Trachylepis Fitzinger, 1843

Marques, Mariana P., Ceríaco, Luis M. P., Blackburn, David C. & Bauer, Aaron M., 2018, Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840 - 2017), Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 65, pp. 1-501 : 252-271

Genus Trachylepis Fitzinger, 1843

Trachylepis acutilabris (Peters, 1862) WEDGE-SNOUTED SKINK

Euprepes acutilabris Peters 1862a:19 . Syntypes: ZMB 4214, 4215, 4216, 64286–90 (formerly ZMB 4214 part), 64348–49 (formerly ZMB 4216 part) fide Bauer et al. (2003) (collector C.H. Hahn) (see notes below). Type locality: “Neu-Barmen” [= Gross Barmen, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia].

Euprepes acutilabris : Bocage (1870:68), Peters (1877a:614).

Mabuya acutilabis : Boulenger (1887:208), Bocage (1895a:46), Schmidt (1919:551), Monard (1937b:37), Mertens (1937a:11), Laurent (1947:8, 1954a:65, 1964a:75), Hellmich (1957a:58, 1957b:53), Branch (1998:151).

Trachylepis acutilabris : Haacke (2008:90), Ceríaco et al. (2016a:34, 57).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: This species occupies sandy substrates from Cabinda and the western Democratic Republic of Congo, through western Angola continuously through to central Namibia, with several additional scattered populations.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 214): The species occurs in the western Angola , along the coast . Cabinda: “ Chinchoxo ” [-5.10000,

12.10000] ( Peters 1877a:614; Bocage 1895a:

46). Zaire: “Noki” [-5.86667, 13.43333]

( Schmidt 1919:551-553), “António [do

Congo]” [-6.13333, 12.36667] ( Schmidt

1919:551-553). Luanda: “ Luanda ” [-8.83333,

13.26667] ( Hellmich 1957a:58). Malanje :

“ Duque de Bragança ” [-9.10000, 15.95000]

( Bocage 1895a:46). Benguela: “ Plage de Lobito (Restinga)” [-12.33333, 13.50000] ( Laurent

1954a:65, Laurent 1964a:75); “Lobito”

[-12.35000, 13.55000] ( Monard 1937b:94;

Mertens 1937a:11); “Catumbella” [-12.43333,

13.55000] ( Bocage 1895a:46); “ Benguela ”

[-12.58333, 13.41667] ( Boulenger 1887:208;

Bocage 1895a:46); “Baía dos Elefantes” MAP 214. Distribution of Trachylepis acutilabris in Angola.

[-13.23333, 12.73333] ( Laurent 1947:8);

“Mullet Bay ” [-13.40000, 12.56667] ( Laurent 1947:8); “ Baía Farta” [-12.60000, 13.20000] ( Laurent 1947:8); “ Baía de St. Bras, près Lobito” ( Laurent 1947:8). Namibe: “Cahinde-Ongueira” [-15.48333, 13.36667] ( Hellmich 1957b:53; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Désert de Mossâmedes, 35 km au sud de la ville” [-15.49752, 12.20051] ( Laurent 1964a:75; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ Rio Coroca” [-15.78333, 12.06667] ( Bocage 1895a:46; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Iona National Park, 3.4 km south-west (by air) of Espinheira, vicinities of Lion Cave” [-16.81514, 12.33714] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:34); “Iona National Park, car wreck 20 km south-west (by air) of Espinheira” [-16.93161, 12.24595] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:34); “Namibe-Lubango road, road marker 59, 1.8 km (by road) of Caraculo, north side of the road” [-15.01647, 12.64267] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:34); Pico Azevedo [-15.53400, 12.49197] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:34). Undetermined Locality: “Carangigo” ( Boulenger 1887:208; Bocage 1895a:46).

Taxonomic and distributional notes: Previously placed in the genus Mabuya , typical skinks from the Afro-Malagasy region were assigned to Trachylepis Fitzinger, 1843 by Bauer (2003). The species appears to vary little morphologically across its extensive range. Additional possible syntypes include MNHN 1471 ( Brygoo 1985), BMNH 67.6.14.2–3, 1935.2.8.9, 1946.8.19.19 ( Boulenger 1887), and MCZ R-21037–38. (Barbour and Loveridge 1929). As discussed by Bauer et al. (2003), the type series for this species was large, and it is likely that there are numerous specimens outside Berlin that may have syntype status.

Trachylepis affinis ( Gray, 1838) SENEGAL SKINK

Tiliqua affinis Gray 1838:289 . Holotype: BMNH 1946.8 .18.21 (formerly BMNH xiv.92a) (collector unknown). Type locality: Not stated.

Euprepes Blandingii : Bocage (1866a:44), Peters (1877a:614).

Mabuia Raddonii : Bocage (1895a:40).

Mabuia raddonii : Boulenger (1887:165).

Mabuya radoni : Ferreira (1903:14), Parker (1936:138), Hellmich (1957b:55).

Mabuya affinis : Hoogmoed (1974:6).

Euprepis affinis : Mausfeld-Lafdhiya et al. (2004:159).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: The species is a widespread species complex distributed across all of western Africa, from Sénegal to Angola.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 215): The species occurs in western Angola. However,

the accepted distribution range for the species is limited to the northwestern Angola. Cabinda: “Chinchoxo (côte d’Loango)” [-5.10000,

12.10000] ( Peters 1877a:614; Bocage

1895a:40). Kwanza Norte: “Piri-Dembos”

[-8.56667, 14.50000] ( Hellmich 1957b:55).

Malanje: “ Duque de Bragança ” [-9.10000,

15.95000] ( Ferreira 1903:14). Kwanza Sul :

“Congulu” [-10.86667, 14.28333] ( Parker

1936:138). Huíla: “Caconda” [-13.73333,

15.06667] ( Bocage 1895a:40).

Taxonomic and distributional notes:

The long and complex history of Trachylepis

[= Mabuya ] affinis ( Gray, 1838) has been reviewed by Hoogmoed (1974). At present

MAP 215. Distribution of Trachylepis affinis in Angola.

there are numerous synonyms, of which two have been applied to Angolan material: Euprepis blandingii Hallowell, 1857 and Euprepis raddoni Gray, 1845 . Molecular phylogenetic studies ( Allen 2015) have revealed some significant structure across the distribution, but a thorough revision is needed in order to determine if any of the names in synonymy may be applicable to Angolan populations. The record from “Caconda,” Huíla Province ( Bocage 1895a), here plotted with an X, is certainly incorrect, although it is unclear to which other species it may apply.

Trachylepis cf. albopunctata (Bocage, 1867) ANGOLAN VARIABLE SKINK

Euprepes Oliveiri var. albo-punctatus Bocage 1867b:223. Syntypes: MBL specimen numbers unknown (collector J. A. d’Anchieta), destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “ Benguella, and “Catumbella,”

[= Benguela and Catumbela ], Benguela Province, Angola. Euprepes angolensis ( Bocage 1872:89) . Holotype: MBL specimen numbers unknown (collector J. A.

d’Anchieta [Biballa] and F. A. P. Bayão [Dondo]), destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality:

“Biballa, dans l’intérieur de Mossamedes” and “Dondo” [= Bibala and Dondo], Namibe and Kwanza

Norte provinces, respectively, Angola. Euprepes Oliveiri : Bocage (1867c:227). Euprepes angolensis : Bocage (1872:78). Mabuia varia : Boulenger (1887:202, 1905:111), Bocage (1895a:43, 1896a:111). Mabuya varia : Schmidt (1933:12), Monard (1937b:87), Mertens (1938a:437), Parker (1936:138), Laurent

(1964a:72), Grillitsch et al. (1996:32), Branch (1998:157), Broadley (2000:99). Mabuya varia varia : Hellmich (1957a:66, 1957b:57), Loveridge (1957: 212). Trachylepis varia : Ceríaco et al. (2016a:31, 58), Ceríaco et al. (2016b:67), Conradie et al. (2016 b:26). Trachylepis varia Clade B: Weinell and Bauer (2018:107).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: This taxon occupies much of Angola except the southeast, as well as western Zambia and the former Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The extent of its extralimital distribution is not known.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 216): The species is widely distributed in Angola, except in the southeast, where it is replaced by

T. damarana . Kwanza Norte: “Ambaca”

[-9.26667, 15.18333] ( Bocage 1895a:43);

“Dondo” [-9.68333, 14.43333] ( Bocage

1872:78, 1895a:43; Hellmich 1957b:57);

unnamed localities [-10.223, 14.811; -10.839,

14.629; -11.901, 15.45] (Weinell and Bauer

2018:Supplementary Data 3). Malanje:

“Pungo-Andongo” [-9.66667, 15.58333]

( Boulenger 1905:111); “Cangandala National

Park” [-9.81858, 16.65403] (Ceríaco et al.

2016b: 67; Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3); unnamed locality [-9.074, 16]

(Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data

3). Lunda Norte: “Capaia” [-8.33333,

20.20000] ( Grillitsch et al. 1996:32). Lunda MAP 216. Distribution of Trachylepis cf. albopunctata in Angola .

Sul: “Alto Chicapa” [-10.88333, 19.23333]

( Laurent 1964a:72). Moxico: “Sandando, 85 km east from Luso” [-11.61667, 20.63333] ( Laurent 1964a:72). Bié: “Gauca” [-11.18333, 17.45000] ( Schmidt 1933:12); “Chitau” [-11.43333, 17.15000] ( Schmidt 1933:12). Huambo: “ Mt. Moco ” [-12.41667, 15.18333] ( Parker 1936:138); unnamed locality [-12.503, 15.225] (Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3). Benguela: “Lobito” [-12.35000, 13.55000] ( Parker 1936:138); “Cahata” [-12.35000, 14.81667] ( Bocage 1895a:43); “Catumbela” [-12.43333, 13.55000] ( Bocage 1867c:223; Loveridge 1957:212); “Quissange” [-12.43333, 14.05000] ( Bocage 1895a:43); “ Benguela ” [-12.58333, 13.41667] ( Bocage 1867b:223; Loveridge 1957:212); “Ebanga” [-12.73333, 14.73333] (Monard 1397b:87); “Entre Rios” [-13.01667, 14.63333] ( Hellmich 1957a:66); “Cubal” [-13.03333, 14.25000] ( Mertens 1938a:437); “Hanha” [-13.30000, 14.20000] (Bocage 1896:111); unnamed localities [-8.345, 20.212; -8.346, 20.212; -12.163, 13.877; -12.252, 14.266; -11.901, 15.45] (Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3). Huíla: “Caconda” [-13.73333, 15.06667] ( Bocage 1895a:43); “Sangevé” [-13.88333, 15.83333] ( Monard 1937b:87); unnamed localities [-15.317, 13.533; -14.741, 15.058; -14.94, 13.512; -14.184, 14.428; -14.638, 13.928; -14.769, 14.808; -13.65, 21.426; -13.786, 14.643] (Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3). Namibe: “Biballa” [-14.76667, 13.36667] ( Bocage 1872:78; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:58); “Mossamedes” [-15.20000, 12.15000] ( Bocage 1867c:227; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:58); “Leba Pass” [-15.07003, 13.24339] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:31); unnamed locality [-14.733, 13.345] (Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3). Cuando Cubango: “Cubango basin (46)” [-14.58981, 16.90739] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9, 12, 25); “Cubango basin (47)” [-14.70214, 17.37806] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9, 12, 25). Undetermined locality: “Between Benguela and Bihé” ( Boulenger 1905:111).

Taxonomic and distributional notes: Although considered as Trachylepis varia by most authors who have cited these skinks for Angola, a recent molecular and morphological review (Weinell and Bauer 2018) demonstrated that true T. varia is absent from Angola, with the Angolan “ varia ” belonging to a separate clade that extends from Angola to Zambia. As noted by Weinell and

Bauer (2018) it is likely that the names Euprepes olivieri var. albo-punctatus Bocage, 1867 and Euprepes angolensis Bocage, 1872 apply to this clade. Boulenger (1887) and Bocage (1895a, 1896a) incuded both in the synonymy of varia . The original description of albopunctata is consistent with the morphological characters of members of the Angolan clade, and given its precedence, we tentatively recognize it as the name applicable to varia -like Trachylepis in Angola, exclusive of the southeast. Euprepis angolensis , which we consider as a probable junior synonym of T. albopunctata has been considered by some to refer to the same species as Mabuia striata angolensis Monard, 1937 (see Trachylepis monardi account). Unfortunately, all of the original Bocage specimens associated with this name were destroyed, exacerbating the task of trying to link this name with particular specimens in the T. varia complex. It is likely that some of the older literature records may refer to other species of Trachylepis outside the T. varia complex, so our assessment of the distribution of this group in Angola should be interpreted as a rough estimate at best. A review of the Angolan Trachylepis being prepared to resolve this and other similar problems.

Trachylepis bayonii ( Bocage, 1872) BAYÃO’S SKINK

Euprepes Bayonii ( Bocage 1872:75) . Syntypes: MBL specimen numbers unknown , BMNH 1946.8 .19.13 (formerly BMNH 66.6.11.8) , ZMB 6477 (collector F.A.P. Bayão [var. A – Duque de Bragança ] and J.A. d’Anchieta [var. B – Huíla]), destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “Duque de Bragança dans l’intérieur d’Angola” [= Calandula], Malanje Province and “Huilla, plateau assez élevé dans l’intérieur de Mossamedes” [= Huíla], Huíla Provincce, Angola .

Mabuya bayonii huilensis ( Laurent 1964a:67). Holotype: MD 1886 (collector A. Barros Machado). Type locality: “ Boca de Humpata , environs de Sá da Bandeira, Huíla” [= Humpata], Huíla Province, Angola.

Euprepes Gravenhorstii : Bocage (1866a:44)

Euprepes Bayonii ( Bocage 1870:68, 1879b:95, 1887a:179).

Euprepes Bayonii var. A: Bocage (1872:75).

Euprepes Bayonii var. B: Bocage (1872:75).

Mabuia bayonii Boulenger (1887:201)

Mabuia Bayonii Bocage (1895:38) .

Mabuya bayonii : Boulenger (1887:201, 1905:111), Bocage (1895a:38, 1897a:195), Schmidt (1933:11), Monard (1937b:87), Hellmich (1957b:54), Manaças (1963:234), Spawls et al. (2004:130), Bauer et al. (2003:270).

Mabuya bayonii bayonii : Laurent (1964a:67).

Euprepes Bayonii : Bauer et al. (2003:270).

Trachylepis bayonii : Menegon and Spawls (2011), Ceríaco et al. (2016b:57).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Data Deficient.

Global distribution: The species has been reported from Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Kenya and Tanzania, although the East African forms are referable to T. b. keniensis (Loveridge, 1956) and are almost certainly specifically distinct from the West African T. b. bayonii and T. b. huilensis.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 217): The species mainly occurs in central Angola and southwestern Angola. Zaire: “S. Salvador do Congo” [-6.26667, 14.23333] ( Bocage 1887a:179, 1895a:38). Kwanza Norte: “Piri-Dembos” [-8.56667, 14.50000] ( Hellmich 1957b:54); “Ambaca” [-9.26667, 15.18333] ( Boulenger 1905:111). Malanje: “Duque de Bragança” [-9.10000, 15.95000] ( Bocage 1866a:44, 1872:75, 1895a:38, 1897a:195; Boulenger 1887:201, 1905:111; Bauer et al. 2003:270). Lunda Norte: “Cassange” [-9.58333, 17.86667] ( Bocage 1879b:95, 1895a:38; 1897a:195). Moxico: “environs du lac Calundo” [-11.80000, 20.86667] ( Manaças 1963:263); “Calombe, Luso” [-11.83333, 19.93333] ( Manaças 1963:263). Bié: “Gauca” [-11.18333, 17.45000] ( Schmidt 1933:11; Laurent 1964a:67); “Chitau” [-11.43333, 17.15000] ( Schmidt

1933:11). Huambo: “Santo-Amaro”

[-12.70000, 15.85000] ( Monard 1937b:87).

Benguela: “Cahata” [-12.35000, 14.81667]

( Bocage 1895a:38). Huíla: “Caconda”

[-13.73333, 15.06667] ( Bocage 1895a:38);

“Kalukembé” [-13.78333, 14.68333] ( Monard

1937b:87); “Kuvangu” [-14.46667, 16.30000]

( Monard 1937b:87); “Boca de Humpata, Sá da

Bandeira” [-14.93333, 13.51667] ( Laurent

1964a:67); “Huilla” [-15.05000, 13.55000]

( Bocage 1872:75, 1895a:38).

Taxonomic and distributional notes:

Bocage (1872) distinguished between two varieties: var. A, which corresponds to specimens with a uniform color collected at “Duque de

Bragança ” [= Calandula] and var. B from the

“Huilla Plateau.” He later ( Bocage 1895a) sep-

Map 217. Distribution of Trachylepis bayonii in Angola. arated the uniform specimens from those from throughout the rest of the species range. Laurent (1964a) described Mabuya bayonii huilensis from “Boca de Humpata, environs de Sá da Bandeira.” This subspecies, based on a single juvenile specimen, has never been critically assessed, and although it may warrant recognition, we have here lumped all literature records to both it and the nominotypical form pending further research. The record from “S. Salvador do Congo” is out of the expected species range and probably represents a misidentification.

Trachylepis binotata (Bocage, 1867) OVAMBO TREE SKINK Euprepes binotatus Bocage 1867b:223 ; 1867d:230. Syntypes: MBL specimen numbers unknown, destroyed by fire 18 March 1978, MNHN 1462 fide Brygoo (1985), BMNH 1946.8.15.32 (formerly BMNH 67.7.23.26) fide Boulenger (1887), ZMB 5830 fide Bauer et al. (2003) (collector J.A. d’Anchieta). Type locality: “Benguella”, “Dombe” and “Catumbella” Benguela and Huíla provinces, Angola fide Bocage (1867b:223).

Euprepes binotatus : Bocage (1879c:88), Brygoo (1985:13).

Mabuya quinquetaeniata : Boulenger (1887:198).

Mabuya binotata : Bocage (1895a:46, 1897a:196), Monard (1937b:91), Hellmich (1957a:59, 1957b:54), Laurent (1964a:68), Branch (1998:151), Bauer et al. (2003:270).

Euprepes binotata : Bauer et al. (2003:270).

Mabuya quinquetaeniata binotata : Mertens (1926:152, 1937a:10, 1938a:437).

Trachylepis binotata : Ceríaco et al. (2016a:57).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: The species is known from southern Angola and northwestern Namibia. Ocurrences in Angola (Map 218): The species occurs in the southwestern Angola. Benguela: “Catumbella” [-12.35000, 14.81667] ( Bocage 1867b:223, 1895a:46, 1897a:196; Bauer et al. 2003:27); “Benguella” [-12.58333, 13.41667] ( Bocage 1867b:223, 1867d:230, 1895a:46, 1897a:196; Boulenger 1887:198; Brygoo 1985:13; Bauer et al. 2003:271); “Dombe” [-12.95000, 13.10000] ( Bocage 1867b:223, 1895a:46, 1897a:196; Bauer et al. 2003:271); “Cubal” [-13.03333, 14.25000] ( Mertens 1938a:437); “Catengue Station, Benguella” [-13.03333, 13.73333] ( Mertens 1926:152, 1937a:10). Huíla: “Caconda” [-12.43333, 13.55000] ( Bocage 1879c:88). Namibe: “Capangombe” [-15.10000, 13.15000] ( Bocage 1895a:46; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ 50 km Moçâmedes road to Sá da Bandeira” [-15.01358,

12.518628] ( Laurent 1964a:68; Ceríaco et al.

2016a:57); “Maconjo” [-15.01667, 13.20000]

( Bauer et al. 2003:271; Ceríaco et al.

2016a:57). Cunene: “Mupa” [-16.18333,

15.75000] ( Monard 1937b:91).

Taxonomic and distributional notes:

Bocage (1867b) first named Euprepes binotatus , from three localities in Benguela Province,

but without a description or diagnosis. In the subsequent paper, Bocage (1867d) published a detailed description but noted only the locality

“Benguella” by name. The original type series was large and syntypes were sent to Bocage’s correspondents at other major European museums. Boulenger (1887) erroneously listed the

BMNH syntype under Mabuya quinquetaeniata .

MAP 218. Distribution of Trachylepis binotata in Angola.

Trachylepis bocagii ( Boulenger, 1887) BOCAGE’S SKINK

Euprepes Petersi : Bocage 1872:74. Syntypes (see notes below): MBL specimen numbers unknown (collector

F.A.P. Bayão), destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “Duque de Bragança ” [= Calandula ]

Malanje Province, Angola. Mabuia bocagii ( Boulenger 1887:203) . Replacement name for Euprepes petersi Bocage, 1872 , preoccupied by E. petersi Steindachner, 1867 = Eutropis dissimilis ( Hallowell, 1857) . Euprepes quinquetaeniatus : Bocage (1866a:44). Mabuia Petersi : Bocage (1895a:42, 1897a:197), Ferreira (1900a:49, 1903:15, 1906:170), Tiedemann and

Häupl (1980:43), Tiedemann et al. (1994:53). Mabuia quinquetaniata : Boulenger (1905:111). Mabuya bocagii : Parker (1936:136), Mertens (1938a:437), Bauer et al. (2003:275). Mabuya bocagii bocagii : Hellmich (1957a:60). Mabuya quinquetaeniata quinquetaeniata : Hellmich (1957b:54). Mabuya bocagei : Frade (1963:252). Euprepes quinquetaeniata : Brygoo (1985:90).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Least Concern.

Global distribution: The species is known from southern Africa, occuring from Angola, through Zambia to Zimbabwe and Malawi.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 219): The species has been recorded at widely scattered sites in Angola, but is absent form the arid far southwest and the forested areas of the northwest and northeast. Malanje: “Duque de Bragança” [-9.10000, 15.95000] ( Bocage 1866a:44, 1872:74, 1895a:42; Boulenger 1887:203; Brygoo 1985:90; Bauer et al. 2003:275); “Pungo-Andongo” [-9.66667, 15.58333] ( Boulenger 1887:203, 1905:111; Bocage 1895a:42). Kwanza Norte: “Piri-Dembos” [-8.56667, 14.50000] ( Hellmich 1957b:54); “Cambondo” [-9.15963, 14.65771] ( Ferreira 1906:170); “Dondo” [-9.68333, 14.43333] (Bocage 1972:80, 1895a:42, Tiedemann and Häupl 1980:43; Tiedemann et al. 1994:53). Kwanza Sul: “Congulu” [-10.86667, 14.28333] ( Parker 1936:136). Benguela: “Quibula” [-12.28333, 14.68333] ( Bocage 1895a:42, 1897a:195); “Entre Rios” [-13.01667, 14.63333] ( Hellmich 1957a:60); “Cubal” [-13.03333, 14.25000] ( Mertens 1938a:437). Without precise locality: “with no precise location” ( Ferreira 1900a:49).

Taxonomic and distributional notes:

Euprepes petersi Bocage, 1872 was preoccupied by E. petersii Steindachner, 1867 (syn.

Eutropis dissimilis ( Hallowell, 1857)) and

Mabuia bocagii was proposed as a replacement name by Boulenger (1887). As such its type material is identical to that of Bocage (1872).

Bocage (1872) applied his name to the species he originally called Euprepes quinquetaeniata

( Bocage 1866a). His description of E. petersi gives details for only a single specimen but his earlier mention of E. quinquetaeniata from

“ Duque de Bragança ” reveals that there were originally many specimens in the series in Lisbon. Several of these have been suggested to be potential syntypes of E. petersi , including

ZMB 6479 in Berlin ( Bauer et al. 2003)

BMNH 1946.8.15.30 (formerly 64.7.13.23) in MAP 219. Distribution of Trachylepis bocagii in Angola. London, MNHN 1286 and 1286ª in Paris (Bygoo 1985) , and NHMW 16677 in Vienna (Tiedemann and Häupl 1980; Tiedemann et al. 1994). The last of these, however, is from “Dondo” and cannot be part of the type series. Those from London and Paris are from the type locality and are almost certainly part of the series of E. quinquetaeniata noted by Bocage (1866a). However, they were received from Lisbon several years before the description of E. petersi and were not among those on hand in Lisbon when Bocage prepared the description of E. petersi . The date of receipt of the Berlin specimen is unknown, but it is likely that it too significantly predated the description of E. petersi . Thus, conservatively, any types of this taxon are likely to have been in Lisbon only, although those specimens in other collections nonetheless provide valuable confirmation of Bocage’s concept of the species. There are several literature records of T. quinquetaeniata from Angola, all of which are highly unlikely. This species has a broad distribution across the Sahel, in the Nile Valley and in East Africa, but the nearest records to Angola are in the northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo and even the closely related T. pulcherrima (de Witte, 1953) extends no closer than ~ 1000 km to the nearest purported Angolan sites (Broadley and Bauer 1998). This is borne out by the examination of the specimens upon which these errant records are based. Thus, Malanje and Kwanza Norte references to T. quinquetaeniata ( Boulenger 1905; Hellmich 1957b) are here referred to T. bocagii . Trachylepis bocagii has also recently been collected in Quiçama National Park, Bengo Province (M. Marques and L. Ceríaco, pers. obs.).

Trachylepis chimbana ( Boulenger, 1887) CHIMBA SKINK

Euprepes affinis Bocage 1872:77 . Syntypes: MBL 822 (2 specimens), 824 (collector not stated). Type locality: “Rio Chimba, dans l’intérieur de Mossamedes” [= Rio Chimba ], Namibe Province, Angola.

Mabuia chimbana Boulenger 1887:204 . Replacement name for Euprepes affinis Bocage, 1872 , preoccupied by E. affinis ( Gray, 1838) .

Euprepes affinis : Bocage (1872:77).

Mabuia chimbana : Bocage (1895a:45, 1897a:195), Schmidt (1933:12), Frade (1963:252).

Mabuya striata angolensis : Hellmich (1957b:56).

Mabuya striata chimbana : Laurent (1964a:69).

Mabuya chimbana : Broadley (1975a:13), Branch (1998:153).

Trachylepis chimbana : Portik and Bauer (2012:128), Ceríaco et al. (2016a:57).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not

Evaluated.

Global distribution: The species is known from Angola and extreme northern

Nambia.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 220): The species occurs in southwest and eastern Angola. Lunda Sul: “Alto Cuílo” [-10.01667,

19.55000] ( Laurent 1964a:69); “Alto Chicapa”

[-10.88333, 19.23333] ( Laurent 1964a:69) [in error]. Moxico: “environs du lac Calundo”

[-11.80000, 20.86667] ( Laurent 1964a:69);

“Cazombo” [-11.88333, 22.91667] ( Laurent

1964a:69); “Calunda” [-12.11667, 23.46667]

( Laurent 1964a:69). Huambo: “Bela-Vista

(Sanguengue)” [-12.36667, 16.20000] ( Hellmich 1957b:56). Benguela: “Quindumbo”

[ -12.46667, 14.93333] ( Bocage 1895a:45, MAP 220. Distribution of Trachylepis chimbana in Angola.

1897a:195; Broadley 1975a:14); “ 10 km E of

Caembombo” [-13.01667, 14.01667] ( Broadley 1975a:14); “Coporolo” [-13.38333, 13.88333] ( Broadley 1975a:14); “ 5 km S of Catara River on Lucira Road” [-13.55000, 12.55000] ( Broadley 1975a:14). Huíla: “Jau, around Sá da Bandeira” [-15.20000, 13.51667] ( Laurent 1964a:69). Namibe: “Lucira” [-13.86667, 12.53333] ( Broadley 1975a:14; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ Rio Chimba” [-14.30000, 12.40000] ( Bocage 1872:77, 1895a:45, 1897a:195; Boulenger 1887:204; Broadley 1975a:14; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Chapeau Armando turnoff, Mossamedes” [-14.45000, 12.36667] ( Broadley 1975a:14; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Assuncao” [-14.86667, 13.10000] ( Broadley 1975a:14; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ 14 km NE Caraculo” [-14.90214, 12.74229] ( Broadley 1975a:14; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Maconjo” [-15.01667, 13.20000] ( Bocage 1895a:45, 1897a:195; Broadley 1975a:14; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Capangombe” [-15.10000, 13.15000] ( Bocage 1895a:45, 1897a:195; Broadley 1975a:14; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Mossamedes” [-15.20000, 12.15000] ( Boulenger 1887:204; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Saiona River, NW of Cain- de” [-15.40000, 13.20000] (Broadley 1975:14; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Cainde” [-15.48333, 13.36667] ( Broadley 1975a:14; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ Rio Coroca” [-15.78333, 12.06667] ( Broadley 1975a:14; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57). Cunene: “Othinjau” [-17.33333, 14.26667] ( Hellmich 1957b:56); “Humbe” [-16.68333, 14.90000] ( Schmidt 1933:12). Undetermined locality: “ 12 km W of Humbia” ( Broadley 1975a:14); “Huke” ( Broadley 1975a:14).

Taxonomic and distributional notes: Boulenger (1887) provided E. chimbana as a replacement name for Bocage’s (1872) Euprepes affinis which was preoccupied. Laurent (1964a) treated M. chimbana as a subspecies of Mabuya striata but Broadley (1975a) treated it as a member of the Trachylepis lacertiformis complex. It seems likely that Laurent’s concept of this species was different than that of other authors and that his localities, far to the east of what is usually regard- ed as a western species ( Broadley 1975a; Branch 1998; Portik and Bauer 2012), apply to another congener. These specimens have recently been rediscovered and are under study.

Trachylepis damarana ( Peters, 1870) KALAHARI VARIABLE SKINK

Euprepes damaranus Peters 1870:20 . Lectotype: ZMB 6153 (collector W. C. H. Peters). Type locality: “Damaraland,” [= north central Namibia], Namibia.

Trachylepis varia : Conradie et al. (2016 b: 26).

Trachylepis damarana : Weinell and Bauer (2018:215).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: T. damarana is distributed from southeastern Angola and northeastern Namibia, across northern Botswana to Zimbabwe and adjacent western areas of Mozambique and the northeastern South Africa.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 221): The species occurs only in the southeastern areas of the country. Cuando Cubango: “Cuito basin

(30c)” [-17.51222, 20.06027] ( Conradie et al.

2016:9–10, 25; Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3); “Cuito basin (35)”

[-16.62322, 19.05352] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9–

10, 25; Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary

Data 3); “Cuito basin (32)” [-17.04880,

19.53333] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9–10, 25;

Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data

3); “Cuando basin (37)” [-17.67833, 22.61475]

( Conradie et al. 2016:9–10, 25; Weinell and

Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3); “Cuando basin (38)” [-17.58830, 22.65694] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9–10, 25; Weinell and Bauer

2018:Supplementary Data 3); “Cuando basin

(39)” [-17.46333, 22.86638] ( Conradie et al. MAP 221. Distribution of Trachylepis damarana in Angola.

2016:9–10, 25; Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3); “Cuando basin (42)” [-17.49611, 23.13444] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9–10, 25; Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3); “Cuando basin (44a)” [-17.57333, 23.26000] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9–10, 25; Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3); “Cubango basin (59)” [-16.28392, 18.84744] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9, 12, 25; Weinell and Bauer 2018:Supplementary Data 3).

Taxonomic and distributional notes: Originally described by Peters (1870) from “Damaraland,” then applicable to much of northern Namibia, this species was recently resurrected from the synonymy of Trachylepis varia . Broadley (1966, 2000) considered T. damarana as a synonym of T. varia , but recently Weinell and Bauer (2018) provided molecular and morphological evidence that supports its validity as a distinct species.

Trachylepis hoeschi ( Mertens, 1954) HOESCH’S SKINK

Mabuya hoeschi Mertens 1954:178 , fig. 4. Holotype: SMF 45681 (collector W. Hoesch). Type locality: “Roessing-Berge, östlich von Swakopmund, SW-Afrika” [= Rössing Mts. , east of Swakopmund, Erongo Region], Namibia.

Mabuya hoeschi : Laurent (1964a:68), Branch (1998:153).

