Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758

W. Christopher Wozencraft, 1993, Order Carnivora, Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 279-348 : 338-339

Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 . Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:47 .

TYPE LOCALITY: "sylvis Europae frigidae" restricted by Thomas (1911a) to, "Northern Sweden."

DISTRIBUTION: Formerly, NW Africa, all of the Palearctic from W Europe, Near and Middle East through N Himalayas to W and N China and Chukot ( Russia); Hokkaido ( Japan); W North America, north from N Mexico.

STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as U. arctos ( Mexico, Bhutan, China, and Mongolia populations), U. a. isabellinus , and U. a. pruinosus ; otherwise Appendix II. U.S. ESA - Endangered as U. a. arctos in Italy, U. a. nelsoni in Mexico, and U. a. pruinosus ; Threatened as U. a. horribilis in the USA (48 conterminous states); IUCN - Extinct as U. a. nelsoni .

SYNONYMS: absarokus Merriam, 1914 ; alascensis Merriam, 1896; albus Gmelin, 1788; alexandrae Merriam, 1914 ; alpinus Fischer, 1814 ; andersoni Merriam, 1918 ; annulatus Billberg, 1827; apache Merriam, 1916 ; argenteus Billberg, 1827; arizonae Merriam, 1916 ; atnarko Merriam, 1918 ; aureus Fitzinger, 1855 ; badius Schrank, 1798; baikalensis Ognev, 1924; bairdi Merriam, 1918 ; beringiana Middendorff, 1853; bisonophagus Merriam, 1918; bosniensis Bolkay, 1925; brunneus Billberg, 1827; cadaverinus Eversmann, 1840; californicus Merriam, 1896; canadensis Merriam, 1914 ; candescens Hamilton-Smith, 1827; caucasicus Smirnov, 1919; caurinus Merriam, 1914 ; cavifrons Heude, 1901; chelan Merriam, 1916 ; chelidonias Merriam, 1918 ; cinereus Desmarest, 1820 ; collaris Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilarie, 1824 ; colusus Merriam, 1914 ; crassodon Merriam, 1918 ; crassus Merriam, 1918 ; cressonus Merriam, 1916 ; crowtheri Schinz, 1844; dalli Merriam, 1896 ; dusorgus Merriam, 1916 ; eltonclarki Merriam, 1914 ; ereunetes Merriam, 1918; eulophus Merriam, 1904 ; euryrhinus Nilsson, 1847; eversmanni Gray, 1864 ; eximius Merriam, 1916 ; falciger Reichenbach, 1836; ferox Temminck, 1844 ; formicarius Billberg, 1828;/mscms Gmelin, 1788; grandis Gray, 1864; griseus Kerr, 1792 ; gyas Merriam, 1902; henshawi Merriam, 1914 ; holzworthi Merriam, 1929 ; hoots Merriam, 1916 ; horriaeus Baird, 1858; horribilis Ord, 1815; hylodromus Elliot, 1904 ; idahoensis Meriam, 1918 ; imperator Merriam, 1914 ; impiger Merriam, 1918; innuitus Merriam, 1914; inopinatus Merriam, 1918 ; insularis Merriam, 1916 ; internationalis Merriam, 1914 ; isabellinus Horsfield, 1826 ; jeniseensis Ognev, 1924; kadiaki Kleinschmidt, 1911; kenaiensis Merriam, 1904 ; kennerleyi Merriam, 1914 ; kidderi Merriam, 1902 ; klamathensis Meriam, 1914 ; kluane Meriam, 1916 ; kodiaki Kleinschmidt, 1911; kolymensis Ognev, 1924; kwakiutl Merriam, 1916; lagomyiarius Przewalski, 1883; lasiotus Gray, 1867; lasistanicus Satunin, 1913; latifrons Merriam, 1914 ; leuconyx Severtzov, 1873; macfarlani Merriam, 1918 ; machetes Elliot, 1903; macrodon Merriam, 1918 ; magister Merriam, 1914 ; major Nilsson, 1820 ; mandchuricus Heude, 1898; marsicanus Altobello, 1921; melanarctos Heude, 1898; mendocinensis Merriam, 1916 ; meridionalis Middendorff, 1851; merriamii J. A. Allen, 1902; middendorffi Merriam, 1896 ; minor Nilsson, 1820 ; mirabilis Merriam, 1916 ; mirus Meriam, 1918 ; myrmephagus Billberg, 1827; navaho Merriam, 1914 ; neglectus Merriam, 1916; nelsoni Merriam, 1914 ; niger Gmelin, 1788; normalis Gray, 1864; nortoni Merriam, 1914 ; norvegicus Fischer, 1829; nuchek Merriam, 1916 ; ophrus Merriam, 1916 ; orgiloides Merriam, 1918; orgilos Merriam, 1914 ; oribasus Merriam, 1918 ; pallosi Merriam, 1916; pamirensis Ognev, 1924; pellyensis Meriam, 1918 ; persicus Lönnberg, 1925; perturbons Merriam, 1918; pervagor Merriam, 1914 ; phaeonyx Merriam, 1904; piscator Pucheran, 1855 ; planiceps Merriam, 1918 ; polonicus Gray, 1864; pruinosus Blyth, 1854 ; pulchellus Merriam, 1918 ; pyrenaicus Fischer, 1829; richardsoni Swainson, 1838 ; rogersi Merriam, 1918 ; rossicus Gray, 1864; rufus Borkhausen, 1797 ; rungiusi Merriam, 1918 ; russelli Merriam, 1914 ; sagittalis Merriam, 1918 ; scandinavicus Gray, 1864; schmitzi Matschie, 1917; selkirki Merriam, 1916 ; shanorum Thomas, 1906; sheldoni Merriam, 1910 ; shirasi Merriam, 1914 ; shoshone Merriam, 1914 ; sibiricus Gray, 1864 ; sitkeenensis Merriam, 1914; sitkensis Merriam, 1896 ; smirnovi Lönnberg, 1925; stenorostris Gray, 1864; syriacus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1828; tahltanicus Merriam, 1914; texensis Merriam, 1914 ; toklat Merriam, 1914 ; townsendi Merriam, 1916 ; tularensis Merriam, 1918; tundrensis Merriam, 1914; ursus Boddaert, 1772; utahensis Merriam, 1914 ; warburtoni Merriam, 1916; washake Merriam, 1916 ; yesoensis Lydekker, 1897.

COMMENTS: Reviewed by Couturier (1954), Rausch (1963a), Kurtén (1973), and Hall (1984). Ognev (1931) and Allen (1938) recognized If. pruinosus as distinct; not followed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Gao (1987), and Strognov (1962). Lönnberg (1923b) believed that differences between pruinosus and arctos warranted subgeneric distinction as (Mylarctos) pruinosus ; however, this was not supported by Pocock's (1932a) thorough revision.