasure Point; 6 Apr. 1958; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Freelance; shore coll.; USNM 683319; • 1 spm; Guana Island, White Bay; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Freelance; W Schmitt leg.; from reefs in cove; USNM 735906.

COLOMBIA • 3 spms; Carthagena; Chamberlain leg.; USNM 131448; • 1 spm; Vicinity of Carthagena; JA Link leg.; USNM 364399; • 1 spm; NE of Santa Marta; 12 Oct. 1977; M Jones leg.; assoc. with flat intertidal and barely subtidal rocks; USNM 770120.

COSTA RICA • 22 spms; Limón Province, Portete; 11 Jul. 1966; RS Houbrick leg.; common on rocks; USNM 702828; • 14 spms; Limón Province, Playa Bonita; 10 Mar. 1965; RS Houbrick leg.; on rocks, low tide; USNM 702839; • 1 spm; Limón Province, Cahuita, Portete; 13 Jul. 1964; D Huckebey leg.; USNM 702859; • 19 spms; Limón Province, Portete; 11 Jul. 1966; RS Houbrick leg.; USNM 706451.

CUBA • 1 spm; Guantanamo, Cable House; Tomas Barrera Expedition; Schooner Tomas Barrera; J Henderson and P Bartsch leg.; shore; USNM 450605; • 3 spms; Cardenas, Peninsula de Hicacos; V Conde leg.; USNM 599927; • 2 spms; Punta de Maya, in front of lighthouse; 13 Nov. 80; Cuba Expedition 1980; J Rosewater leg.; dogtooth coral; USNM 803412; • 1 spm; Veradero, La Conchito; 14 Nov. 80; Cuba Expedition 1980; J Rosewater leg.; USNM 803413; • 1 spm; Cojimar; 15 Nov. 80; J Rosewater leg.; USNM 807614.

CURAÇAO • 1 spm; S shore, beach in front of CARMABI research station; 12°07'20"N, 68°58'08"W; 18 May 2015; E Strong leg.; among cobbles; GenBank: MT921864, MT921896; USNM 1618953; • 1 spm; ibid; GenBank: MT921865, MT921897; USNM 1618954; • 1 spm; ibid; GenBank: MT921866, MT921898; USNM 1618955; • 1 spm; ibid; GenBank: MT921867, MT921899; USNM 1618956.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC • 2 spms; Oro Oro Beach [sic, possibly Playa Dorada], S. shore; [19°46'27"N, 70°38'30"W]; H Dodge leg.; USNM 603900.

GUADELOUPE • 1 spm; Aug. 1946; on rocks; USNM 487939; • 1 spm; Plage de Malendure; 16°10'28"N, 61°46'47"W; 7 May 2012; KARUBENTHOS Expedition stn. GM7; GenBank: MT921856, MT921888; MNHN-IM-2009-26685; • 1 spm; ibid; GenBank: MT921857, MT921889; MNHN-IM-2009-26686; • 1 spm; ibid; GenBank: MT921858, MT921890; MNHN-IM-2009-26687; • 1 spm; ibid; GenBank: MT921859, MT921891; MNHN-IM-2009-26688; • 1 spm; Plage de Malendure; 16°10'28"N, 61°46'47"W; 1 Apr. 2017; D Lamy leg.; GenBank: MT921860, MT921892; MNHN-IM-2019-1715; • 1 spm; ibid; GenBank: MT921861, MT921893; MNHN-IM-2019-1716; • 1 spm; ibid; GenBank: MT921862, MT921894; MNHN-IM-2019-1717; • 1 spm; ibid; GenBank: MT921863, MT921895; MNHN-IM-2019-1718.

HAITI • 130 spms; Orcutt leg.; USNM 383065; • 6 spms; Anse à Cochons; R/V Eolis; J Henderson leg.; shore; USNM 434880; • 150 spms; Département de l’Ouest, Saltron; Orcutt leg.; USNM 439970; • 11 spms; Département du Sud, Port-Salut; Orcutt leg.; USNM 440004; • 2 spms; Forban; A Curtiss leg.; USNM 518264.

