Pentazonia, Brandt, 1833

Shelley, Rowland M. & Golovatch, Sergei I., 2011, Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class, Insecta Mundi 2011 (158), pp. 1-134 : 15

Infraclass Pentazonia ( Fig. 6 )

Pentazonia occupy 12 areas that span both Tropics and the Equator, involve all continents plus Oceania, Madagascar, and Indian Ocean islands, and possibly the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea ( Fig. 6 ). Areas in the US, Europe, northern and southern Africa, Madagascar and Indian Ocean islands, central and southeastern Asia, and Australia / New Zealand refer solely to Oniscomorpha , as does the Carboniferous fossil in Illinois, USA ( Fig. 6 , 8-10 star). The Fiji site represents Limacomorpha as does, primarily, the Neotropical area, though Mexican occurrence is mostly Oniscomorpha . Conversely, Indian occurrence is primarily oniscomorphan except for more northerly limacomorph extension along the Bay of Bengal. In east/southeastern Asia, the superorders occur sympatrically, with Limacomorpha enclosed within Oniscomorpha .

Figures

Figure 5-6. Distributions. 5)Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) indigenous distributions of the Subclass Chilognatha showing the locations of significant fossils, parameters as in Fig. 1. It is essentially identical to that of the Infraclass Helminthomorpha (Fig. 14), the only difference being imperceptibly greater eastward expansion for Chilognatha on the southern coast of Western Australia. At present, this is the only place in the world where the Infraclass Pentazonia (Fig. 6) influences the overall distribution of a higher diplopod taxon. Upright triangle, site of Archidesmus macnioli Peach, 1887, the oldest helminthomorph fossil, from Silurian deposits in Scotland; Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph pentazonian Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA; Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil from Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil in Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992). 6) Distribution of the Infraclass Pentazonia, which presently excludes the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The question mark represents the unconfirmed Oniscomorpha (Sphaerotheriida) record from Papua New Guinea (Attems 1943), and the arrow denotes the new Limacomorpha/Glomeridesmida locality in Fiji (Appendix). Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA.

Figure 7-9. Distributions. 7) Distributions of the Superorder Limacomorpha and the order Glomeridesmida, at present excluding the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The arrow denotes the new record from Fiji (Appendix). 8) Distribution of the Superorder Oniscomorpha. Star, site of the non-spinose Carboniferous fossil from Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA. 9) Distribution of the Order Glomerida, parameters as in Fig. 1, 6.

Figure 10. Distributions of Oniscomorpha and Glomerida in North America/the Western Hemisphere. Star, site of the non-spinose fossil from Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA..