Apertochrysa, Tjeder. Tsukaguchi, 1985

Breitkreuz, Laura, Duelli, Peter & Oswald, John, 2021, Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966, a new senior synonym of Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi 1995 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae: Chrysopini), Zootaxa 4966 (2), pp. 215-225 : 218-219

Taxonomy of Apertochrysa sensu novum

A list of all species included here in Apertochrysa sensu novum is given in Table 1 . The table provides information on species name, author, year of publication, combination status (where new), taxonomic category, and species group placement. Species are assigned to one of four taxonomic categories, as follows:

(A) Species that are currently contained in Apertochrysa , i.e., species that were placed in Apertochrysa prior to this work and are retained in that genus here.

(B) Species currently included in Pseudomallada that are transferred to Apertochrysa as new combinations in this work. These transfers are required because the synonymization of Pseudomallada under Apertochrysa renders prior combinations in Pseudomallada invalid.

(C) Species that are currently included in Pseudomallada , but which have pre-existing combinations in Apertochrysa . These species are transferred back to Apertochrysa in this work; they have new status, but their combinations are not new.

(D) Species currently included in Mallada that are transferred to Apertochrysa as new combinations in this work. These transfers are based on published gonapsis illustrations, which support their removal from Mallada and inclusion in Apertochrysa . The gonapsis shapes of these two species are unambiguously of types C and D ( Fig. 1 ) and cannot be confused with the gonapsis forms present in true Mallada species.

Although it would be preferable to be able to physically re-examine all of the species transferred here into Apertochrysa sensu novum, this is not practicable because of the large number of species involved. We chose here to transfer all former Pseudomallada species en masse into Apertochrysa in order to make new, documented, Apertochrysa combinations available for use in on-going phylogenetic and taxonomic work, to facilitate the updating of on-line works widely utilized by the neuropterological community, and to avoid the protracted period of uncertainty regarding proper combinations that would ensue if a piecemeal transfer strategy was adopted. While some of the new Apertochrysa species will be found to belong to other genera (as was the case when they were previously placed in Pseudomallada ), future removal decisions will require additional study of individual species. Brief notes on some species that may not belong in Apertochrysa are included in Table 1 to help guide future investigations. We also call attention here to two species that have recently been removed from Apertochrysa to other genera:

Apertochrysa kichijoi (Kuwayama, 1936) – now Kuwayamachrysa kichijoi (Kuwayama, 1936) , see Tsukaguchi & Tago 2018.

Apertochrysa albolineatoides ( Tsukaguchi, 1995) – now Cunctochrysa albolineatoides ( Tsukaguchi, 1995) , see Mochizuki et al. 2017:69.

...Continued on the next page ...Continued on the next page ...Continued on the next page ...Continued on the next page ...Continued on the next page

Figures

FIGURE 1. Representative gonapses of the four Apertochrysa species groups noted in Duelli et al. (2017), ventral view: A: prasina group, Apertochrysa ventralis (Curtis, 1834); B: alcestes group, Apertochrysa alcestes (Banks, 1911) (after Duelli et al., 2017); C: flavifrons group, Apertochrysa perfecta (Banks, 1895) (after Adams & Garland, 1982); D: venosa group, Apertochrysa venosella (Esben-Petersen, 1920) (after Tjeder, 1966). All Apertochrysa gonapses possess a median rod. The lateral “wings” vary in shape and position. Gonocristae are present only in the venosa group.