HONDURAS • 26 spms; Swan Island; Townsend leg.; USNM 83649; • 41 spms; Utilla Island; [16°05'47"N, 86°55'44"W]; Simpson leg.; USNM 434879; • 2 spms; Webb leg.; USNM 434885.

JAMAICA • 28 spms; St. Thomas, Morant Bay; Orcutt leg.; USNM 401450; • 4 spms; Pt. Antonio; CWJ leg.; USNM 434882; • 24 spms; Annotta Bay; Orcutt leg.; USNM 440695; • 17 spms; Portland, Port Antonio; Orcutt leg.; USNM 440864; • 15 spms; Portland, near Buff Bay; Orcutt leg.; USNM 441213; • 2 spms; Montego Bay; Mrs LS McLean leg.; USNM 464162; • 8 spms; Portland, Port Antonio; Vendeyes, Orcutt leg.; USNM 518050; • 1 spm; Montego Bay Area, Doctor’s Cave Pier; 26 Nov. 1976; Paul and Sharon Greenhall leg.; USNM 767665; • 6 spms; St. Mary, 2 mi. N Port Maria; 18°24'19"N, 76°53'18"W; JI McCurkin leg.; 1 ft above splash line under cobbles; USNM 770590.

MEXICO • 79 spms; Quintana Roo, Mujeres Island, 0.5 mi. S of village; 29 Mar. 1960; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Blue Goose; E Bousfield, H Rehder and W Schmitt leg.; rocky open ocean shore; USNM 662233; • 27 spms; Cozumel, 1 mi. N of San Miguel, in front of Cabanas del Caribe property; [20°31'59"N, 86°56'21"W]; 3 Apr. 1960; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Blue Goose; H Rehder, W Schmitt and E Bousfield leg.; on rocks from above high tide to below water line; USNM 662773; • 3 spms; 100 km. SSE Tampico, Lobos Reef; depth 0-6 ft; 5 Jun. 1973; JW Tunnell leg.; coral spoil, along ship channel; USNM 710350; • 4 spms; Quintana Roo, Cozumel Island, San Miguel, along shore 0.25 NE of pier; 29 Apr. 1960; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Blue Goose; W Schmitt leg.; on rocks; USNM 736539; • 1 spm; Quintana Roo Ids., Cozumel, N Pt., nr. Lighthouse; depth 6 ft; 9 Apr. 1960; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Blue Goose; H Rehder and E Bousfield leg.; coral rocks, splash pools; USNM 736750.

MONTSERRAT • 3 spms; Fox Bay, just N of Plymouth; 20 Apr. 1959; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Caribee; black sand beach; USNM 682493.

NETHERLANDS ANTILLES • 6 spms; St. Martin; Ford leg.; USNM 434878.

PANAMA • 4 spms; Colón; Stearns leg.; USNM 54700; • 10 spms; San Blas; TG Thompson leg.; USNM 597416; • 33 spms; Puerto Perme, NW of Cape Tiburon; [8°44'13"N, 77°32'41"W]; 14 Mar. 1953; RH Stewart leg.; USNM 664216; • 11 spms; 3rd cove SW of Buenaventura; 19 Apr. 1971; Smithsonian STRI Panama Survey; on cobbles on cobble beach with coral heads and tide pools; USNM 732810; • 30 spms; 1.7 km WSW of Portobelo, on bay side of Coral Pt.; 11 Nov. 1971; Smithsonian STRI Panama Survey; large cobbles, boulders; USNM 734007; • 1 spm; 1.7 km WSW of Portobelo, on bay side of Coral Pt.; 11 Nov. 1971; Smithsonian STRI Panama Survey; fauna assoc. with rocks; USNM 734020; • 1 spm; Canal Zone, Ft. Sherman, Toro Pt., outside base of jetty; 13 Nov. 1971; Smithsonian STRI Panama Survey; under cobbles; USNM 734070; • 5 spms; Canal Zone, Galeta Island; 23 Apr. 1972; Smithsonian STRI Panama Survey; varied habitat; USNM 734717; • 1 spm; Canal Zone, Ft. Sherman, Punta De Toro; 25 Apr. 1972; Smithsonian STRI Panama Survey; Thalassia and hard limestone substrate with potholes; USNM 734763; • 1 spm; Canal Zone, Gatun Locks, lower W chamber; Intertidal; 20 Mar. 1972; Smithsonian STRI Panama Survey; at water edge outside of casson; USNM 742409; • 5 spms; San Blas, Pico Feo; 8 Nov. 1972; Smithsonian STRI Panama Survey; USNM 743277.

