Aulacophora indica ( Gmelin, 1790 )

Lee, Chi-Feng & Beenen, Ron, 2015, Revision of the genus Aulacophora from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), Zootaxa 3949 (2), pp. 151-190 : 164-167

Aulacophora indica ( Gmelin, 1790)

( Figs 37–43 , 52–61 )

Crioceris testacea Fabricius, 1787: 87 ( India) ; Fabricius, 1792: 4 (redescription).

Aulacophora testacea: Baly, 1879: 445 ( India: Assam); Baly, 1886: 13; Allard, 1888: 320 ( Indonesia: Celebes = Sulawesi);

Cryptocephalus (Crioceris) indica Gmelin, 1790: 1720 . (replacement name for Crioceris testacea Fabricius, 1787 )

Rhaphidopalpa indica: Laboissière, 1940: 10 .

Aulacophora indica: Kimoto, 1970: 416 ( Nepal) ; Kimoto, 1977: 354 ( Bhutan); Kimoto, 1989: 57 ( India, including Andaman and Nicobar islands, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Philippines, Japan, including Ryukyu islands, Korea, Russia, Indonesia: Sunda islands, Micronesia, New Guinea, Samoa, Fiji); Mohamedsaid, 1994: 381 ( Malaysia); Mohamedsaid, 2000: 348 ( Malaysia); Barroga, 2001: 42 ( Indonesia: Bali); Barroga & Mohamedsaid, 2002: 102 ( Indonesia: Sumatra, Nias, Buru, Java); Mohamedsaid & Constant, 2007: 166 ( Thailand, Cambodia); Aston, 2009: 13 ( China: Hong Kong).

Galeruca similis Olivier, 1808: 624 (Océan Indien); Kimoto, 1989: 56 (as synonym of indica ).

Aulacophora similis: Baly, 1886: 16 ( China, Japan, India, Malaysia); Jacoby, 1889: 206 ( Burma); Duvivier, 1892: 430 ( India: Konbir); Chûjô, 1938: 152 ( Taiwan); Gressitt, 1955: 28 ( Micronesia).

Rhaphidopalpa similis: Allard, 1889: 308 ( Vietnam: Hué, Saigon = Ho Chi Minh City, Mytho, Qui Nhon, Tourane; Cambodia: Pnom Penh); Allard, 1891: 230 ( Laos: Luang Prabang).

Orthaulaca similis: Weise, 1892: 393 .

Ceratia similis: Miwa, 1931: 190 ( Taiwan) .

Raphidopalpa femoralis Motschulsky, 1857: 37 ( Japan) ; Baly, 1886: 16 (as synonym of similis ); Weise, 1892: 395 ( Philippines); Ogloblin, 1936: 154 ( Korea).

Aulacophora femoralis: Schönfeldt, 1890: 174 ( Japan: Ryukyus); Chûjô, 1941: 157 ( Japan, Korea); Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963: 486 ( China, Vietnam); Kimoto, 1966: 28 ( Taiwan).

Rhaphidopalpa coffeae: Allard, 1888: 319 ( Japan; misidentification); Weise, 1892: 395 (as synonym of similis ).

Aulacophora flavipes Jacoby, 1883: 202 ( Indonesia: Sulawesi: Saleyar islands); Baly, 1886: 17 (as synonym of similis ).

Rhaphidopalpa pubescens Allard, 1888: 306 ( Annam) . New synonym

Aulacophora pubescens: Kimoto, 1989: 62 .

Rhaphidopalpa bengalensis Weise, 1892: 394 ( India: Calcutta).

Rhaphidopalpa ceramensis Weise, 1892: 394 ( Indonesia: Ceram island; Borneo); Laboissière, 1932: 153 ( Indonesia: Halmaheira); Barroga & Mohamedsaid, 2002: 103 (as synonym of indica ).

Rhaphidopalpa niasiensis Weise, 1892: 394 ( Indonesia: Nias and Sumatra); Barroga and Mohamedsaid, 2002: 103 (as synonym of indica ).

Rhaphidopalpa chinensis Weise, 1892: 395 ( China: Shanghai); Ogloblin, 1936: 153 ( Vietnam, Mongolia); Laboissière, 1940: 13 ( India: Tetara); Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963: 486 (as synonym of femoralis ).

Aulacophora femoralis chinensis: Chen & Kung, 1959: 375 ( China: Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guandong, Guanxi, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan).

Type material. Crioceris testacea : lectotype ♂ ( KIEL), here designated, without labels (see remarks on A. abdominalis ).

Galeruca similis : most of Olivier’s were in very bad condition before given to MNHN in 1995. The types probaly have been destroyed by pests. (Mantilleri personal communication).