Trachylepis hoeschi : Ceríaco et al. (2016b:32, 57).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: The species is restricted to southwestern Africa, occuring from northwestern Namibia to southwestern Angola.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 222): The species is limited to the Namibe desert region. Namibe: “Plage «das Conchas», Moçâmedes” [-15.13333, 12.11667] ( Laurent 1964a:68; Ceríaco

Trachylepis cf. lacertiformis ( Peters, 1854) BRONZE ROCK SKINK

Euprepes lacertiformis Peters 1854:618 . Syntypes: ZMB 5523 (4 specimens) (collector W.C.H. Peters), lost fide Bauer et al. (2003). Type locality: “Boror” [ Mozambique], considered in error for “ Tete,” Mozambique fide Broadley (1975a).

Mabuya lacertiformis : Broadley (1975a:12, 2000:101), Branch (1998:154).

Trachylepis lacertiformis : Broadley (2004:324), Broadley and Maritz (2010b), Portik and Bauer (2012:128), Ceríaco et al. (2016a:57).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Least Concern.

Global distribution: The species occurs from the southern end of Malawi Lake through the Tete District of Mozambique into eastern Zimbabwe and westwards along the Zambezi. The Angolan population is disjunct.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 223): The species occurs in an isolated population in southwestern Angola in Nambie and Cunene

Province, near the Namibian border. Namibe:

“Cainde, Mossamedes” [-15.48333, 13.36667]

( Broadley 1975a:12; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57);

“ 14 km NE of Caraculo, Mossamedes”

[-14.90214, 12.74229] ( Broadley 1975a:12;

Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57). Cunene: “Otchinjau,

Huíla ” [-16.57903, 13.90516] ( Broadley

1975a:12).

Taxonomic and distributional notes: Trachylepis lacertiformis has frequently been confused with other species, particularly Trachylepis varia (Peters, 1867) (Broadley 1975) .

The status of the Angolan population with respect to supposed conspecifics in southeast

MAP 223. Distribution of Trachylepis cf. lacertiformis in Africa requires further investigation. Angola.

Trachylepis laevis (Boulenger, 1907) ANGOLAN BLUE-TAILED SKINK

Mabuia laevis Boulenger 1907a:212 . Holotype: BMNH 1946.8 .15.31 (formerly BMNH 06.8.24.71) (collector W.J. Ansorge). Type locality: “Maconjo, Benguela ” [= Fazenda Mucungo], Namibe Province, Angola.

Mabuya laevis : Hellmich (1957b:54), Laurent (1964a:76), Branch (1998:155).

Trachylepis laevis : Ceríaco et al. (2016a:33, 57).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: This species inhabits in large rock cracks in granite outcrops, from the Kaokoveld of northern Namibia and Southern Angola.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 224): The species occurs in southern Angola , in desert areas. Kwanza Norte: “Piri-Dembos (record questionable)” [-8.56667, 14.50000] ( Hellmich

1957b:54). Namibe: “ Munhino 50 km west Sá da Bandeira ” [-14.96667, 12.96667] ( Laurent

1964a:76; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Maconjo

(= Fazenda Mucungo)” [-14.782192,

12.486557] ( Boulenger 1907a:212; Ceríaco et al. 2016a: 57); “Iona National Park, north of

Tambor ” [-15.99642, 12.40711] (Ceríaco et al.

2016a:33).

Taxonomic and distributional notes:

Hellmich (1957b) cited this species from “PiriDembos,” which is significantly further north than the type locality. Laurent (1964a) cited another specimen from Namibe Province and also expressed doubt about the validty of MAP 224. Distribution of Trachylepis laevis in Angola.

Hellmich’s specimen. The “Piri-Dembos” record is highly improbable and surely represents a misidentification, although it is not clear to which species it might actually belong.

Trachylepis maculilabris ( Gray, 1845) SPECKLED-LIPPED SKINK

Euprepes maculilabris Gray 1845:114 . Holotype: BMNH 1946.8 .18.17 (formerly BMNH xv.109a) (collector

W. Raddon). Type locality: “ W. Africa ” [= West Africa ]. Euprepes notabilis Peters 1879:36 . Syntypes: ZMB 9204 (collector A. von. Homeyer), 8485 (collector J.G.

Falkenstein) lost fide Bauer et al. (1995, 2003). Type locality: “ Chinchoxo ,” [Cabinda Province] ( ZMB

8485) and “ Pungo Andongo ,” [Malanje Province, Angola] ( ZMB 9204 ). Euprepes Anchietae Bocage 1886a:44 (nomen nudum), 1866b:62. Holotype: MBL specimen number unknown. (collector J.A. d’Anchieta) destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “ Zaire ” [= Zaire

Province], Angola. Euprepes (Eupr.) Perrotetii : Peters (1877a:614), Bocage (1895a:39). Mabuia maculilabris : Boulenger (1887:164), Bocage (1895a:40), Ferreira (1906:170). Mabuya maculilabris : Loveridge (1933:312), Parker (1936:138), Laurent (1950a:12, 1954a:65), Broadley

(2000:94), Bauer et al. (2003:275). Mabuya maculilabris maculilabris : Hellmich (1957a:61), Loveridge (1957:209), Laurent (1964a:65). Euprepes notabilis : Bauer et al. (2003:275). Euprepes maculialbris : Mausfeld et al. (2004:160). Trachylepis maculilabris : Trape et al. (2012:398), Ceríaco et al. (2014b:671), Branch and Conradie

(2015:200).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: This species has a wide distribution in sub-Saharan Africa from Liberia to the Horn of Africa southwards as far as Angola in the west and Mozambique in the east. It is a human commensal and may expand its range as habitats are modified.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 225): The species is widely distributed in the northern regions of the country and is represented by scattered records in the south. Cabinda:

“Chinchoxo” [-5.10000, 12.10000] ( Peters

1877a:614, 1879:36; Bocage 1895a:39; Loveridge 1957:209; Bauer et al. 2003:275);

“ Cabinda ” [-5.55000, 12.18333] ( Bocage

1895a:40); 1957:209 Bengo: “Ambriz”

[-7.844312, 13.106493] ( Boulenger 1887:164;

Bocage 1895a:40; Loveridge 1933:312).

Luanda: “Quifangondo” [-8.76667, 13.43333]

(Ceríaco et al. 2014b:671). Kwanza Norte:

“Golungo” [-9.13333, 14.76667] ( Ferreira

1906:170); “Cambondo” [-9.15963, 14.65771]

(Ferreira:1906:170; Loveridge 1947:179);

“Mucoso” [-9.53333, 14.65000] ( Hellmich

1957a:61); “Dondo (Quanza edges)”

MAP 225. Distribution of Trachylepis maculilabris in Angola.

[-9.68333, 14.43333] ( Bocage 1895a:40).

Malanje: “Pungo-Andongo” [-9.66667, 15.58333] ( Peters 1879:36; Bocage 1895a:39, 40; Loveridge 1957:209; Bauer et al. (2003:275); “Capanda” [-9.72841, 15.34585] (Ceríaco et al. 2014:671). Lunda Norte: “Dundo” [-7.36667, 20.83333] ( Laurent 1950a:12, 1954a:65, 1964a:65); “Muita (Luembe E)” [-7.80000, 21.45000] ( Laurent 1950a:12); “Carumbo, Lucapa” [-8.42278, 20.73917] (Branch and Conradie 2000:200). Lunda Sul: “Alto Cuílo” [-10.01667, 19.55000] ( Laurent 1964a:65). Kwanza Sul: “Quirimbo” [-10.68333, 14.26667] ( Parker 1936:138); “Congulu” [-10.86667, 14.28333] ( Parker 1936:138). Benguela: “Entre Rios, Chivitidi” [-13.01667, 14.63333] ( Hellmich 1957a:61).

Taxonomic and distributional notes: Mausfeld et al. (2004) noted that Trachylepis maculilabris ( Gray, 1845) may comprise at least two distinct species, one from West Africa representing the nominotypic maculilabris , and other from East Africa representing a cryptic species. Ongoing research suggests that this is an underestimate and that the complex may contain many species. Bocage (1866a) introduced the name Euprepes anchietae as a nomen nudum, but a valid description appeared in a second paper ( Bocage 1866b) in the the same issue of the journal. Peters (1877a) originally referred one of the types of E. notabilis to E. perottetii Duméril and Bibron, 1839 and although Peters (1879) revised his identification, this correction was not noted by Bocage (1895a).