PUERTO RICO • 11 spms; Fajardo; 10 Dec. 1951; J Weber leg.; USNM 663091; • 3 spms; USNM 1291138.

ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES • 6 spms; St. Vincent; Chamberlain leg.; USNM 131804.

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO • 1 spm; Trinidad, Chaguaramas Bay; SP Archino leg.; USNM 518500; • 5 spms; Trinidad, N.A.S., Macqueripe Beach; CI Aslaksan leg.; USNM 608788; • 1 spm; Tobago; 5 Nov. 1953; J Weber leg.; USNM 663352; • 2 spms; Tobago, Buccoo Reef; 5 Apr. 1959; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Caribee; USNM 682203.

U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS • 3 spms; St. Thomas; CB Adams leg.; USNM 6419; • 213 spms; St. Thomas, edge Magens Bay; Shoemaker leg.; rocks; USNM 214816; • 3 spms; Water Island, Drift Bay; Shoemaker leg.; USNM 214882; • 5 spms; St. Thomas; M Petit leg.; USNM 250143; • 143 spms; St. Thomas; Petit leg.; USNM 530351; • 2 spms; St. Croix; 10 Sep. 1956; J Weber leg.; USNM 663480; • 5 spms; St. Thomas, S side Careen Hill; M Jones leg.; rocky intertidal; USNM 666124; • 1 spm; St. Thomas, S end Magens Bay; M Jones leg.; rocks adjacent to beach; USNM 666146; • 58 spms; St. Thomas, S end Magens Bay; M Jones leg.; rocks adjacent to beach; USNM 666148; • 2 spms; St. John, Francis Bay, McCauley beach; 28 Mar. 1958; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Freelance; from rocks; USNM 683466; • 2 spms; St. Croix; W Old leg.; USNM 714103; • 11 spms; St. John, Caneel Bay; [18°20'34"N, 64°47'13"W]; 25 Mar. 1958; Smithsonian - Bredin Caribbean Expedition; R/V Freelance; C Shuster and J Finlay leg.; USNM 738775.

UNITED STATES • 6 spms; Miami; Offer leg.; USNM 159423; • 2 spms; Palm Beach Inlet; Ted Bayer leg.; under jetty rocks; USNM 513679; • 1 spm; Tortugas, S of Long Key; USNM 780137; • 27 spms; Miami Beach, South Beach, jetty at inlet; 21 Apr. 82; RS Houbrick leg.; in rubble at intertidal zone; USNM 809779; • 30 spms; Miami Beach, S Miami Beach, jetties; 16 Mar. 83; RS Houbrick leg.; intertidal, on and under rocks.; USNM 809780; • 4 spms; Miami Beach, South Beach, at jetty; [25°45'48"N, 80°07'45"W]; 12 Aug. 84; RS Houbrick leg.; intertidal rock and boulders; USNM 842270; • 18 spms; Miami Beach, South Beach, at jetty; [25°45'48"N, 80°07'45"W]; 5 Sep. 83; RS Houbrick leg.; among intertidal boulders, high tide mark; USNM 842271; • 12 spms; Miami Beach, South Beach, at jetty; [25°45'48"N, 80°07'45"W]; 20 Nov. 83; RS Houbrick leg.; intertidal, on rocks and boulders; USNM 842272; • 20 spms; South Miami Beach; 16 Jan. 1984; RS Houbrick leg.; USNM 858456; • 17 spms; Palm Beach Inlet, South jetty; 14 Jan. 39; F Bayer leg.; under stones; USNM 889605; • 14 spms; offshore rocks off south central edge of Boca Chica Key; 26 Feb. 1975; P Poland leg.; under intertidal rocks near low water mark; USNM 1446615.