Aulacophora flavipes : holotype ♀ ( MCZC), labeled: “H.E.D. / Engelhard / Saleyer / 20/1, 81 [w, h, round label] // 1st Jacoby / Coll. [w, p] // ♀ [b, h] // Type [p] / 17561 [r, h]”.

Rhaphidopalpa pubescens : lectotype ♂ ( MNHN), here designated, labeled: “wchinchine [h, w] // Ex.Musaeo / 1899 [vertical] / E.ALLARD [p, w] // MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / COLL. OBERTHUR [p, w] // TYPE [p,r] // Rhaphidopalpa / Pubescens All. / Cochinchine [p, y]”.

Rhaphidopalpa bengalensis : lectotype ♂ (MNHUB), here designated, labeled: “Calcutta / Hauser [w, h] // India or. / Calcutta [w, p] // ♂ [w, h] // SYNTYPUS / Rhaphidopalpa / bengalensis Weise, 1892 / labelled by MNHUB 2014 [r, p]”. Paralectotype: 1♀ (MNHUB), labeled: “Calcutta [w, h] / bengalensis / Ws. [w, h] // SYNTYPUS / Rhaphidopalpa / bengalensis Weise, 1892 / labelled by MNHUB 2014 [r, p]”.

Raphidopalpa femoralis : not studied. They should be deposited at the ZMUM.

Rhaphidopalpa ceramensis : Lectotype ♀ (MNHUB), here designated, labeled: “Ceram / Jllo [w, h] // ex Coll. / J. Weise [w, p] // ceramensis / Ws. [w, h] // Type [r, p] // SYNTYPUS / Rhaphidopalpa / ceramensis Weise, 1892 / labelled by MNHUB 2014 [r, p]”. Paralectotypes: 1♂, 1♀ (MNHUB), labeled: “Ceram / Ribbe [w, h] // ex Coll. / J. Weise [w, p] // Type [r, p] // SYNTYPUS / Rhaphidopalpa / ceramensis Weise, 1892 / labelled by MNHUB 2014 [r, p]”; 1♂ (MNHUB), labeled: “Ceram / Jllo [w, h] // ex Coll. / J. Weise [w, p] // Type [r, p] // SYNTYPUS / Rhaphidopalpa / ceramensis Weise, 1892 / labelled by MNHUB 2014 [r, p]”; 1♀ (MNHUB), labeled: “ex Coll. / J. Weise [w, p] // Type [r, p] // SYNTYPUS / Rhaphidopalpa / ceramensis Weise, 1892 / labelled by MNHUB 2014 [r, p]”; 1♀ (MNHUB), labeled: “Ceram / Jllo / C. Ribbe 1884 [w, p] // ex Coll. / J. Weise [w, p] // Type [r, p] // SYNTYPUS / Rhaphidopalpa / ceramensis Weise, 1892 / labelled by MNHUB 2014 [r, p]”.

Rhaphidopalpa niasiensis : Weise’s types were originally deposited at the MNHUB. They was studied and borrowed by Barroga and Mohamedsaid (2002), and lost during return of the specimens (Willers personal communication).

Rhaphidopalpa chinensis : lectotype ♂ (MNHUB), here designated, labeled: “Shanghai / Simon [w, h] // ♂ [w, h] // chinensis / Ws. [w, h]”.This is the only specimen available in Weise’s collection. It is uncertain if there are other type specimens.