Trachylepis cf. megalura ( Peters, 1878) GRASS-TOP SKINK

Euprepes (Mabuia) megalurus Peters 1878:204 , pl. 2, fig. 4. Syntypes: ZMB 9281 (2 specimens), 9304 (collector J. M. Hildebrandt). Type locality: “ Taita ” [= Kenya].

Mabuya megalura subsp.: Laurent (1964a:74).

Trachylepis cf. megalura : Ceríaco et al. (2016b:71).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: The species is known from Ethiopia south to Mozambique and west to the southern Democratic Republic of Congo and northern Angola.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 226): The species has only been recorded from northeastern Angola. Lunda Sul: “Alto Cuílo” [-10.01667, 19.55000] ( Laurent 1964a:74). Malanje: “Cangandala National Park” [-9.84606, 16.72233] (Ceríaco et al. 2016b:71) .

Taxonomic and distributional notes: According to Laurent (1964a) the two specimens from “Alto Cuílo” differ from the specimens of Mabuya megalura ( Peters, 1878) (= Trachylepis megalura ) from East Africa and around Lake Kivu and probably represent an undescribed “angolo-katangaise” variety or new species. Recently collected specimens from Cangandala National Park, Malanje Province (Ceríaco et al. 2016b) appear to be conspecific with Laurent’s material and further studies are now in progress. MAP 226. Distribution of Trachylepis cf. megalura in

Angola.

Trachylepis monardi nom. nov. Marques, Ceríaco, Blackburn and Bauer MONARD’S SKINK (Endemic)

Mabuia striata angolensis Monard 1937b:89 . Syntypes: MHNC 91.0599 - 0613 [15 specimens], MHNG 858.95 (collector A. Monard). Type locality: “Kuvangu” [= Cuvango], Huíla Province and “Bimbi” [=Bimbe] Huambo Province, Angola .

Mabuya striata angolensis : Mahnert (1976:488), Ortiz (1989:56).

Mabuya angolensis : Laurent (1964a:72).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: The species is known only from Angola.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 227): The species occurs mainly in the central-west

Angola. Huambo: “Bimbi” [-11.81667,

15.83333] ( Monard 1937b:89; Mahnert

1976:488; Ortiz 1989:56). Bié: “Silva Porto ”

[-12.33333, 16.86667] ( Laurent 1964a:72).

Huíla: “Kuvangu” [-14.46667, 16.30000]

( Monard 1937b:89; Mahnert 1976:488; Ortiz

1989:56).

Taxonomic and distributional notes:

Monard (1937b) described Mabuia striata angolensis perhaps unaware of Bocage’s

(1872) Euprepis angolensis , a name that has been largely neglected or sometimes subsequently synonymized with Mabuya striata angolensis , however, its identity remains uncertain. Both Boulenger (1887) and Bocage

(1895a) treated it as a synonym of Euprepes MAP 227. Distribution of Trachylepis monardi in varia Peters, 1867 , and we include the relevant Angola.

material under that account. As both names are currently placed in the same genus Monard’s name is a junior secondary homonym of Bocage’s. As such Bocage’s name, despite being a junior subjective synonym of Trachylepis varia , must retain the epithet angolensis , and Monard’s name requires a replacement (the special conditions of Article 23.9 do not apply as an insufficient number of citations by an insufficient number of authors have used Monard’s name). As no junior synonyms are known to exist for Trachylepis angolensis (Monard, 1937) we propose Trachylepis monardi nom. nov. as a replacement name, in recognition of the contributions of Albert Monard (2 September 1886 – 27 September 1952), Swiss naturalist from La Chaux-de-Fonds, who undertook two major expeditions to Angola and left a legacy of specimens and published papers relating to the zoology of not only Angola, but also Cameroon, Guinea-Bissau and North Africa. Monard (1937b) noted 26 syntypes in the type series. Fifteen of these remain in La Chaux-de-Fonds. Ortiz (1989) cited MHNN (Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Neuchâtel) 2130 as the lectotype, giving both localities “Kuvangu” and “Bimbi”. The MHNC specimens thus are paralectotypes, as is the single Geneva “ paratype ” cited by Mahnert (1976) and Schätti and Perret (1997), for which the locality is also uncertain. Monard typically dispersed specimens to the many Swiss institutions that helped sponsor his field work, including high schools. It is likely thjat the “missing” nine specimens were or are in such small collections.

Trachylepis occidentalis (Peters, 1867) WESTERN THREE-STRIPED SKINK

Euprepes vittatus var. australis Peters 1862a:19 . Syntypes: ZMB 4212 , 64401–02 (formerly ZMB 4212 A–B)

(collector C.H. Hahn). Type locality: “Neu-Barmen” [= Gross Barmen, Otjozondjupa Region] Namibia by implication fide Bauer et al. (1995, 2003). Euprepes occidentalis Peters 1867:20 , replacement name for E. v. australis Peters 1862 , preoccupied by

Euprepes australis Gray, 1838 [= Ctenotus australis ( Gray, 1838 “1839”)]. Euprepes occidentalis : Bocage (1870:68). Mabuia occidentalis : Bocage (1895a:42). Mabuya occidentalis : Laurent (1964a:73), Branch (1998:156), Broadley (2000:97). Trachylepis occidentalis : Bates et al. (2014:263), Ceríaco et al. (2016a:33, 57).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not

Evaluated.

Global distribution: Distributed from arid western South Africa and southwestern

Botswana through Namibia to arid areas of southwestern Angola.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 228): The species distribution is limited to the desert regions in Namibe Province. Namibe :

“Mossâmedes desert, 35 km south from the city” [-15.50575, 12.20768] ( Laurent 1964a:

73; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ Rio Coroca”

[-15.78333, 12.06667] ( Bocage 1895a:42;

Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Pico Azevedo”

[-15.53400, 12.49197] (Ceríaco et al.

2016a:33).

Taxonomic and distributional notes:

Bauer et al. (2003) also included ZMB 4213, MAP 228. Distribution of Trachylepis occidentalis in MNHN 1468 (see Brygoo 1985), and BMNH Angola.

67.6.14.1 among the putative syntypes, although they noted that only three specimens could be types as Peters was explicit about the number of specimens he had. The original ZMB catalogue notes in Peters’ hand both that ZMB 4212 corresponds to the types and that there were three specimens under this number ZMB 4212 A and B reported by Bauer et al. (1995, 2003) have since been renumbered. Thus only ZMB specimens have status as types .

Trachylepis punctulata ( Bocage, 1872) SPECKLED SAND SKINK

Euprepes punctulatus Bocage 1872:76 . Syntypes: MBL 742 (2 specimens) (collector J.A. d’Ancheita), destroyed by fire 18 March 1978. Type locality: “Rio Coroca, dans le littoral au sud de Mossamedes” [= Rio Coroca , Namibe Province, Angola].

Mabuia punctulata : Boulenger (1887:204), Bocage (1895a:44, 1897a:195).

Mabuya punctulata : Schmidt (1933:12), Frade (1963:253), Broadley (2000:100).

Mabuya longiloba longiloba : Laurent (1964a:73).

Mabuya variegata punctulata : Broadley (1975a:7), Branch (1998:158).

Trachylepis punctulata : Portik (2009:136), Portik and Bauer (2012:128), Bates et al. (2014:264), Ceríaco et al. (2016a:31, 57).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: Widely distributed across the Kalahari and adjacent regions of Southern Africa, with several extensions eastwards in central South Africa and Mozambique and reaching its northern extent in southwestern Angola with an islaoted record in western Zambia ( Broadley 1975a; Branch 1998).

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 229): The species occurs in southwestern Angola. Huíla:

“ 15 km north Quilengues ” [-13.95256,

14.04704] ( Laurent 1964a:73). Namibe: “Ina-

mangando River on Lucira Road ” [-14.05000,

12.38333] ( Broadley 1975a:11; Ceríaco et al.