VENEZUELA • 31 spms; Macuto; Lyon and Robinson leg.; rocks along shore; USNM 170221; • 6 spms; Sucre, Pena, Manacuare; Arnold leg.; USNM 252635.

Description.

Shell. Shell (Figs 3A , 4A-G , 7A-L at right) large for the genus, solid, littoriniform, medium high-spired, consisting of 5+ (apex generally broken or corroded in adults) moderately convex whorls separated by impressed suture, last whorl occupying ca 75-82% of total shell height. Shell surface usually covered with 15-17 even, deeply incised spiral grooves extending over all shell height, especially well marked adapically and on base behind outer lip. Aperture ovoid, expanding abaxially at mid-height, occupying ca 50% of total shell height, with 7-10 sharp internal lirae, columellar pillar extending almost to the abapical point of the aperture, delimiting a narrow siphonal notch, callus adpressed to parietal and columellar areas, parietal tooth strong, blunt. Color uniformly reddish brown to dark violet, parietal tooth and columellar callus orange violet. Height 11-18 mm.

Neotype (Figs 3A , 4D , 7L at right) reddish brown, with weak parietal tooth, height 16.9 mm.

Radula . Radula taenioglossate (Fig. 5A ). Rachidian pentagonal, with broad basal plate, long basolateral extensions, and short, rounded, median basal projection (Fig. 5B, D ). Upper lateral part of basal plate with narrowly rectangular basal denticle. Rachidian cutting edge broad, comprising two-thirds width of tooth. Cutting edge shallowly and smoothly concave with large, squarish, spatulate median cusp, flanked by three to four smaller pointed denticles on each side. Lateral tooth with broad, high basal plate with central supporting ridge, rounded margins, and long lateral basal extension (Fig. 5C ). Cutting edge broad with large, squarish, central cusp flanked by three to four inner and two to three sharp outer denticles. Marginal teeth elongate with curved paw-like tips (Fig. 5A, F ). Inner marginal tooth with narrow flange along length of shaft outer edge, and with concave, rake-like tip with nine to ten rounded denticles. Outer marginal tooth with broad, membranous flange along distal outer edge, and with broad, bilobed tip bearing approximately 28 to 30 small, rounded denticles.

Distribution and ecology.

Throughout the Caribbean in high energy, intertidal environments, on hard substrates, from large boulders to small cobbles and pebbles, in populations of moderate to large size ( Vermeij 1973; Bandel 1976; Houbrick 1987). Its range extends from Palm Beach Inlet, Florida, in the north, to the northern coast of South America, from Veracruz, Mexico in the west ( Tunnell 1974) and as far east as Trinidad and Tobago off Venezuela, including the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and the Antillean Arc (Fig. 7 ). It is “rare” in Bermuda ( Sterrer and Schoepfer-Sterrer 1986: 413), which may indicate that it only forms pseudopopulations there, and is absent from the Guyanas and Brazil.

Remarks.

It is evident, from the morphology of the rachidian, that the radular descriptions of Troschel (1858: pl. 12, fig. 9A-D), Houbrick (1987: fig. 18A-E) and Simone (2001: fig. 88) were based on S. nucleus . Houbrick (1987: figs 19A, B, 20A-I, 21A-G, 22A-F) described the external anatomy and gross morphology of the mantle cavity, alimentary tract, and excretory, reproductive and nervous systems based on specimens from the same lot that yielded the radula (USNM 809780). Examination of the shells from this lot confirmed them all to be S. nucleus , although other lots collected from the same site at subsequent occasions comprised mixtures of the two species. Simone (2001: figs 56, 74, 88, 189-206) also provided a detailed description of the anatomy based on material obtained from several sites in Venezuela. The figured shells (figs 17-19) are S. nucleus , but both species occur in Venezuela and it is possible the anatomical descriptions are composite.

Despite its abundance in modern-day Caribbean faunas, Supplanaxis nucleus is surprisingly recorded as a fossil only in the Upper Pleistocene of Venezuela ( Weisbord 1962: 168, pl. 14, figs 17, 18; and B. Landau, pers. comm.). It is not known from the well-preserved horizons of Florida.