Other specimens examined. CAMBODIA. 1♂, Siem Reap, 7–11.XI.2002, leg. P. Kočák ( JBCB); CHINA. Fujian: 1♀, Changting, Hotien, 19.IV.1941, leg. T. C. Maa ( BPBM); 1♀, Chishui, 20.VI.2014, leg. Y.-T. Chung ( TARI); 1♀, Shaowu, Tachulan, 11.VI.1942, leg. T. Maa ( BPBM); Guandong: 1♂, Lochang, Tintong, 18.VIII.1947, leg. L. Gressitt ( BPBM); Hainan: 1♂, Fan Heang, 7.VI.1935, leg. J. L. Gressitt ( BPBM); 1♂, Tiaoloshan, 6.V.2011, leg. Y.-T. Chung ( TARI); Hong Kong: 1♂, Lantau, Mui Wo, 24.IX.2005, leg. P. Aston ( PAHC); Hubei: 1♂, Wang-ga-ying, Lichuan, 23.IX.1948, leg. Gressitt & Djou ( BPBM); Sichuan: 1♂, Wanhsien, 3.X.1948, leg. Gressitt & Djou ( BPBM); INDONESIA. Sumatra: Riau: 2♂, Bukit Tigapuluh N. P., 18–25.I.2000, leg. J. Bezdĕk ( JBCB); JAPAN. Okinawa: 1♀, Okinawa island, 8.IV.2014, leg. Y.-T. Wang ( TARI); 1♀, Yonaguni island, 28.III.2014, leg. Y.-T. Wang ( TARI); LAOS. Hua Phan: 1♂, Ban Kangpabong env., 25 km SE of Vient Xai, 14–18.V.2001, leg. J. Bezdĕk ( JBCB); Khammouane: 1♂, Phon tiou, 6.VII.1965, leg. native collector ( BPBM); 1♀, same locality, 11.IX.1965, leg. native collector ( BPBM); Vientiane: 1♂, Tha Ngone, 20.XI.1965, leg. native collector ( BPBM); 1♂, Vientiane, 31.VII.1965, leg. native collector ( BPBM); 1♀, same locality, 21.III.1966, leg. native collector ( BPBM); MALAYSIA. Johor: 1♂, 15 km NW of Kota Tinggi, Muntahak Mt., 13–14.V.2001, leg. M. Řiha ( JBCB); PHILIPPINES. Batanes: 4♂, 4♀, Itbayat island, 13.IV.2013, leg. Y.-F. Hsu ( TARI); 1♀, Sabtang island, 11.IV.2013, leg. Y.-F. Hsu ( TARI); SOUTH KOREA. 2♂, Jeju-do, Jeju-si, Hwabuk-dong, 28.X.2009, leg. H.-W. Cho ( JBCB); THAILAND. Chiangmai: 1♂, Chiangdao, 5–11.IV.1958, leg. T. C. Maa ( BPBM); Nakornsawan: 1♀, 12.IX.1963 ( BPBM); TAIWAN. Ilan: 1♂, Taipingthan, 3.VII.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou ( TARI); 1♂, Toucheng, 30.V.2009, leg. H.-J. Chen ( TARI); Kaoshiung: 1♀, Meinung, 20.XII.2011, leg. J.-C. Chen ( TARI); 4♂, 6♀, same locality, 17.II.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen ( TARI); 5♂, 4♀, Hsiaokangshan, 9.III.2013, leg. B.-X. Guo ( TARI); 3♂, Yuangan, 16.IV.2013, leg. J.-C. Chen ( TARI); Kinmen: 1♂, 1♀, Kinmen island, 11.VII.2001, leg. H.- T. Shih ( TARI); Pingtung: 1♂, Checheng, 6.II.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen ( TARI); 1♂, Chiehchihlaishan, 14.II.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen ( TARI); 2♂, 3♀, Fengchuisha, 29.IV.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen ( TARI); 1♂, Lilungshan, 10.III.2014, leg. Y.- T. Chung ( TARI); 1♂, Neiwen, 30.X.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen ( TARI); Taipei: 3♀, Linshanpi, 15.IX.2007, leg. S.-F. Yu ( TARI); 1♀, Manyuehyuan, 9.IX.2011, leg. C.-F. Lee ( TARI); 1♀, Menghuanhu, 28.VII.2007, leg. M.-H. Tsou ( TARI); 8♂, Pinglin, 8.VII.2008, leg. H.-J. Chen ( TARI); 1♀, Sanchih, 11.III.2010, leg. W.-T. Liu ( TARI); 1♂, Wanli, 4.VII.2008, leg. W.-T. Liu ( TARI); Taitung: 1♀, Lanyu island, 22–26.III.1998, leg. C.-F. Lee ( TARI); 1♀, same locality, 27.VI.2010, leg. H.-H. Lee ( TARI); 1♀, same locality, 4.IV.2011, leg. Y.-T. Wang ( TARI); 5♂, 5♀, same locality, 17.III.2012, leg. M.-H. Tsou ( RBCN, TARI); 5♂, 5♀, same locality, 17.III.2012, leg. T.-H. Lee ( MCSN, MNHUB); 1♀, same locality, 5.V.2012, leg. S.-F. Yu ( TARI); 1♀, same locality, 14.IV.2013, leg. Y.-T. Chung ( TARI); 10♂, 12♀, Lutao island, 14.IV.2014, leg. Y.-T. Chung ( TARI); 1♂, Taimali, 21.X.2009, leg. W.-T. Liu ( TARI); Taoyuan: 1♀, Fuhsing, 15.VII.2009, leg. H.-J. Chen ( TARI); 2♂, 3♀, Lofu, 11.IV.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou ( TARI); 1♂, Paling, 11.IV.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou ( TARI); THAILAND. Mae Hong Son: 1♂, 1♀, Soppong env., 600 m, 28.V.–2.VI.1999, leg. M. Řiha ( JBCB); VIETNAM. 1♀, Ap Hung-Lam, 21 km NW of Dilinh, 29.IX– 5.X.1960, leg. C. M. Yoshimoto ( BPBM); 1♂, Nha Trang, 17–26.XI.1960, leg. C. M. Yoshimoto ( BPBM).