2016a:57); “Mucungu” [-14.78333, 12.48333]

( Schmidt 1933:12; Broadley 1975:11; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Sao Nicolau, Mossamedes”

[-14.26667, 12.36667] ( Broadley 1975a:11;

Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ 17 km N of Sao

Nicolau” [-14.12714, 12.37577] ( Broadley

1975a:11; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Caraculo”

[-15.01667, 12.66667] ( Broadley 1975a:11;

Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ 15 km W of Caraculo” [-15.02039, 12.50489] ( Broadley 1975a:11;

Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Cima” [-15.06667,

12.15000] ( Broadley 197a5:11; Ceríaco et al. MAP 229. Distribution of Trachylepis punctulata in Angola.

2016a:57); “Pico Acezevedo” [-15.55000,

12.51667] (Broadley 1975:11); “ 23 km W of Virei” [-15.66907, 12.74847] ( Broadley 1975a:11; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ Rio Coroca” [-15.78333, 12.06667] ( Bocage 1872:76, 1895a:44, 1897a:195; Boulenger 1887:204; Broadley 1975a:11, 2000:100; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ 6 km S of Rio Coroca on Iona road” [-15.78333, 12.06667] ( Broadley 1975a:11, 2000:100; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “ Porto Alexandre” [-15.80000, 11.83333] ( Broadley 1975a:11); “ 30 km N of Tambor” [-16.13556, 12.42972] (Broadley 1975:11; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Octchinfengo River on Onocua road, Iona Reserve” [-16.61667, 12.88333] ( Broadley 1975a:11; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57);

“ Foz de Cunene ” [-17.28333, 11.80000] (Broadley 1975:11; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57); “Espinheira” [-16.78906, 12.35756] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:31); “Namibe-Lubango road, road marker 59, 1.8 km west (by road) of Caraculo, on the north side of the road” [-15.01531, 12.64244] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:31); “ Praia do Navio coastal dunes, ca 124 km SSW of Namibe ” [-16.27233, 11.83164] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:31). Undetermined Locality: “Mossamedes to Benguela ” ( Broadley 1975a:11) .

Taxonomic and distributional notes: This species was long considered as a subspecies of T. variegata ( Peters, 1870) following Broadley (1975 a, 2000). Based on morphological differences outlined in these papers and a high level of molecular divergence, these two taxa are now treated as full species (Portik 2009; Portik and Bauer 2012; Bates et al. 2014). The monophyly of T. punctulata is relatively poorly supported and further revisionary work may support the recognition of additional taxa within this taxon as currently construed (Portik and Bauer 2012). Broadley (1975a) remarked that populations of T. punctulata from the Northern Cape Province, Botswana, Rhodesia, Zambia and Mozambique differ in several morphological characters from populations in Angola and Namibia, and that the eastern populations may ultimately deserve taxonomic recognition. The results obtained by Portik and Bauer (2012) partially support this division, although they found evidence for the Northern Cape Province sample clustering with samples of T. punctulata from Namibia (Portik and Bauer 2012, Bates et al. 2014). The presence of a record from Kalabo, Zambia (Broadley 1971, 1975a) close to the eastern border of Angola suggests that further fieldwork may eventually yield T. punctulata , or a superficially similar taxon, from Moxico or Cuando Cubango.

Trachylepis spilogaster (Peters, 1882) KALAHARI TREE SKINK

Euprepes (Euprepis) striatus var. spilogaster Peters 1882:68 . Type: Not located fide Bauer et al. (1995:63,

2003:307). Type locality: “Bei Otjimbingue im Hererolande (Westafrika)” (Peters 1882:68), [= Otjimbingwe, Erongo Region], Namibia. Mabuya striata spilogaster : Laurent (1964a:71). Mabuya spilogaster : Branch (1998:156). Mabuya spilogaster : Broadley (2000:105). Trachylepis spilogaster : Bates et al. (2014:265). Trachylepis cf. spilogaster : Conradie et al. (2016:25).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: This species extends from the Kalahari of northwestern South Africa and southwestern Botswana, through the length of Namibia to southwest Angola.

Ocurrences in Angola ( Map 230 ): The only published record for this species is from “Serra do Moco” in Huambo Province, although museum specimens from southeastern provinces exist. These latter are treated separately as Trachylepis aff. spilogaster and marked with a triangle in the map. Trachylepis spilogaster (plotted as circles). Huambo: “Serra do Moco, Luimbale ” [-12.53333, 15.18333] ( Laurent 1964a:71). Trachylepis aff. spilogaster (plotted as triangles). Bié: “Cubango basin (12b)” [-13.59638, 16.87722] ( Conradie et al. 2016:8-9, 25). Cuando Cubango: “Cubango basin (6a)” [-14.67155, 17.73525] ( Conradie et al. 2016:25); “Cubango basin (20)” [-14.67175, 17.15331] ( Conradie et al. 2016:8-9, 25); “Cuito basin (25)” [-15.13919, 19.14350] ( Conradie et al. 2016:8-9, 25); “Cuito basin (30a)” [-16.90980, 19.30769] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9-10, 25); “Cuito basin (35)” [-16.62322, 19.05352] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9-10, 25); “Cuito basin (32)” [-17.04880, 19.53333] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9-10, 25); “Cubango basin (49)” [-14.66300, 17.66550] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9, 12, 25); “Cuito basin (57)” [-15.45969, 18.76833] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9, 12, 25); “Cuito basin (62)” [-17.50875, 20.06608] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9, 12, 25); “Cubango basin (47)” [-14.70214,

17.37806] ( Conradie et al. 2016:25).

Taxonomic and distributional notes:

Previously considered as a subspecies of

T. striata ( Peters, 1844) , Branch (1998),

Broadley (2000) and all subsequent authors have considered this species specifically distinct. Conradie et al. (2016) published numerous records of T. aff. spilogaster from Cuando

Cubango. We think it is highly unlikely that these records refer to the same lineage as true

T. spilogaster . The true affinities of this population will require a comprehensive revision of the Trachylepis of Angola.

Trachylepis sulcata (Peters, 1867) WESTERN ROCK SKINK Euprepes olivaceus Peters 1862a:21 . Syntypes: ZMB 4209 , 4210 , 64329–30 (formerly ZMB 4210 part),

64346–47 (formerly ZMB 4209 ), MNHN 1470 (collector C. H. Hahn). Type locality: “Neu-Barmen”

[= Gross Barmen, Otjozondjupa Region] Namibia. Euprepes sulcatus Peters 1867a:20 , replacement name for E. olivaceus Peters, 1862 which is preoccupied by

E. olivaceus Gray, 1839 [= Dasia olivacea (Gray, 1839) ]. Mabuia Ansorgii Boulenger 1907a:213 . Holotype: BMNH 1946.8.3.33 (formerly BMNH 1906.8.24.62) (collector W.J. Ansorge). Type locality: “Caconda, Benguella,” Huíla Province, Angola. Euprepes olivaceus : Bocage (1970:68). Mabuia sulcata : Bocage (1895a:41, 1896a:111). Mabuia sulcata ansorgii : Monard (1937b:90), Mertens (1938a:438), Hellmich (1957a:64), Laurent

(1964a:74). Mabuia bocagi ansorgei : Laurent (1947:8). Mabuya sulcata ansorgii : Branch (1998:157). Mabuya sulcata : Broadley (2000:102). Trachylepis sulcata : Portik (2009:23), Portik et al. (2010:147), Protik et al. (2011:1745), Ceríaco et al.

(2016a:34, 57). Trachylepis sulcata ansorgii : Portik (2009:23), Portik et al. (2010:147), Protik et al. (2011:1745), Bates et al.

(2014:267).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: The species extends from the Western Cape Province of South Africa, through most of Namibia except the northeast to the southwestern quadrant of Angola.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 231): The species occurs in southwestern Angola. Huambo: “Nova Lisboa” [-12.76667, 15.73333] ( Hellmich 1957a:64). Benguela: “Farta bay” [-12.60000, 13.20000] ( Laurent 1947:8); “Entre Rios” [-13.01667, 14.63333] ( Hellmich 1957a:64); “Cubal” [-13.03333, 14.25000] ( Mertens 1938a:438), “Hanha” [-13.30000, 14.20000] ( Bocage 1896a:111). Huíla: “Rio Cuce” [-13.51667, 15.20000] ( Bocage 1895a:41) “Caconda” [-13.73333, 15.06667] (Boulenger 1907:213; Laurent 1947:8); “Sangevé” [-13.80000, 16.11667] ( Monard 1937b:90; Laurent 1947:8). Namibe: “Munhino 50 km à l’ouest de Sá da Bandeira,

district de Moçâmedes ” [-14.96667, 12.96667]

( Laurent 1964a:74; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57);

“Campangombe” [-15.10000, 13.15000]

( Bocage 1895a:41; Ceríaco et al. 2016a:57);

“ Iona National Park, Rio Curoca in Pediva Hot

Springs area ” [-16.28359, 12.56106] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:34); “Leba Pass” [-15.07003,

13.24339] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:34); “NamibeLubango road, 2 km east (by road) of Mangueiras, south side of the road” [-15.04464,

13.15861] (Ceríaco et al. 2016a:34).

Taxonomic and distributional notes:

Three subspecies of this species have been recognized: the nominate form, Trachylepis s.

ansorgii (Boulenger, 1907) and T. s. nigra

(Werner, 1915) (Portik 2009; Portik et al. 2010,

2011; Bates et al. 2014). Trachylepis sulcata nigra

has been synonymized with the typical MAP 231. Distribution of Trachylepis sulcata in Angola.

form but the taxonomic status of T. s. ansorgii remains uncertain ( Portik et al. 2010, 2011). Ostensibly T. s. ansorgii is diagnosable by a larger snout-vent length and larger head size ( Branch 1998; Portik 2009; Bates et al. 2014). The geographic limit of ansorgii is unclear. Branch (1998) depicted both it and T. s. sulcata as occuring parapatrically in northwestern Namibia, but no concerted effort has been made to determine if there are actually two taxa in Angola and adjacent Namibia or, if there are, where their boundaries lie. Preliminary molecular phylogenetic results suggest that there is significant structure within Angolan popluations, but the taxonomic status of these cannot yet be assessed. We here treat all Angolan material T. sulcata pending further study.

Trachylepis wahlbergii (Peters, “1869” 1870) WAHLBERG’S STRIPED SKINK

Euprepes Wahlbergii ( Peters “1869” 1870:661). Lectotype: ZMB 6155 (collector J.A. Wahlberg) designated by implication by Boulenger (1887). Type locality: “Damaraland” Namibia. NHR 2190 is the paralectotype and has the same data as the lectotype.

Euprepes punctatissimus : Bocage (1866a:44, 1870:68).

Mabuia striata : Bocage (1895a:41, 1896a:111, 1897b:211), Boulenger (1905:111), Angel (1923:160), Schmidt (1933:12), Monard (1937b:88), Themido (1941:8).

Mabuya striata : Parker (1936:136).

Mabuya striata striata : Manaças (1963:235).

Mabuya striata wahlbergi : Branch and McCartney (1992:1), Branch (1998:157), Broadley (2000:106).

Trachylepis wahlbergii : Branch and Conradie (2015:200), Conradie et al. (2016:26).

Trachylepis striata : Ceríaco et al. (2016b:69).

Global conservation status (IUCN): Not Evaluated.

Global distribution: A widespread species in southern Africa, from Malawi, western Mozambique, northern and western Zimbabwe and norther Botswana through Zambia and parts of the former Katanga region of the Democratic Republic of Congo to most of Namibia and Angola.

Ocurrences in Angola (Map 232): Widley distributed across Angola, although apparently absent from the forested far north and the arid far southwest. Uíge: “Fazenda Otília, Encoge” [-7.55000, 15.03333] ( Manaças 1963:235). Malanje: “Duque de Bragança” [-9.10000, 15.95000] ( Bocage 1866a:44, 1895a:41); “Cangandala National Park” [-9.81858, 16.65403] (Ceríaco et al.

2016b:69). Lunda Norte: “Lucapa” [-8.42278,

20.73917] (Branch and Conradie 2015:200).

Lunda Sul: “Lunda” [-10.96667, 20.06667]

( Monard 1937b:88); “Mutianvo” [-11.45000,

19.33333] ( Themido 1941:8). Moxico : “ Lago

Dilolo” [-11.50000, 22.01667] ( Manaças

1963:235); “ Lago Cameia ” [-11.71667,

20.80000] ( Manaças 1963:235); “Fazenda

Santa Curz, Luso” [-11.78333, 19.91667]

( Manaças 1963:235); “Calombe-Luso”

[-11.83333, 19.93333] ( Manaças 1963:235).

Bié: “Gauca” [-11.18333, 17.45000] ( Schmidt

1933:12); “ Silva Porto ” [-12.33333, 16.86667]

( Manaças 1963:235); “Chitau” [-11.43333,

17.15000] ( Schmidt 1933:12). Huambo :

“Galanga” [-12.06667, 15.15000] ( Bocage

1895a:41); “ Nova Lisboa ” [-12.76667,

15.73333] ( Manaças 1963:235). Benguela: MAP 232. Distribution of Trachylepis wahlbergii in Angola .

“Hanha” [-13.30000, 14.20000] ( Bocage

1896a:111, 1897b:211). Huíla: “Rio Cuce” [-13.51667, 15.20000] ( Bocage 1895a:41); “Caconda” [-13.73333, 15.06667] ( Bocage 1895a:41); “Sangevé” [-13.88333, 15.83333] ( Monard 1937b:88); “Kuvangu” [-14.46667, 16.30000] ( Monard 1937b:88); “Indungu” [-14.81667, 16.26667] ( Monard 1937b:88); “Kapelongo” [-14.88333, 15.08333] ( Monard 1937b:88); “Huilla” [-15.05000, 13.55000] ( Bocage 1895a:41; Angel 1923:160); “Kambisa” [-15.31667, 16.21667] ( Monard 1937b:88); “Kuluï” [-15.41667, 15.73333] ( Monard 1937b:88); “Molundo” [-15.63333, 15.20000] ( Monard 1937b:88); “Gambos” [-15.76667, 14.10000] ( Bocage 1895a:41). Cunene: “Kuvelaï” [-15.65000, 15.80000] ( Monard 1937b:88); “Humbe/Humbi” [-16.68333, 14.90000] ( Bocage 1895a:41; Monard 1937b:88); “Mupa” [-16.18333, 15.75000] ( Monard 1937b:88); “Mupanda” [-17.13333, 15.76667] ( Monard 1937b:88). Cuando Cubango: “Kwito region, tributary of Kubango” [-15.16667, 19.18333] ( Angel 1923:160); “Vicinity of Cuito Cuanavale - approximately 75 km W of Mavinga” [-15.78333, 19.70000] (Branch and McCartney 1992:1); “Cuando basin (43a)” [-17.53500, 23.18916] ( Conradie et al. 2016:9-10, 26). Undetermined locality: “Rio Quando” [-12.58333, 13.41667] ( Bocage 1895a:41); “Between Benguela and Bihé” ( Boulenger 1905:111). Taxonomic and distributional notes: Trachylepis wahlbergii was long considered a subspecies of T. striata ( Peters, 1844) (e.g., Broadley 1977a; Branch 1998), but following Broadley (2000), the former subspecies in this complex have been treated as full species. However, Castigilia et al. (2006) provided a molecular data analyses that suggested that T. striata and T. wahlbergii may not be reciprocally monophyletic. All records in the T. striata complex from across Namibia are assignable to T. wahlbergii as are all records from western Zambia. It would seem likely, therefore that members in this group in Angola would also be assignable to this taxon. Color patterns of Angolan members of the group are variable and some specimen do at least superficially resemble true T. striata . However, it is probable on biogeographic grounds that most or all older Angolan literature records of “ T. striata ” are, in fact, referable to T. wahlbergii , or perhaps to another species, but not to T. striata sensu stricto. Nonetheless, only in recent years have newly collected specimens been assigned to T. wahlbergii at the outset, e.g., specimens from near Mavinga (Branch and McCarthy 1992), and from Lunda Norte Province (Branch and Conradie 2015), and recently in Malanje Province (M. Marques pers. obs), in the the Laúca Dam area. Further research is needed to determine definitively if T. wahlbergi and T. striata are specifically distinct and if all Angolan specimens are referable to the former. Pending the outcome of such research, we here tentatively treat all “ striata ” records as T. wahlbergii .

Figures

MAP 230. Distribution of Trachylepis spilogaster (circle) and T. aff. spilogaster (triangles) in Angola.