Figures

Figure 2. Original figures A Buccinum nucleus Bruguiere, 1789 (Lister 1770: pl. 976, fig. 32) B Planaxis semisulcatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1823 ([pl. 73], fig. 3).

Figure 3. Type specimens of Supplanaxis nucleus and relevant planaxids. A Buccinum nucleus Bruguiere, 1789. Neotype, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 35804 B Planaxis planicostatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1825. Syntype NHMUK 1966623 (© The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, http: // creativecommons. org / licenses / by / 4.0 /; https: // data. nhm. ac. uk / object / 4767541 c-a 5 d 1 - 41 db-aa 0 c- 0 c 03724 e 970 a) C Planaxis (Supplanaxis) nancyae Petuch, 2013. Holotype, FMNH 328402 (© Field Museum of Natural History-CC BY-NC; https: // collections-zoology. fieldmuseum. org / catalogue / 2877223) D Planaxis niger Quoy and Gaimard, 1833. Syntype, one of 22 specimens, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 27769 E Planaxis nucleola Moerch, 1876. Probable holotype, ZMK 152749. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 4. Shell morphology of Supplanaxis from the Caribbean. Sequenced vouchers A-G S. nucleus H-O S. nancyae A-C Guadeloupe, Plage de Malendure A MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1716 B MNHN-IM- 2009 - 26686 C MNHN-IM- 2009 - 26687 D-E Barbados, Hastings Rocks. D Neotype, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 35804 E MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1728 F-G Curacao, S shore, beach in front of CARMABI research station F USNM 1618956 G USNM 1618953 H-J Guadeloupe, Plage de Malendure H MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1703 I MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1704 J IM MNHN- 2009 - 26684 K-L Barbados, Hastings Rocks K MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1729 L MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1711 M-O Curacao, S shore, beach in front of CARMABI research station M USNM 1618949 N USNM 1618951 O USNM 1618952. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 5. Radular morphology of Supplanaxis nucleus (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1716) A Radular ribbon B Rachidian and lateral teeth C Detail of lateral teeth D Detail of rachidian E Rachidian and lateral teeth viewed at a ~ 45 ° angle from above, showing detail of cutting edge. F Internal and external lateral teeth. Scale bars: 200 µm (A), 100 µm (B, E), 50 µm (C, D, F).

Figure 7. Comparative shell morphology of Supplanaxis around the Caribbean. Supplanaxis nancyae is shown at left, and S. nucleus is at right, for each pair. The individuals from each pair were sampled from the same site and were originally part of the same lot A Florida, Miami Beach, South Beach, at jetty (at left, USNM 1620287; at right, USNM 842270) B Bahamas, New Providence, The Caves (at left, USNM 1620274; at right, USNM 603895) C Mexico, Cozumel, 1 mi. N of San Miguel (at left, USNM 1620276; at right, USNM 662773) D Jamaica, St. Mary, 2 mi. N Port Maria (at left, USNM 1620285; at right, USNM 770590) E Dominican Republic, Oro Oro Beach [sic, possibly Playa Dorada], S. shore (at left, USNM 1620275; at right, USNM 603900) F Virgin Islands, St. John, Caneel Bay (at left, USNM 1620284; at right, USNM 738775) G Antigua and Barbuda, Antigua, Green Id. (at left, USNM 1620283; at right, USNM 738725) H Honduras, Utilla Id. (at left, USNM 1620264; at right, USNM 434879) I Panama, Puerto Perme, NW of Cape Tiburon (at left, USNM 1620279; at right, USNM 664216) J Curacao, S shore, beach in front of CARMABI research station (at left, USNM 1618952; at right USNM 1618956; sequenced vouchers) K Guadeloupe, Plage de Malendure (at left, MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1703; at right MNHN-IM- 2009 - 26687; sequenced vouchers) L Barbados, Hastings Rocks (at left, MNHN-IM- 2019 - 1729; at right, neotype, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 35804; sequenced vouchers). Base map: Wikimedia Commons contributors (2017).