Campellolebias

Wilson J. E. M. Costa, 2006, Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships among species of the seasonal, internally inseminating, South American killifish genus Campellolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), with the description of a new species., Zootaxa 1227, pp. 31-55 : 34-36

Campellolebias Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra

Campellolebias Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra, 1974: 14 (type species: Campellolebias brucei Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra, 1974; type by original designation and monotypy).

Diagnosis

Distinguished from all other genera of the suborder Aplocheiloidei in having a pseudogonopodium, a structure present in the anterior portion of the anal fin in males, which is mobile and acts in internal insemination (Costa, 1995a: fig. 1). It is a long, subcylindrical structure, slightly compressed laterally, free from the remaining portion of the unmodified anal-fin. It consists of skin tissue involving the first two anal-fin rays, which are thickened (22.1), and a long urogenital papilla (32.1). Internally the first proximal radial is narrowed and slightly curved posteriorly (21.1), and is firmly connected to pseudogonopodial rays by enlarged cartilaginous medial radials and thick ligaments (Costa, 1995a: fig. 1). The adjacent inclinatores anales are widened to form a fan-shaped muscular structure (30.1) (Costa, 1995a: fig. 1).

Other derived conditions present in Campellolebias that distinguish it from all other rivulids are: posterobasal portion of the last neural spine with a small process bearing a thin ligament attached to the anterior tip of epural, which is distinctively bent (17.1) (Costa, 1998: fig. 30a); a dark ventral stripe between lower jaw and pseudogonopodium (50.1) (Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra, 1974: pl. 2); a dark lateroventral stripe on head (51.1) (VazFerreira& Sierra, 1974: pl. 2); and a derived behavior pattern, termed “coiled retrorse motion” by Costa (1998) (57.1), which consists of a typical courtship involving repetitive series of male coiling movements before copulation, in which males move simultaneously backwards and upwards, with the body at an angle of about 45° from the substrate. Campellolebias also differs from the remaining cynolebiatin genera ( Cynopoecilus , Leptolebias , Nematolebias , Simpsonichthys , Cynolebias , and Austrolebias ) in possessing long and narrow first proximal radials of the anal fin (20.0) (Costa, 1995a: fig. 1). Derived conditions hypothesized to occur independently in Campellolebias and in other rivulids (i. e., homoplastic features), or with uncertain polarity, are: narrow basihyal, longest width 35-40 % (8.2) (Costa, 1995a: fig. 2); second pharyngobranchial teeth absent (10.1); numerous neuromasts on the caudal-fin base (42.1); contact organs on the pectoral-fin rays in males (44.1); melanophores concentrated on the subdistal portion of dorsal and anal fins in males (49.1); and, black spots on the posterior portion of the caudal fin in females (52.1).

Key to species of the genus Campellolebias

1a. Pelvic-fin bases medially separated by interspace about half pelvic-fin base width; iridescent marks arranged in horizontal rows on flank in males; dark chromatophores arranged in horizontal lines on flank in females; no distinctive dark bars on flank in males; no pale purple stripe on flank in males; no distinctive black spot on posterior portion of dorsal fin ....................................................................................................... 2

1b. Pelvic-fin bases medially in contact; iridescent dots arranged in vertical rows on flank in males; dark chromatophores arranged in vertically elongated spots on flank in females; 9-10 dark brown bars on flank in males; two pale purple stripes on flank in males; black spot on posterior portion of dorsal fin.. ........................ C. dorsimaculatus

2a. Dorsal and anal fins long in males, tip reaching posterior half of caudal fin; pelvic-fin tip reaching base of 4th anal-fin ray in males.. ............................................................ 3

2b. Dorsal and anal fins moderately long in males, tip reaching basal portion of caudal fin; pelvic-fin tip reaching anterior base of pseudogonopodium in males. ............................................................................. C. intermedius

3a. Supraorbital neuromasts 2 + 10-12; sides of body purplish pink, with 7 horizontal golden lines in males; pale orange stripes on flank in females; black spots just below lateral midline, on anterocentral portion of flank in females; 29 vertebrae.. ................. ............................................................................................................ C. chrysolineatus

3b. Supraorbital neuromasts 3 + 13-16; sides of body dark purplish red, with 7 horizontal rows of metallic green spots in males; no pale orange stripe on flank in females; no black spot on flank in females; 27-28 vertebrae.. ........................................... C. brucei