Diagnosis. See diagnosis of Aulacophora abdominalis .

Males. Length 6.5–8.0 mm, width 3.3–4.0 mm. General color ( Figs 37–38 ) yellowish brown but metathoracic and abdominal ventrites black except apex of fifth abdominal ventrite; middle and hind legs black; outer margins of femur and tibia of front legs black; labrum dark brown; antenna dark brown except three basal antennomeres yellowish brown. Antenna ( Fig. 52 ) filiform and slender, antennomere I enlarged; ratio of length of antennomeres III to XI about 1.0: 1.1: 1.0: 1.0: 1.0: 0.9: 1.0: 1.0: 1.2; ratio of length to width from antennomere III to XI about 2.6: 3.0: 3.2: 3.0: 3.1: 3.0: 3.1: 3.7: 4.4. Pronotum with deep, transverse groove. Elytra with cluster of erect hairs behind humerus. Abdominal tergite VIII well sclerotized ( Fig. 58 ), apical margin bifurcate and apices cute; with one small process at lateral margin. Median lobe of fifth abdominal ventrite rectangular, disc depressed at left side. Penis ( Figs 54–55 ) slender, parallel-sided, asymmetric and abruptly narrowed at apical 1/7 and apically tapering, apex recurved; almost straight in lateral view; tectum medially sclerotized, apically tapering; endophallus with clusters of short setae, and with one longitudinal sclerite, apically tapering, apex strongly curved in lateral view, basally widened.

Females. Length 6.8–8.2 mm, width 3.4–4.1 mm. Similar to male ( Figs 39–40 ), but pronotum with transverse groove shallow; cluster of erect hairs on elytra absent; antennomere I not enlarged ( Fig. 53 ); ratio of length of antennomeres III to XI about 1.0: 1.0: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 1.1; ratio of length to width from antennomere III to XI about 3.5: 3.7: 3.3: 3.3: 3.3: 3.3: 3.5: 3.5: 4.5. Pygidium projecting from elytral apex, apically tapering, apex pointed, or truncate, or emarginate. Middle of apical margin of abdominal ventrite V ( Fig. 60 ) emarginate. Gonocoxae ( Fig. 56 ) slender, apex of each gonocoxa with eight setae from apical 1/6 to apex; gonocoxae connected at middle, base slender. Ventrite VIII ( Fig. 57 ) weakly sclerotized; apex narrowly rounded, with dense short setae along apex; spiculum short. Spermathecal receptaculum ( Fig. 61 ) a little swollen; pump strongly curved; spermathecal duct short, stout, shallowly projecting into receptaculum.

Variation. Although most of the females have pointed pygidia, few have truncate or emarginate ones. Color of middle and hind legs are also variable among different populations. Black middle and hind legs occur in Taiwan, Japan, Philippines, and Indonesia, while yellow ones ( Fig. 41 ) in India, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Both color forms occur in China. Some exceptions could occur in small populations, such as adults with yellow legs occur in Saleyar islands.

Remarks. The type (s) of Crioceris testacea is mixed with those of C. abdominalis in the Fabricius collection (KIEL). One male is designated as the lectotype to serve nomenclatural stability. This specimen ( Figs 42–43 ) fits the current definition of Aulacophora indica and the color patterns (yellow legs) in India. For more details on the designation of this lectotype see under remarks in the section on A. abdominalis . In addition, Kimoto (1989) indicated that Rhaphidopalpa pubsecens should belong to another genus with dense hairs on the dorsal surface although the type was not studied. Actually the character indicated by Kimoto (1989) is the erect haris behind the humerus of the male since this type is deposited at the MNHN and regarded as a junior synonym of Aulacophor indica after studying its aedeagus.

Host plants. Cucurbitaceae : including cultivated species.

Distribution. Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Micronesia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

Figures

FIGURES 35 – 43. Habitus of Aulacophora species. 35. A. frontalis, Laos, male, dorsal view; 36. Ditto, ventral view; 37. A. indica, Taiwan, male, dorsal view; 38. Ditto, ventral view; 39. A. indica, Taiwan, female, dorsal view; 40. Ditto, ventral view; 41. A. indica, China, female, dorsal view; 42. Lectotype of Crioceris testacea, dorsal view; 43. Ditto, ventral view.

FIGURES 52 – 61. Diagnostic characters of Aulacophora indica (Gmelin). 52. Antenna, male; 53. Antenna, female; 54. Penis, dorsal view; 55. Penis lateral view; 56. Gonocoxae; 57; Abdominal ventrite VIII, female; 58. Abdominal tergite VIII, male; 59. Abdominal tergite VIII, paralectotype of Rhaphidopalpa ceramensis; 60. Apex of abdominal ventrite V, female; 61; Spermatheca.